John Wycliffe - Knowledge (XXG)

1581:) Wycliffe wrote of progressive stages of scriptural interpretation: the plain or literal reading of text and its interpretation being the most basic, leading to a mystical understanding of the sense of the author, leading finally to seeing the Book of Life which contains every truth. However, historians have suggested that this mystical view allowed Wycliffe to work backwards, back-fitting his reading of scripture to suit his theological views. Indeed, Wycliffe maintains that the Christian faith would persist even if all biblical codices were “burnt up or otherwise destroyed”. 647:, and the university; among the enclosures were 18 theses of his, which were denounced as erroneous and dangerous to Church and State. Stephen Lahey suggests that Gregory's action against Wycliffe was an attempt to put pressure on King Edward to make peace with France. Edward III died on 21 June 1377, and the bull against Wycliffe did not reach England before December. Wycliffe was asked to give the king's council his opinion on whether it was lawful to withhold traditional payments to Rome, and he responded that it was. 890: 4137: 3998: 424:. In the light of the virulence of the plague, which had subsided seven years previously, Wycliffe's studies led him to the opinion that the close of the 14th century would mark the end of the world. While other writers viewed the plague as God's judgment on sinful people, Wycliffe saw it as an indictment of an unworthy clergy. The mortality rate among the clergy had been particularly high and those who replaced them were, in his opinion, uneducated or generally disreputable. 1617: 679:, with 33 conclusions in Latin and English; in this writing he laid open the entire case, in such a way that it was understood by the laity. In it he demanded that it should be legal for the excommunicated to appeal to the king and his council against the excommunication. Ordinary citizens, some of the nobility, and his former protector, John of Gaunt, rallied to him. Before any further steps could be taken at Rome, Gregory XI died in 1378. 609:, and a number of other supporters accompanied Wycliffe. A crowd gathered at the church, and at the entrance, party animosities began to show, especially in an angry exchange between the bishop and Wycliffe's protectors. Gaunt declared that he would humble the pride of the English clergy and their partisans, hinting at the intent to secularise the possessions of the Church. The assembly broke up and Gaunt and his partisans departed with their 784: 502: 1222:, whose preaching he considered neither scriptural nor sincere, but motivated by "temporal gain". While others were content to seek the reform of particular errors and abuses, Wycliffe sought nothing less than the extinction of the institution itself, as being repugnant to scripture and his theology of apostolic poverty, and inconsistent with the order and prosperity of the Church. He advocated the dissolution of the monasteries. 732:. The revolt was sparked in part by Wycliffe's preaching carried throughout the realm by "poor priests" appointed by Wycliffe (mostly laymen). The preachers didn't limit their criticism of the accumulation of wealth and property to that of the monasteries, but rather included secular properties belonging to the nobility as well. Although Wycliffe disapproved of the revolt, some of his disciples justified the killing of 843: 3929: 49: 404:, which reached England in the summer of 1348. From his frequent references to it in later life it appears to have made a deep and abiding impression upon him. According to Robert Vaughn, the effect was to give Wycliffe "very gloomy views in regard to the condition and prospects of the human race". In September of 1351 Wycliffe became a priest. Wycliffe would have been at Oxford during the 1730: 4017: 485:, not far from Oxford, which enabled him to retain his connection with the university. Tradition has it that he commenced his translation of the Bible into English whilst sitting in a room above what is now the porch in Ludgershall Church. In 1369 Wycliffe obtained a bachelor's degree in theology, and his doctorate in 1372. In 1374, he received the crown living of 881:(1407) (possibly apocryphal), Wycliffe appears wasted and physically weak. Thorpe says Wycliffe was of unblemished walk in life, and regarded affectionately by people of rank, who often consorted with him, took down his sayings, and clung to him. "I indeed clove to none closer than to him, the wisest and most blessed of all men whom I have ever found." 753:

opinions or to advance them in sermons or in academic discussions. All persons disregarding this order were to be subject to prosecution. To accomplish this the help of the State was necessary; but the Commons rejected the bill. The king, however, had a decree issued which permitted the arrest of those in error.

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this was announced to Wycliffe, he declared that no one could change his convictions. He then appealed – not to the pope nor to the ecclesiastical authorities of the land, but to the king. He published his great confession upon the subject and also a second writing in English intended for the common people.

1596:, Chapter 26 against those who would stop secular men from "intermeddling with the Gospel".) Nor were there any church-wide bans on vernacular scriptures in place that Wycliffe might be regarded as protesting against. It was not part of Wycliffe's 1377 papal censure, nor the declaration of heresy by the 1419:

is always conferred by God: injuries inflicted on someone personally by a king should be born by them submissively, a conventional idea, but injuries by a king against God should be patiently resisted even to death. Gravely sinful kings and popes forfeited their divine right to obedience. Versions of

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Wycliffe was instrumental in the development of a translation of the Bible in English, thus making it accessible to English speakers with poor Latin, though whether he himself translated the Bible, in part or whole, or merely played a part in motivating its translation indirectly through his revival

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There still exist over 200 manuscripts, complete or partial, mainly containing the translation in its LV form. From this, it is possible to infer that texts were widely diffused in the 15th century. For this reason, the Wycliffites in England were often designated by their opponents as "Bible men";

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In keeping with Wycliffe's belief that scripture was the only authoritative reliable guide to the truth about God, he is said to have become involved in efforts to translate the Bible into English. However, while Wycliffe is popularly credited, it is not possible exactly to define his part, if any,

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In the summer of 1381 Wycliffe formulated his doctrine of the Lord's Supper in twelve short sentences, and made it a duty to advocate it everywhere. Then the English hierarchy proceeded against him. The chancellor of the University of Oxford had some of the declarations pronounced heretical. When

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His ideas on lordship and church wealth caused his first official condemnation in 1377 by Pope Gregory XI, who censured 19 articles. Wycliffe argued that the Church had fallen into sin and that it ought therefore to give up all its property and that the clergy should live in complete poverty. The

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Rudolph Buddensieg finds two distinct aspects in Wycliffe's work. The first, from 1366 to 1378, reflects a political struggle with Rome, while 1378 to 1384 is more a religious struggle. In each Wycliffe has two approaches: he attacks both the Papacy and its institutions, and also Roman Catholic

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Wycliffe was not merely conscious of the distinction between theology and philosophy, but his sense of reality led him to pass by scholastic questions. He left aside philosophical discussions that seemed to have no significance for the religious consciousness and those that pertained purely to

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Of the 24 propositions attributed to Wycliffe without mentioning his name, ten were declared heretical and fourteen erroneous. The former had reference to the transformation in the sacrament, the latter to matters of church order and institutions. It was forbidden from that time to hold these

665:), forbade the bishops to proceed to a definite sentence concerning Wycliffe's conduct or opinions. Wycliffe wrote a letter expressing and defending his less "obnoxious doctrines". The bishops, who were divided, satisfied themselves with forbidding him to speak further on the controversy. 528:

a number of points in dispute between the king and the pope. He was no longer satisfied with his chair as the means of propagating his ideas, and soon after his return from Bruges he began to express them in tracts and longer works. In a book concerned with the government of God and the

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Wycliffe had come to regard the scriptures as the only reliable guide to the truth about God, and maintained that all Christians should rely on the Bible rather than on the teachings of popes and clerics. He said that there was no scriptural justification for the papacy.

