152:
1149:
141:
455:
Sunday, October 3, Chicago split a doubleheader with
Pittsburgh, winning the darkness-shortened seven-inning nightcap, 3-0; this combined with St. Louis' 6-2 win over Kansas City, knocked Pittsburgh back to third (albeit just a half-game behind), with Chicago and St. Louis in a virtual tie for first. But since the Whales (86-66) played two fewer games than the St. Louis Terriers (87-67), they were awarded the pennant based on their slightly better winning percentage (.566 to .565). Pittsburgh, with one game unplayed, ended up at 86-67 (.562).
171:
1326:
1013:
1611:
526:
330:, the Federal League was called an "outlaw league" by its competitors. The Federal League's outlaw status allowed it to recruit players from established clubs, and it attracted many current and former players from the major as well as minor leagues. In 1913, the Federal League played as an independent six-team minor league. In its first season Powers initially served as president, but he was soon replaced by
47:
573:; MLB remains the only North American sports league with such a status, and it has not faced any competitor leagues since unlike the other pro sports leagues because of this exemption. Though significantly weakened in the 1970s, this exemption remains intact 102 years later; however, it has been eroded by subsequent court rulings and legislation regarding issues specific to Major League Baseball.
1033:
490:. Both owners merged their teams into the established ones. The Kansas City franchise had been declared bankrupt and taken over by the league office after the close of the regular season, and the Baltimore owners rejected the offer made to them. They had sought to buy and move an existing franchise to their city, but were rebuffed, and sued unsuccessfully.
1899:
354:
Buffalo, Indianapolis and Kansas City). In the first year, 1914, some of the teams had official nicknames and some did not, but either way, sportswriters were inclined to invent their own nicknames: "ChiFeds," "BrookFeds," etc. By the second season, most of the teams had "official" nicknames, although many writers still called many of the teams "-Feds."
353:
As a major circuit, the
Federal League consisted of eight teams each season. Four of the teams were placed in cities with existing major league baseball teams (Chicago, St. Louis, Pittsburgh and Brooklyn). The other four teams were placed in areas without a current major league club (Baltimore,
454:
The
Federal League had close pennant races both years. In 1914, Indianapolis beat out Chicago by 1½ games. 1915 witnessed the tightest pennant race in Major League history, as three teams (Chicago, St. Louis and Pittsburgh) fought into the last weekend of the season. On the season's final day,
469:
After the 1915 season, the owners of the
American and National Leagues bought out half of the owners (Pittsburgh, Newark, Buffalo, and Brooklyn) of the Federal League teams. Two Federal League owners were allowed to buy struggling franchises in the established leagues: Phil Ball, owner of the
536:
in
Brooklyn, completed after the 1915 season was underway, resembled Chicago's Weeghman Park. It was used for various sports until the end of 1917 and then for storage until Brooklyn Edison Electric bought the property in 1925 and shortly thereafter tore it down. One wall still stands.
510:. Marc Okkonen, in his book on the Federal League, referred to Wrigley as a "silent monument" to the failed Federal League experiment. Otherwise, few visible remnants were left by the short-lived Federal League. The Baltimore entry sold their facility to the
3636:
3111:
2465:
What is still in place, firmly, is Major League
Baseball's ability to work to thwart competitors, if any ever arise, and its ability to carve out protected geographic territories for its clubs and anti-competitive contract rights for its
569:(brought by the Terrapins, one of the teams which had not been bought out), that Major League Baseball and its constituent leagues were primarily entertainment, not conventional interstate commerce, and thus were exempt from the
436:, and by May, it was suspected that Bannwart was working as an agent of the Federal League, which Bannwart denied. Upon these news reports, some of the founding members of the Colonial League resigned, fearing banishment by the
275:, it would be the last independent major league outside the established structure of professional baseball to make it to the playing field, and would be the last serious attempt to create a third major league until the abortive
3526:
466:, who allowed the case to languish while he urged both sides to negotiate. Swift action might have made a difference, but without the lawsuit going forward, the Federals found themselves in deepening financial straits.
638:
The
Federal League was the last serious attempt at creating a "third major league" outside the established structure of professional baseball in the U.S. There was one further attempt at creating a third league – the
270:
Federal League team. The league itself and many sports writers considered it a major league during its existence; organized baseball recognized its major league status in 1968. Not including certain periods of the
3424:
299:. However, the withdrawal of one of the organization's primary investors caused the league to fail before ever playing a game. Undaunted, Powers tried again the following year, creating a new league with teams in
232:
succeeded Powers as league president, the league declared itself to be a major league. Playing in what detractors called the "outlaw" league allowed players to avoid the restrictions of the organized leagues'
635:, becoming the first 300-game winning left-hander in the history of major league baseball and one of only six as of 2018. However, that milestone was not acknowledged by Major League Baseball until 1968.