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Historian S. Harrison Thomson notes that Wycliff's theology was on a broader canvas than the continental reformation: however of the major Protestant notes, he certainly advocated "the supremacy of scripture over tradition", however it is difficult to find

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In the years before his death in 1384 he increasingly argued for Scriptures as the authoritative centre of Christianity, that the claims of the papacy were unhistorical, that monasticism was irredeemably corrupt, and that the moral unworthiness of priests

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The attacks on Pope Gregory XI grew ever more extreme. Wycliffe's stand concerning the ideal of poverty became continually firmer, as well as his position with regard to the temporal rule of the clergy. Closely related to this attitude was his book

909:. There are few experts in 14th-century scholastic Latin, and many of Wycliffe's Latin works have not been translated into English, which has limited their study by historians. His theological and political works include numerous books and tracts: 834:

books, frequently associated with Wycliffe, be handed over and burnt; someone who refused and would not abjure could be burnt. The "Constitutions of Oxford" of 1408 established rules in Oxford University, and specifically named John Wycliffe as it

1288:(1360), explores the fundamentals of Scholastic Theology. He believed that "one should study Logic in order to better understand the human mind because ...human thoughts, feelings and actions bear God's image and likeness". He espoused 3645: 1238:

sent their ambassadors to England to gain recognition for themselves. In 1378, in the ambassadors' presence, he delivered an opinion before Parliament that showed, in an important ecclesiastical political question (the matter of the

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On 17 November 1382, Wycliffe was summoned before a synod at Oxford. He still commanded the favour of the court and of Parliament, to which he addressed a memorial. He was neither excommunicated then, nor deprived of his living.

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had memorably used to give 'worm' as a name of God, became in Wycliffe's extreme literalism a statement that Jesus had been begotten without sexual contact (as was then believed of worms) and was formally God not a simply man.

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occurred; the participants were terrified and wished to break up the assembly, but Courtenay declared the earthquake a favourable sign which meant the purification of the earth from erroneous doctrine, and the result of the

775:, intended as an opprobrious epithet, but it became, to them, a name of honour. Even in Wycliffe's time the "Lollards" had reached wide circles in England and preached "God's law, without which no one could be justified." 1393:(c. 1373) examines the relationship between God and his creatures. The practical application of this for Wycliffe was seen in the rebellious attitude of individuals (particulars) towards rightful authority (universals). 1477:

The consecrated Host we priests make and bless is not the body of the Lord but an effectual sign of it. It is not to be understood that the body of Christ comes down from heaven to the Host consecrated in every church.

694:, the content of which was foreshadowed in his 33 conclusions. This book, like those that preceded and followed, was concerned with the reform of the Church, in which the temporal arm was to have an influential part. 443:, which he visited rarely during long vacations from Oxford. For this he had to give up the headship of Balliol College, though he could continue to live at Oxford. He is said to have had rooms in the buildings of 378:, England, around the 1320s. He has conventionally been given a birth date of 1324 but Hudson and Kenny state only records "suggest he was born in the mid-1320s". Conti states that he was born "before 1331". 3347:, attributed to the young Wycliffe, which gives the year 1400 as start of the age of the anti-Christ, interpreting the verse using versions of a Talmudic legend and mentioning a supposed prophecy of Merlin. 1436:

Wycliffe's fundamental principle of the preexistence in thought of all reality involves the most serious obstacle to freedom of the will; the philosopher could assist himself only by the formula that the

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The books and tracts of Wycliffe's last six years include continual attacks upon the papacy and the entire hierarchy of his times. Each year they focus more and more, and at the last, the pope and the

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says that in philosophy he was second to none, and in scholastic discipline incomparable. There was a period in his life when he devoted himself exclusively to scholastic philosophy. His first book,

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In common belief from only decades after the translations, it was his initiative, and the success of the project was due to his leadership. For the initial Early Version (EV), the rendering of the

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The citadel of the reformatory movement was Oxford, where Wycliffe's most active helpers were; these were laid under the ban and summoned to recant, and Nicholas of Hereford went to Rome to appeal.

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As long as Wycliffe limited his attacks to abuses and the wealth of the Church, he could rely on the support of part of the clergy and aristocracy, but once he dismissed the traditional doctrine of

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Wycliffe is popularly connected with the view that scriptures should be translated into the vernacular and made available to laymen, and that this was a critical issue in the censures against him.

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Trust wholly in Christ; rely altogether on his sufferings; beware of seeking to be justified in any other way than by his righteousness. Faith in our Lord Jesus Christ is sufficient for salvation.

1445:) furthered the knowledge of catholic verities; ignorance of logic was the reason why men misunderstood Scripture, since men overlooked the connection, the distinction between idea and appearance. 4535: 1211:, and in his sermons, but also in a series of sharp tracts and polemical productions in Latin and English (of which those issued in his later years have been collected as "Polemical Writings"). 1007:

Most historians hold that few to none of the Middle English works ascribed to Wycliffe can be confidently attributed to him, in contrast to the Latin works, with the possible exception of six:

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memorial obelisk to Wycliffe was erected in June 1897 on a site behind which the Wycliffe Memorial Methodist Church was built a few years later for the town's Wesleyan Methodist congregation.

6294: 5443: 3465: 1548:): being a monologue by the same author meant that sentences from different books could be combined without much regard for context, supporting strained and mystical interpretations. 6507: 1085:, and others, in 1388 and 1395. More recently historians of the Wycliffite movement have suggested that Wycliffe had at most a minor role in the actual translations or contributed 6658: 2761:

This may have been to prevent the development of a saint or relic cult around Wycliff: some local Lollards believed a miraculous spring had sprung where his bones were buried.

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Wycliffe was a prominent English theologian and scholastic philosopher of the second half of the 14th century. He earned his great repute as a philosopher at an early date.

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However, scholars have noted the availability of scriptures to laypeople in the vernacular was not a notable theme of Wycliffe's theological works. (It is mentioned in his

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of man was something predetermined of God. He demanded strict dialectical training as the means of distinguishing the true from the false, and asserted that logic (or the

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and his bodily remains removed from consecrated church ground, following the customary logic that heretics had put themselves outside the church. This order, confirmed by

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meant that men in mortal sin were not entitled to exercise authority in the church or state, nor to own property. Wycliffe insisted on the radical poverty of all clergy.

6588: 4913: 868:, was eventually carried out in 1428. Wycliffe's corpse, or a neighbour's, was exhumed; on the orders of the bishop the remains were burned and the ashes drowned in the 4528: 474:, where twelve young men were preparing for the priesthood. In December 1365 Islip appointed Wycliffe as warden but when Islip died the following year his successor, 875:

None of Wycliffe's contemporaries left a complete picture of his person, his life, and his activities. Paintings representing Wycliffe are from a later period. In

598:, on 19 February 1377. The exact charges are not known, as the matter did not get as far as a definite examination. Lechler suggests that Wycliffe was targeted by 6698: 6688: 5659: 5406: 1081:

and revised the Late Version. Wycliffe's Bible appears to have been completed prior to 1384, with additional updated versions being done by Wycliffe's assistant

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Wycliffe aimed to do away with the existing hierarchy and replace it with the "poor priests" who lived in poverty, were bound by no vows, had received no formal

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at least some of Wycliffe's program should be seen as (naive) "attempts at social reconstruction" in the aftermath the continuing institutional chaos after the

6668: 5218: 4049: 5926: 5941: 3953: 1247:), a position that was to the liking of the State. He argued that criminals who had taken sanctuary in churches might lawfully be dragged out of sanctuary. 6653: 6390: 4521: 4136: 3973: 5963: 5067: 4544: 4469: 3284: 1409:("On Civil Dominion", c. 1377) he discusses the appropriate circumstance under which an entity may be seen as possessing authority over lesser subjects. 6618: 6608: 5269: 4486: 3544: 1532: 1218:, he calls monks the pests of society, enemies of religion, and patrons and promoters of every crime. He directed his strongest criticism against the 6435: 1295:

The centre of Wycliffe's philosophical system is formed by the doctrine of the prior existence in the thought of God of all things and events. While

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Wycliffe appears to have had similar ideas of justification as the later reformers would. According to Wycliffe faith was sufficient for salvation:

819:, the last part of which he named in characteristic fashion "Of Antichrist", remained uncompleted. While he was saying Mass in the parish church on 811:. Urban VI, contrary to Wycliffe's hopes, had not turned out to be a reforming pope. The literary achievements of Wycliffe's last days, such as the 262:

He became an influential dissident within the Catholic priesthood during the 14th century and is often considered an important predecessor to

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says that all truths necessary to faith are found expressly in the Bible, and the more necessary, the more expressly. This proposition was later

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in 1388, known as the Late Version (LV). Linguistic analysis, however, suggests there were multiple translators for both EV and LV translations.

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Wyclif and the Oxford Schools: The Relation of the "Summa de Ente" to Scholastic Debates at Oxford in the Later Fourteenth Century

1600:(1415). Vernacular scriptures were not mentioned in the two key early Lollard documents, regarded as channelling his doctrine: the 1124:

it has been noted, however, that the vocabulary in English Wycliffite sermons doesn't typically match that found in the EV or LV.

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tendency of the high offices of state to be held by clerics was resented by many of the nobles, such as the backroom power broker

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writings as heretical; it decreed that new translation efforts of Scripture into English should be first authorized by a Bishop.

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The literal sense of scripture is that sense which the Holy Ghost first imparted so that the faithful soul might ascend to God (

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by their orthodox contemporaries in the 15th and 16th centuries, adopted a number of the beliefs attributed to Wycliffe such as

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His first tracts and greater works of ecclesiastical-political content defended the privileges of the State. By 1379 in his

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to the people. Itinerant preachers spread the teachings of Wycliffe. The bull of Gregory XI impressed upon them the name of

740:, now Archbishop of Canterbury, called an ecclesiastical assembly of notables at London. During the consultations on 21 May 444: 3915: 1183:("On the Church"), Wycliffe clearly claimed the supremacy of the king over the priesthood. He also rejected the selling of 6638: 6547: 6537: 5958: 5756: 5726: 5567: 5418: 5371: 5109: 4790: 1258:

identifies three stages in Wycliffe's relations with the papacy. The first step, which carried him to the outbreak of the

741: 151: 4420: 4286: 1658:, an alliance of organisations with the common objective of translating the Bible for every language group that needs it. 6643: 6628: 5736: 4850: 4035: 3882: 1396:"Beyond all doubt, intellectual and emotional error about universals is the cause of all sin that reigns in the world." 1263: 860:

declared Wycliffe a heretic on 4 May 1415, and banned his writings. The Council decreed that Wycliffe's works should be

482: 385:, with which he was so closely connected until the end of his life, but he is known to have been at Oxford around 1345. 1351:

A number of Wycliffe's ideas have been carried forward in the twentieth century by philosopher and Reformed theologian

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would view "beauty' as a property that exists in an ideal form independently of any mind or thing, "for Wycliffe every

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espoused in his works. No reformer adopted his view that every verse in Scripture was in some way literally true.

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has been traditionally attributed to Wycliffe. The whole was revised perhaps by Wycliffe's younger contemporary

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Tracts and Treatises of John de Wycliffe: With Selections and Translations from His Manuscripts and Latin Works

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sensum literalem scripture sensum, quem spiritus sanctus primo indidit, ut animus fidelis ascendat in deum.

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The battle against what he saw as an imperialised papacy and its supporters, the "sects", as he called the

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Theologically, his preaching expressed a strong belief in predestination that enabled him to declare an "

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An excellent account of this dispute between the bishop and the protectors of Wycliffe is given in the

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to defend himself. However, Sir Lewis Clifford entered the chapel and in the name of the queen mother (

4560: 3420:"Vernacular Bible Reading in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe: The "Catholic" Position Revisited" 2331:

The Story of the Bible: The Fascinating History of Its Writing, Translation and Effect on Civilization

1303:, as part of creation, derived its existence from God, the Creator". Wycliffe was a close follower of 520:

In 1374 his name appears second, after a bishop, on a commission which the English Government sent to

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passages taken from his English theological writings, with some, building on the earlier theories of

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An epithet first accorded to the theologian by the 16th century historian and controversialist

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seem to him practically equivalent concepts. Yet there are passages which are moderate in tone:

613:. Most of the English clergy were irritated by this encounter, and attacks upon Wycliffe began. 1707:, presumably starting in some Protestant communities. For example, Haitian rapper and musician 1473:, however the claim was a misconception, perhaps used to discredit his views on the Eucharist. 6648: 6365: 6284: 6279: 6233: 6228: 6173: 6042: 5838: 5223: 5144: 5082: 4715: 4458: 4403: 4296: 4197: 4177: 4171: 4101: 4086: 3845: 3800: 3799:(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001) (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 45) ( 3767: 3735: 3686: 3519: 3481: 3398: 3320: 3210: 3094: 2973: 2932: 2862: 2768: 2729: 2562: 2443: 2409: 2377: 2335: 2212: 2161: 2118: 1748: 1605: 1352: 1345: 1259: 1244: 1058: 737: 591: 571: 2506: 381:

Wycliffe received his early education close to his home. It is unknown when he first came to

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Biblical Commentary and Translation in Later Medieval England: Experiments in Interpretation

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confined Wycliffe for some time in Black Hall, but his friends soon obtained his release.

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Kraebel, Andrew (2020). "Eclectic Hermeneutics: Biblical Commentary in Wyclif's Oxford".

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Thakkar, Mark (22 October 2020). "Duces caecorum: On Two Recent Translations of Wyclif".

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Chaucer and the Culture of Dissent: The Lollard Context and Subtext of the Parson's Tale

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According to tradition Wycliffe is said to have completed a translation direct from the

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summarised Wycliffe's work of the same name, with additional material from Wycliffe's

1292:: that a true proposition maps onto a truth about being (i.e., about something real.) 1132: 6572: 6405: 6342: 6331: 6218: 6105: 6008: 5996: 5833: 5823: 5773: 5506: 5252: 5072: 4855: 4745: 4720: 4680: 4635: 4513: 4448: 4316: 4246: 3844:. Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition 4). Leiden: Brill, 2006. (hardcover, 3443: 1798: 1735: 1558:

sensus . . . literalis est utrobique verus, cum non asseritur a recte intelligentibus

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From 1380 onwards, Wycliffe devoted himself to writings that argued his rejection of

599: 584: 475: 318: 276: 263: 156: 2243: 610: 6430: 6360: 6238: 6047: 6018: 5885: 5582: 5325: 5284: 4825: 4780: 4765: 4695: 4398: 4122: 2492: 1911: 1371:

A second key point of Wycliffe's is his emphasis on the notion of divine Lordship (

861: 842: 764: 662: 616:

The second and third books of his work dealing with civil government carry a sharp

603: 440: 330: 232: 36: 3722: 2767:(First published in paperback ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. 290: 3477: 2329: 2040: 6070: 5931: 5902: 5843: 5818: 5813: 5677: 5592: 5486: 5467: 5176: 4880: 4770: 4735: 4234: 4223: 4182: 3828:

The Cambridge History of the Bible. The West from the Fathers to the Reformation

1885:

Translations of Authority in Medieval English Literature: Valuing the Vernacular

1743: 1708: 1329: 1196: 1184: 1169: 1117: 1082: 869: 804: 553: 463: 401: 396: 338: 48: 3789: 3782: 3714: 721:, his theses could not be defended any more. This view cost him the support of 6450: 6200: 6148: 5953: 5783: 5428: 5257: 5201: 5196: 4730: 4218: 3928: 3394: 3340: 3146: 2801: 2607: 1725: 1341: 1325: 1251: 628: 538: 525: 448: 436: 326: 314: 285: 248: 3419: 3316: 3214: 2936: 2733: 2312: 2012: 1963: 6445: 6395: 6321: 6316: 6090: 6075: 5803: 5793: 5496: 5482: 5206: 4359: 4354: 4096: 3935: 1942: 1442: 1438: 1173: 894: 280: 3759:(Leiden, Brill, 2007) (Studies in the History of Christian Traditions 139). 2287:

Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church

435:

in 1361. In the same year he was presented by the college to the parish of

4891: 3435: 1168:

to blessedness. No one who is eternally lost has part in it. There is one

1160:", made up of those predestined to be saved, rather than in the "visible" 481:

In 1368, he gave up his living at Fillingham and took over the rectory of

6289: 6168: 5808: 5501: 5247: 5237: 5191: 5186: 5181: 4372: 4349: 4228: 4158: 4080: 4011: 3350: 3268:"Why was John Wyclif regarded as a heretic by the Roman Catholic Church?" 2646: 2358:

The Great Pestilence (A.D. 1348-9), Now Commonly Known as the Black Death

2356: 1949:(Wesel, 1548). Margaret Aston, "John Wycliffe's Reformation Reputation", 1753: 1674:, a graduate theological school federated with the University of Toronto. 1665: 1562: 1470: 1425: 1421: 1307:, and always upheld the primacy of the Creator over the created reality. 808: 797: 772: 420:

as a junior fellow in 1356. That same year he produced a small treatise,

408:, in which sixty-three students and a number of townspeople were killed. 367: 302: 240: 168: 3222: 3198: 2741: 2717: 1234:

Wycliffe's influence was never greater than at the moment when pope and

1199:

orders, takes up a large space not only in his later works, such as the

6326: 6256: 5916: 5880: 4274: 4117: 2866: 2810: 1645: 1633: 1469:, saying they were against scripture. Wycliffe was attacked as being a 1098: 1046: 836: 831: 617: 534: 507: 346: 252: 4027: 2968: 2944: 2920: 905:

Wycliffe is said to have written about two hundred works in Latin and

5342: 5262: 5129: 3577: 1219: 823:, 28 December 1384, he suffered a stroke, and died a few days later. 768: 702: 542: 521: 3267: 2900:

Gasquet, Francis Aidan (1894). "The Pre-Reformation English Bible".

815:, stand at the peak of the knowledge of his day. His last work, the 4007: 5890: 3472:. Studies in Church History. Cambridge University Press: 209–218. 3242:"John Wycliffe Was an English Bible Translator and Early Reformer" 2374:

The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c. 350–c. 1450

1615: 1296: 1131: 888: 841: 830:

classed heresy as a form of sedition or treason, and ordered that

782: 500: 574:'s. This called for the royal divestment of all church property. 533:, he attacked the temporal rule of the clergy, the collection of 247:. Wycliffe is traditionally believed to have advocated or made a 5587: 3797:

The Wycliffite Heresy. Authority and the Interpretation of Texts

3309:

The Wycliffite Heresy: Authority and the Interpretation of Texts

1529:

omnis veritas est ex scriptura, et ut necessarior est expressior

1077:

Early Version. It is assumed that his associates translated the

452: 342: 19:"John Wickliffe" and "Wycliff" redirect here. For the ship, see 4895: 4517: 4031: 3285:"From the Archives: Wycliffe Causes Controversy over Eucharist" 2557:

The premature Reformation: Wycliffite texts and Lollard history

602:'s opponents among the nobles and church hierarchy. Gaunt, the 3147:"Stanislav of Znojmo's Commentary on John Wyclif's Philosophy" 2318:

Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 28 July 2015

570:("On Civil Dominion"), which drew arguments from the works of 3466:"The condemnation of John Wyclif at the Council of Constance" 2632:"Earthquake Synod." Cross, F. L. and E. A. Livingstone, eds. 4022: 3781:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., September 2010 2765:

Heretics and believers: a history of the English Reformation

1164:. To Wycliffe, the Church was the totality of those who are 3777:

Hudson, Anne, and Anthony Kenny. "Wyclif, John (d. 1384)",

807:. From there he sent out tracts against the monks and Pope 301:

Certain of Wycliffe's later followers, derogatorily called

3814:(Oxford University Press, 2009) (Great Medieval Thinkers). 1680:, an English independent, private day and boarding school. 4503:

indicate their inclusion to be controversial or disputed.

3940:

An Account of the Life and Persecutions of John Wickliffe

736:, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1382 Wycliffe's old enemy 275:

Wycliffe has been characterised as the "evening star" of

204: 195: 3877:(Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1961). 2244:"John Wiclif, patriot & reformer; life and writings" 1664:, one of the Church of England's designated Evangelical 1332:

far outranked Aristotle. So far as his relations to the

566:

He entered the politics of the day with his great work

459:, which he held in addition to the post at Fillingham. 6508:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

1073:

but it is possible he initially translated the entire

1799:"John Wycliffe | Biography, Legacy, & Facts" 207: 198: 192: 3883:

Duces caecorum: On Two Recent Translations of Wyclif

3842:

A Companion to John Wyclif, Late Medieval Theologian

3124:"John Wycliffe: The Morning Star of the Reformation" 1887:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 10. 1828:

A Companion to John Wyclif. Late Medieval Theologian

1057:. He may have personally translated the Gospels of 201: 6351: 6270: 6199: 6134: 6056: 5987: 5901: 5668: 5551: 5387: 5278: 5160: 5058: 4947: 4479: 4436: 4386: 4337: 4267: 4260: 4211: 4151: 4144: 4110: 4072: 4065: 3703:; Kenny, Anthony (2004). "Wyclif, John (d. 1384)". 1629:of Oxford biblical studies, is a matter of debate. 189: 162: 150: 140: 130: 113: 103: 84: 64: 34: 3170:, which make up the bulk of the first half of his 2960:Jesus and the Making of the Modern Mind, 1380-1520 2861:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 269. 2705:, New York: New York University Press, p. 230 2554: 416:Wycliffe completed his bachelor of arts degree at 2886:(Cambridge, 2007), and Elizabeth Solopova (ed.), 1520:(On the Truthfulness of Holy Scripture, c.1378). 3757:John Wyclif's Discourse on Dominion in Community 3374:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 3366:Corrigan, Kevin; Harrington, L. Michael (2023). 3109:(2): 239 – via Cambridge University Press. 2962:. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. p. 257. 2376:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 644–649. 1853:, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 2283:"John Wycliffe and the Dawn of the Reformation" 1928:Emily Michael, "John Wyclif on body and mind", 3520:"The Thirty Seven Conclusions of the Lollards" 3389:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–90. 3187:, (trans. A. Kenny), Oxford: 1985, pp. 162–165 2634:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2493:"John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist" 1912:"John Wyclif, Translator and Controversialist" 973:("On the Truthfulness of Holy Scripture") 1378 4907: 4529: 4043: 3821:(Springer Netherlands, 2011) pp. 653–58. 3681:(12th ed.). Pearson Education. pp. 1097:in the translations, which were based on the 227:1328 – 31 December 1384) was an English 8: 6659:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church 3709:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2436:Lechler, Gotthard Victor (26 October 1904). 1869:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 144–145. 1632:His theology also had a strong influence on 1510:Wycliffe expressed his theories in the book 657:In March 1378, he was summoned to appear at 3924:. "John Wyclif and the Lollards". (45 mins) 3857:The origins of religious dissent in England 3764:John Wycliffe – The Dawn Of The Reformation 3099:"A History of the Medieval Church 590–1500" 2703:Introduction To The History of Christianity 2308: 2306: 2304: 1822:For a recent biography see: Andrew Larsen, 1538:The whole of scripture is one word of God ( 578:Conflicts with Church, State and University 5984: 4914: 4900: 4892: 4536: 4522: 4514: 4470:Triumph of the Cross (Girolamo Savonarola) 4264: 4148: 4069: 4050: 4036: 4028: 1651:Several institutions are named after him: 779:Death and posthumous declaration of heresy 47: 31: 4487:Comparison of Catharism and Protestantism 3766:(Mayflower Christian Publications, 1984) 3118: 3116: 2997:. Dublin: Four Courts Press. p. 161. 2967: 2809: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2078: 2076: 2074: 791:, showing the burning of his works (1714) 631:against Wycliffe, dispatching one to the 6589:14th-century Christian biblical scholars 3502:"The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards" 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3073:"John Wiclif's Polemical works in Latin" 2921:"The Authorship of the Wycliffite Bible" 2536:Tracts and Treatises of John de Wycliffe 2439:John Wycliffe and His English Precursors 2397: 2395: 2393: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1947:Illustrium maioris britanniae scriptorum 1878: 1876: 1851:The Middle English Bible: A Reassessment 1545:Tota scriptura sacra est unum dei verbum 6332:Fostering of early experimental science 3779:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3706:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3372:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3203:The Indian Journal of Political Science 2878: 2876: 2237: 2235: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1790: 1770: 1262:, involves moderate recognition of the 798:invalidated their office and sacraments 524:to discuss with the representatives of 23:. For other uses and other people, see 6436:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 3028:"John Wycliffe condemned as a heretic" 2529: 2527: 2355:Gasquet, Francis Aidan (29 May 2014). 2242:Buddensieg, Rudolf (26 October 1884). 1703:Wycliffe and its variants are popular 470:, to place him in 1365 at the head of 6699:Wardens of Canterbury College, Oxford 6689:Translators of the Bible into English 3734:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3339:This verse is also used in the quasi- 3236: 3234: 3232: 3163: 2614:from the original on 11 December 2021 2144: 2064:"The Morning Star of the Reformation" 1565:v6 ("I am a worm and no man"), which 493:, which he retained until his death. 7: 6669:People from Richmondshire (district) 3817:Lahey, Stephen E. "John Wyclif." in 1551:The scriptures were literally true ( 366:Wycliffe was born in the village of 341:, and the legitimacy or role of the 3908:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3819:Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy 2158:Oxford – Images & Recollections 2111:Vaughan, Robert (26 October 1845). 2018:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1899:This Realm of England: 1399 to 1688 872:, which flows through Lutterworth. 548:According to Benedictine historian 16:English theologian (c. 1331 – 1384) 6654:Masters of Balliol College, Oxford 4545:Masters of Balliol College, Oxford 4464:Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards 3612:National Heritage List for England 3071:Wycliffe, John (26 October 1883). 3059:(online ed.), 16 October 2009 2313:Urquhart, Francis. "John Wyclif." 2083:Murray, Thomas (26 October 1829). 1136:John Wycliffe at work in his study 14: 3835:John Wyclif: The Path the Dissent 3642:Methodist Church of Great Britain 3368:"Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite" 2859:A History of the Christian Church 2678:. 18 January 2018. Archived from 2473:, the gist of which is quoted in 2328:Stone, Larry (11 December 2012). 1826:, in Ian Christopher Levy (ed.), 1678:Wycliffe College, Gloucestershire 826:The anti-Lollard statute of 1401 6619:Roman Catholic biblical scholars 6609:Alumni of Merton College, Oxford 4135: 4015: 3927: 3674:Civilizations Past & Present 3648:from the original on 29 May 2022 3349:Wycliffe, John (10 March 2023). 3307:Ghosh, Kantik (4 October 2001). 2829:, Oslo: Novus Forlag, p. 11 2636:London: Oxford UP, 1974. p. 437. 2608:"John Wycliffe – Michael Davies" 1989:Dictionary of National Biography 1964:"Catholic Encyclopedia: Jan Hus" 1830:, Leiden: Brill, 2006, pp. 1–61. 1728: 1714:In the centre of Lutterworth, a 1310:In some of his teachings, as in 1172:, and outside of it there is no 395:On the Cause of God against the 185: 3999:Works by or about John Wycliffe 3899:"Wyclif's Political Philosophy" 3868:Journal of the History of Ideas 3837:(Oxford University Press, 1966) 3166:, Ch. 7: "Wyclif's writings on 2845:, Oslo: Novus Forlag, p. 7 2045:Concordia Theological Quarterly 1930:Journal of the History of Ideas 1334:philosophers of the Middle Ages 1112:; the rendering of some of the 878:The Testimony of William Thorpe 846:Burning Wycliffe's bones, from 6634:Critics of the Catholic Church 6295:Separation of church and state 5964:Formal and material principles 5949:Separation of church and state 3959:New International Encyclopedia 3864:"John Wyclif on body and mind" 3638:My Wesleyan Methodists website 3424:The Catholic Historical Review 3273:. Brisbane School of Theology. 2402:Lahey, Stephen Edmund (2008). 2266:"John Wycliffe in Ludgershall" 2211:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2205:Estep, William Roscoe (1986). 1608:(c. 1396) (or Remonstrances). 1324:can be detected. He said that 728:In the midst of this came the 701:, and strongly criticised the 510:' His Translation of the Bible 1: 6599:14th-century writers in Latin 5959:Hymnody of continental Europe 5110:Apostles in the New Testament 3640:. Methodist Heritage and the 2925:The English Historical Review 2539:. The Wycliffe Society. 1845. 2334:. Thomas Nelson. p. 83. 2254:– via Internet Archive. 1594:De XXXIII erroribus curitatum 1517:De Veritate Sacrae Scripturae 1270:Basic positions in philosophy 1158:invisible church of the elect 1017:On the Church and Her Members 971:De veritate sacrae scripturae 787:Portrait of John Wycliffe by 590:Wycliffe was summoned before 487:St Mary's Church, Lutterworth 350: 224: 68: 54: 6594:14th-century English writers 3723:UK public library membership 3478:10.1017/CBO9780511665820.013 3151:globalcommentary.utoronto.ca 3103:Scottish Journal of Theology 2622:– via www.youtube.com. 2179:"Archives & Manuscripts" 1849:Kelly, Henry Ansgar (2016), 1646:Writings of Hus and Wycliffe 1108:is attributed to his friend 483:Ludgershall, Buckinghamshire 321:, with some questioning the 6664:Clergy from Buckinghamshire 5407:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4014:(public domain audiobooks) 3008:Thomson, S. Hunter (1967). 2993:McCormack, Frances (2007). 2672:"John Wycliffe (1324–1384)" 2442:. Religious Tract Society. 2408:. Oxford University Press. 2208:Renaissance and Reformation 2085:"The Life of John Wycliffe" 1777:In Latin, Ioannes Wiclefus. 1696:on 31 December, and in the 1432:Attitude toward speculation 1367:Dominion (political theory) 1147:priesthood of all believers 893:John Wycliffe portrayed in 447:. In 1362 he was granted a 96:Lutterworth, Leicestershire 53:Portrait by Thomas Kirkby, 6720: 5424:Art patronage of Julius II 4023:Wycliffe Bible Translators 3527:English Theological Review 3464:Tatnall, Edith C. (1970). 3352:The last age of the church 3345:The Last Age of the Church 2857:Walker, Williston (1958). 2039:Dallmann, William (1907), 1620:A stained glass window in 1364: 1336:are concerned, he held to 1038: 914:The Last Age of the Church 899:Scriptor Majoris Britanniæ 677:De incarcerandis fedelibus 670:De incarcerandis fedelibus 422:The Last Age of the Church 18: 6604:14th-century philosophers 6516: 5927:Calvinist–Arminian debate 4929: 4551: 4495: 4312:Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples 4133: 3665:General and cited sources 3395:10.1017/9781108761437.003 3083:– via Google Books. 2843:English Wyclif Tracts 4-6 2841:Lindberg, Conrad (2000), 2827:English Wyclif Tracts 1-3 2825:Lindberg, Conrad (1991), 2802:10.1163/15685349-12341391 2459:– via Google Books. 2425:– via Google Books. 2315:The Catholic Encyclopedia 2246:. London: T. Fisher Unwin 2228:– via Google Books. 2181:. Oxford: Balliol College 2134:– via Google Books. 2095:– via Google Books. 1883:Minnis, Alastair (2009). 1698:Anglican Church of Canada 1672:Wycliffe College, Toronto 1533:taken up by Martin Luther 1053:– a version now known as 991:("On the Eucharist") 1379 376:North Riding of Yorkshire 174: 126: 46: 6416:Christian existentialism 4841:Alexander Dunlop Lindsay 4421:Savoyard–Waldensian wars 4302:Johann Ruchrat von Wesel 3783:accessed 13 October 2014 3317:10.1017/CBO9780511483288 3197:Rao, H. Krishna (1942). 2763:Marshall, Peter (2018). 2701:Herring, George (2006), 2511:www.oxfordhistory.org.uk 1867:Lollards and Their Books 1824:John Wyclif c. 1331–1384 1656:Wycliffe Global Alliance 1606:Thirty Seven Conclusions 1328:, Plato, Augustine, and 1003:- four books (c 1381-83) 730:Peasants' Revolt of 1381 675:Wycliffe then wrote his 635:, and the others to the 633:Archbishop of Canterbury 516:, published before 1923. 514:William Frederick Yeames 468:Archbishop of Canterbury 391:Archbishop of Canterbury 4923:History of Christianity 4831:James Strachan-Davidson 3974:Encyclopædia Britannica 3870:. 64#3 pp. 343–60. 3862:Michael, Emily (2003). 3730:Lahey, Stephen (2009). 3506:chaucer.fas.harvard.edu 3470:Councils and Assemblies 3057:Encyclopædia Britannica 2919:Matthew, F. D. (1895). 2884:The First English Bible 1803:Encyclopedia Britannica 1467:sacrament of confession 1461:John Wycliffe rejected 406:St Scholastica Day riot 6694:Translators to English 6484:Fourth Great Awakening 6371:Second Great Awakening 5610:Fall of Constantinople 5402:Development of primacy 4008:Works by John Wycliffe 3977:(11th ed.). 1911. 3916:BBC radio 4 discussion 3790:10.1093/ref:odnb/30122 3715:10.1093/ref:odnb/30122 3671:Edgar, Robert (2008). 3574:The Prayer Book online 3570:"57. The Calendar, ix" 3418:François, Wim (2018). 3014:Reformers in Profile: 2958:Clossey, Luke (2024). 1625: 1578: 1557: 1544: 1528: 1516: 1503: 1485: 1420:this were taken up by 1415: 1405: 1389: 1377: 1316: 1284: 1143:justification by faith 1137: 1009:On the Pastoral Office 977:On the Pastoral Office 967:("On the Church") 1379 931:("On Universals") 1368 902: 853: 849:Foxe's Book of Martyrs 828:De heretico comburendo 792: 627:sent five copies of a 517: 289: 284: 229:scholastic philosopher 223:, and other variants; 108:Merton College, Oxford 6674:Posthumous executions 6479:Reformed epistemology 6421:Third Great Awakening 6391:Seventh-day Adventist 6312:First Great Awakening 6185:Book of Common Prayer 5979:Protestant work ethic 5522:Independent Catholics 5473:Monastery dissolution 3989:Catholic Encyclopedia 3932:Texts on Wikisource: 3549:The Church of England 3436:10.1353/cat.2018.0001 3343:Middle English tract 2728:(59): 121–123. 1856. 2561:. Oxford: Clarendon. 2507:"21 St Giles, Oxford" 2372:Burns, J. H. (1988). 2156:Davison, Jon (1995). 2066:. CS Lewis institute. 1901:(3rd ed. 1976), p. 41 1897:Lacey Baldwin Smith, 1865:Hudson, Anne (1985). 1662:Wycliffe Hall, Oxford 1619: 1494: 1475: 1290:propositional realism 1191:Attack on monasticism 1135: 1091:Francis Aidan Gasquet 1039:Further information: 1035:Middle English Bibles 892: 845: 803:Wycliffe returned to 786: 550:Francis Aidan Gasquet 504: 21:John Wickliffe (ship) 6639:English evangelicals 6302:Edicts of toleration 6111:Three Forms of Unity 5876:Bohemian Reformation 5449:Catholic Reformation 5306:Roman state religion 5125:Council of Jerusalem 4571:Richard de Chickwell 4556:Walter de Fodringeye 4454:Jistebnice hymn book 4345:Bohemian Reformation 4287:Mikuláš of Pelhřimov 4092:Gottschalk of Orbais 3032:www.historytoday.com 2888:The Wycliffite Bible 2682:on 27 September 2020 1666:theological colleges 1598:Council of Constance 1585:Vernacular Scripture 1216:Objections to Friars 1110:Nicholas of Hereford 995:Objections to Friars 985:("On Apostasy") 1379 858:Council of Constance 462:His performance led 323:veneration of saints 317:, and the notion of 245:University of Oxford 79:, Kingdom of England 6644:English Reformation 6629:Christian humanists 6474:Liberation theology 6381:Jehovah's Witnesses 6214:Radical Reformation 5942:Resistance theories 5829:Christian mysticism 5824:Early Scholasticism 5536:Ecclesial community 5434:Counter-Reformation 5299:Constantinian shift 4836:Arthur Lionel Smith 4566:Stephen de Cornubia 4409:Peace of Kutná Hora 4323:Girolamo Savonarola 4059:Proto-Protestantism 3945:The Book of Martyrs 3873:Robson, John Adam. 3825:G. W. H. Lampe, ed. 3792:; a short biography 2722:The Catholic Layman 2011:Conti, Alessandro. 1916:justus.anglican.org 1320:, the influence of 1226:Views on the papacy 947:De Statu Innocencie 941:De Mandatis Divinis 821:Holy Innocents' Day 767:, and preached the 709:Anti-Wycliffe synod 650:Back at Oxford the 445:The Queen's College 412:Career in education 307:theological virtues 296:English Reformation 251:translation of the 135:Medieval philosophy 77:Hipswell, Yorkshire 6624:Christian radicals 6548:Oriental Orthodoxy 6191:King James Version 6003:Ninety-five Theses 5799:Apostolic Brethren 5573:Church of the East 5568:Oriental Orthodoxy 5414:Crusading movement 4934:Early Christianity 4846:David Lindsay Keir 4676:Richard Barningham 4586:Nicholas de Luceby 4426:Piedmontese Easter 4203:Marsilius of Padua 3855:McFarlane, K. B. 3840:Levy, Ian C., ed. 3810:Lahey, Stephen E. 3755:Boreczky, Elemér. 3584:on 4 November 2013 3095:Deanesly, Margaret 2062:Calhoun, David B. 1951:Past & Present 1642:De potentate papae 1626: 1604:(c. 1396) and the 1602:Twelve Conclusions 1523:Wycliffe's dictum 1463:transubstantiation 1340:as opposed to the 1138: 903: 854: 793: 719:transubstantiation 705:who supported it. 699:transubstantiation 518: 387:Thomas Bradwardine 335:transubstantiation 145:Western philosophy 6704:Damnatio memoriae 6679:Proto-Protestants 6566: 6565: 6543:Eastern Orthodoxy 6411:Finnish Awakening 6366:Holiness movement 6307:Congregationalism 6266: 6265: 6126:Metrical psalters 5563:Eastern Orthodoxy 5507:Neo-Scholasticism 5214:Canon development 5115:Jewish Christians 4889: 4888: 4856:Sir Anthony Kenny 4716:Francis Babington 4641:Richard Stapilton 4576:Thomas de Waldeby 4511: 4510: 4459:Ecclesiae Regimen 4416:Mérindol massacre 4404:Compacts of Basel 4382: 4381: 4297:Johannes von Goch 4256: 4255: 4198:Matthias of Janov 4188:Milíč of Kroměříž 4178:Arnold of Brescia 4172:Henry of Lausanne 4131: 4130: 4102:Berengar of Tours 4087:Claudius of Turin 3762:Fountain, David. 3741:978-0-19-518331-3 3721:(Subscription or 3404:978-1-108-76143-7 3126:. 14 October 2016 2979:978-1-80511-001-9 2969:10.11647/OBP.0371 2610:. 12 April 2018. 2587:www.greatsite.com 2568:978-0-19-822762-5 2477:, lxiii. 206–207. 2471:Chronicon Angliae 2341:978-1-59555-433-8 1968:www.newadvent.org 1749:Ecclesiae Regimen 1694:Church of England 1406:De civili dominio 1390:De dominio Divino 1353:Cornelius Van Til 1346:William of Ockham 1245:Westminster Abbey 953:De Civili Dominio 935:De Dominio Divino 925:("On Logic") 1360 738:William Courtenay 725:and many others. 592:William Courtenay 572:Richard FitzRalph 568:De civili dominio 561:De civili dominio 266:. His theory of 243:professor at the 178: 177: 6711: 6684:Proto-socialists 5985: 5372:Non-Chalcedonian 5353:Constantinople I 5145:General epistles 5140:Pauline epistles 5120:Paul the Apostle 5098:Great Commission 4916: 4909: 4902: 4893: 4851:Christopher Hill 4796:Theophilus Leigh 4561:Hugh de Warkenby 4538: 4531: 4524: 4515: 4394:Oldcastle Revolt 4338:Sects and groups 4265: 4212:Sects and groups 4149: 4139: 4111:Sects and groups 4070: 4052: 4045: 4038: 4029: 4019: 4018: 4003:Internet Archive 3993: 3978: 3963: 3931: 3912: 3903:Zalta, Edward N. 3897:Lahey, Stephen. 3886:(Vivarium, 2020) 3745: 3726: 3718: 3696: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3644:. 24 June 2018. 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3603:Historic England 3599: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3580:, archived from 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3533:: 738–749. 1911. 3524: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3304: 3289: 3288: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3266:Woods, William. 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3238: 3227: 3226: 3194: 3188: 3183:Wycliffe, John. 3181: 3175: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3145:Lahey, Stephen. 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3075:. Wyclif society 3068: 3062: 3060: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2984: 2983: 2971: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2897: 2891: 2880: 2871: 2870: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2714: 2708: 2706: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2651:www.bartleby.com 2643: 2637: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2560: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2478: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2399: 2388: 2387: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2325: 2319: 2310: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2202: 2191: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2175: 2169: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2108: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2080: 2069: 2067: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2008: 1993: 1992: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1960: 1954: 1953:(30, 1965) p. 24 1939: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1919: 1908: 1902: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1870: 1862: 1856: 1854: 1846: 1831: 1820: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1795: 1778: 1775: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1622:Wycliffe College 1567:Pseudo-Dionysius 1317:De annihilatione 1297:Platonic realism 1209:Opus evangelicum 1170:universal Church 1055:Wycliffe's Bible 1041:Wycliffe's Bible 1025:Of Pseudo-Friars 929:De Universalibus 817:Opus evangelicum 747:Earthquake Synod 692:De officio regis 684:De officio regis 637:Bishop of London 596:Bishop of London 531:Ten Commandments 508:The Poor Priests 457:Westbury-on-Trym 352: 226: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 197: 194: 191: 120:Wycliffe's Bible 116: 91: 88:31 December 1384 73: 70: 59: 56: 51: 32: 6719: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6614:Anglican saints 6569: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6512: 6499:Christian right 6401:Oxford Movement 6376:Restorationists 6347: 6262: 6195: 6130: 6081:Presbyterianism 6052: 6032:Book of Concord 5983: 5907: 5905: 5897: 5664: 5554: 5547: 5383: 5282: 5274: 5233:Clement of Rome 5163: 5156: 5060: 5054: 4943: 4925: 4920: 4890: 4885: 4861:Baruch Blumberg 4821:Benjamin Jowett 4811:Richard Jenkyns 4761:George Bradshaw 4756:Thomas Laurence 4686:Richard Stubbys 4656:William Lambton 4646:William Brandon 4626:William Lambert 4601:Robert de Derby 4547: 4542: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4491: 4475: 4432: 4378: 4333: 4307:Wessel Gansfort 4252: 4207: 4140: 4127: 4106: 4061: 4056: 4016: 3981: 3966: 3951: 3896: 3893: 3880:Thakkar, Mark. 3795:Ghosh, Kantik. 3752: 3750:Further reading 3742: 3729: 3720: 3699: 3693: 3677:. Vol. 1: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3448: 3446: 3417: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3384: 3383: 3379: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3348: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3306: 3305: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3246:Learn Religions 3240: 3239: 3230: 3199:"John Wycliffe" 3196: 3195: 3191: 3182: 3178: 3172:Summa Theologie 3162: 3158: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3122: 3121: 3114: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3053:"John Wycliffe" 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3007: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2980: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2890:(Leiden, 2016). 2882:See Mary Dove, 2881: 2874: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2775: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2718:"John Wycliffe" 2716: 2715: 2711: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2685: 2683: 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1624:Chapel, Toronto 1614: 1587: 1508: 1500:— John Wycliffe 1490: 1482:— John Wycliffe 1465:along with the 1459: 1434: 1369: 1363: 1272: 1241:right of asylum 1228: 1193: 1162:Catholic Church 1130: 1043: 1037: 887: 781: 749:" was assured. 711: 687: 673: 652:Vice-Chancellor 641:King Edward III 625:Pope Gregory XI 623:On 22 May 1377 580: 564: 506:Wyclif Giving ' 499: 472:Canterbury Hall 433:Balliol College 414: 364: 359: 357:Life and career 237:Catholic priest 215:; also spelled 188: 184: 165: 114: 104:Alma mater 99: 93: 89: 80: 74: 71: 60: 57: 42: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6717: 6715: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6571: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6505: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6464:Pentecostalism 6461: 6459:Jesus movement 6456: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 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4444:Wycliffe Bible 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4365:Czech Brethren 4362: 4357: 4352: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4329:Luke of Prague 4326: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4292:Petr Chelčický 4289: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4243: 4241:Friends of God 4238: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4168: 4165:Peter of Bruys 4161: 4155: 4153: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3979: 3969:Wycliffe, John 3964: 3949: 3925: 3913: 3892: 3891:External links 3889: 3888: 3887: 3878: 3871: 3860: 3853: 3838: 3833:Leff, Gordon. 3831: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3793: 3775: 3772:978-0907821021 3760: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3727: 3697: 3692:978-0205573752 3691: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3625: 3594: 3561: 3545:"The Calendar" 3536: 3511: 3493: 3486: 3456: 3410: 3403: 3377: 3358: 3332: 3325: 3290: 3276: 3258: 3228: 3209:(4): 372–379. 3189: 3176: 3156: 3137: 3112: 3086: 3063: 3044: 3019: 3000: 2985: 2978: 2950: 2911: 2892: 2872: 2849: 2833: 2817: 2796:(4): 357–383. 2780: 2773: 2754: 2709: 2693: 2663: 2638: 2625: 2599: 2574: 2567: 2542: 2523: 2498: 2479: 2462: 2448: 2428: 2415:978-0199720286 2414: 2389: 2383:978-1139055390 2382: 2364: 2347: 2340: 2320: 2300: 2274: 2257: 2231: 2218:978-0802800503 2217: 2192: 2170: 2149: 2137: 2124:978-0790561592 2123: 2098: 2070: 2054: 2031: 1994: 1980: 1955: 1934: 1932:(2003) p. 343. 1921: 1903: 1890: 1872: 1857: 1832: 1815: 1789: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1740: 1739: 1723: 1720: 1682: 1681: 1675: 1669: 1659: 1613: 1610: 1586: 1583: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1483: 1458: 1455: 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5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5270:Early African 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5253:Justin Martyr 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5159: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073:Life of Jesus 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061:Apostolic Age 5057: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 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4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4516: 4502: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449:Hussite Bible 4447: 4445: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4375: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4318: 4317:Lorenzo Valla 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4249: 4248: 4247:Petrobrusians 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4193:John Wycliffe 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4160: 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2035: 2032: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2013:"John Wyclif" 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1784: 1774: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1736:Saints portal 1726: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:commemoration 1687: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1623: 1618: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1542: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1518: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1451:scholasticism 1446: 1444: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1417: 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V. Lechler 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1145:alone or the 1144: 1134: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1114:New Testament 1111: 1107: 1106:Old Testament 1102: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079:Old Testament 1076: 1075:New Testament 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1042: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Of Confession 1018: 1014: 1010: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 919: 915: 912: 911: 910: 908: 900: 896: 891: 884: 882: 880: 879: 873: 871: 867: 866:Pope Martin V 863: 859: 851: 850: 844: 840: 838: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 801: 799: 790: 785: 778: 776: 774: 770: 766: 761: 757: 754: 750: 748: 743: 742:an earthquake 739: 735: 734:Simon Sudbury 731: 726: 724: 723:John of Gaunt 720: 715: 708: 706: 704: 700: 695: 693: 685: 682: 680: 678: 671: 668: 666: 664: 660: 655: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 619: 614: 612: 608: 605: 601: 600:John of Gaunt 597: 593: 588: 586: 585:John of Gaunt 577: 575: 573: 569: 562: 559: 557: 556:(1347-1349) 555: 551: 546: 544: 540: 536: 532: 527: 523: 515: 511: 509: 503: 496: 494: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 476:Simon Langham 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 411: 409: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393:and his book 392: 388: 384: 379: 377: 373: 369: 361: 356: 354: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 319:caesaropapism 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 292: 288: 287: 282: 278: 277:scholasticism 273: 271: 270: 265: 264:Protestantism 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 222: 218: 212: 182: 181:John Wycliffe 173: 170: 167: 161: 158: 157:Scholasticism 155: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 112: 109: 106: 102: 97: 87: 83: 78: 67: 63: 50: 45: 41:John Wycliffe 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 6579:1320s births 6469:Charismatics 6452: 6431:Gospel music 6361:Camp meeting 6353:1789–present 6285:Missionaries 6255: 6248: 6239:Menno Simons 6183: 6179:Church music 6030: 6001: 5886:Conciliarism 5871:Papal Schism 5860: 5713:Scandinavian 5605:Great Schism 5583:Nestorianism 5555:Christianity 5487:priest holes 5368:Chalcedonian 5331:Christianity 5285:Great Church 5093:Resurrection 4826:Edward Caird 4816:Robert Scott 4806:John Parsons 4781:Roger Mander 4766:Henry Savage 4741:Edmund Lilly 4706:James Brooks 4696:George Coote 4671:William Bell 4631:Thomas Chace 4605: 4500: 4468: 4399:Hussite Wars 4371: 4321: 4279: 4261:1400–1500 AD 4245: 4233: 4192: 4170: 4163: 4145:1100–1400 AD 4123:Berengarians 4079: 3987: 3972: 3957: 3954:Wiclif, John 3944: 3919: 3906: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3856: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3818: 3811: 3796: 3778: 3763: 3756: 3731: 3704: 3701:Hudson, Anne 3678: 3673: 3650:. Retrieved 3637: 3628: 3616:. Retrieved 3610: 3597: 3586:, retrieved 3582:the original 3573: 3564: 3552:. Retrieved 3548: 3539: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3505: 3496: 3469: 3459: 3447:. Retrieved 3430:(1): 23–56. 3427: 3423: 3413: 3386: 3380: 3371: 3361: 3351: 3344: 3335: 3308: 3287:. July 1983. 3279: 3261: 3249:. Retrieved 3245: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3184: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3150: 3140: 3128:. Retrieved 3106: 3102: 3089: 3077:. Retrieved 3066: 3056: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3031: 3022: 3013: 3003: 2994: 2988: 2959: 2953: 2928: 2924: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2858: 2852: 2842: 2836: 2826: 2820: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2764: 2757: 2747:21 September 2745:. Retrieved 2725: 2721: 2712: 2702: 2696: 2684:. Retrieved 2680:the original 2676:WebTruth.org 2675: 2666: 2654:. Retrieved 2650: 2641: 2633: 2628: 2616:. Retrieved 2602: 2590:. Retrieved 2586: 2577: 2556: 2551:Hudson, Anne 2545: 2535: 2516:21 September 2514:. Retrieved 2510: 2501: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2438: 2431: 2419:. 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July 1983 2117:. Society. 2087:. John Boyd 1744:John Bankin 1709:Wyclef Jean 1705:given names 1644:. 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