4883:
4878:
3469:
4346:
3238:
3233:
3701:
458:
During the 1914–15 offseason, Federal League owners brought an antitrust lawsuit against the
American and National Leagues. The lawsuit ended up in the court of Federal Judge (and future
151:
1639:
1354:
4322:
3549:
613:
3533:
3706:
4873:
576:
Of the locations of teams in the
Federal League, five currently have major league teams. Those are Baltimore, Chicago, Kansas City, Pittsburgh and St. Louis. Brooklyn has a
244:
Interference by the
National and American Leagues in their operations caused the Federal League to fold after the 1915 season. This resulted in a landmark federal lawsuit,
3286:
4868:
3521:
4307:
4180:
3826:
3243:
2787:
4893:
3409:
3403:
3373:
3228:
1148:
4059:
3484:
3462:
3269:
3494:
3474:
3264:
4888:
3753:
1632:
1347:
3457:
4102:
2044:
4129:
3489:
3351:
3248:
673:
4190:
4064:
3440:
2748:
2602:
565:
246:
4818:
4235:
4230:
4185:
3394:
3206:
3186:
647:. The Continental League disbanded in 1960 without ever playing a game, making the Federal League the last such league to ever take to the field.
140:
4225:
365:
went personally to Johnson's home in Kansas and made a successful counter-offer. Major League players that jumped to the Federal League included
2420:
522:
and played there for nearly 30 years before it was destroyed by fire. The Newark ballpark was also used for minor league ball for a short time.
4215:
4170:
2711:
2561:
1625:
1340:
1187:
1100:
1075:
947:
3604:
3599:
3579:
443:
At the April 1915 league meeting, Coppen was re-elected as president and Bannwart was elected secretary. Walter S. Ward, the treasurer of the
3452:
3414:
2396:
1984:
1944:
4269:
3554:
4626:
4608:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3479:
334:, under whose leadership the league declared itself a major league for the 1914 season. Other financiers of the League included oil baron
4838:
4107:
3835:
3819:
3366:
3319:
3211:
3191:
3101:
2780:
3933:
4473:
4468:
3787:
3782:
3746:
3711:
3679:
3361:
3314:
2487:
560:
251:
3928:
3674:
3631:
2806:
2512:
2133:
2112:
1963:
1404:
1116:
1094:
237:. The competition of another, better paying league caused players' salaries to skyrocket, demonstrating the bargaining potential of
218:
214:
83:
2147:
447:
of the Federal League and George S. Ward's son, was elected as the league's treasurer. The Colonial League reorganized itself as a
4532:
3296:
3163:
511:
224:
The Federal League came together in early 1913 through the work of John T. Powers, and immediately challenged the operations of
3419:
3216:
3196:
1864:
1764:
1529:
1454:
31:
4384:
3812:
3445:
3399:
3176:
3073:
2773:
1714:
1579:
1956:
The Formation, Sometimes Absorption and Mostly Inevitable Demise of 18 Professional Baseball Organizations, 1871 to Present
4327:
2069:
1839:
1739:
1554:
1504:
1016:
4438:
3501:
2686:
2595:
2449:
1429:
545:
437:
4823:
4042:
3356:
3274:
1479:
292:
2278:
4786:
4514:
3872:
3309:
2942:
2726:
2706:
1789:
1689:
1040:
533:
413:
206:
4509:
4240:
4210:
4074:
3133:
1814:
2200:
3767:
3658:
2928:
459:
4863:
4724:
4681:
4491:
4134:
4117:
4023:
2989:
2862:
2696:
2588:
2252:
1083:
483:
463:
433:
406:
2017:
170:
4409:
4175:
4148:
4028:
4018:
3696:
3584:
3153:
3138:
3121:
2359:
2226:
4833:
4742:
4279:
4097:
4009:
3968:
3884:
3862:
3609:
3589:
3574:
3341:
3143:
2974:
2796:
664:
and repeatedly threatens to jump to the Federal League whenever he feels underappreciated or underpaid.
577:
570:
374:
259:
255:
202:
178:
3594:
3998:
3908:
3903:
3055:
3035:
3027:
2979:
2951:
2900:
2824:
2716:
2553:
2528:
2332:
605:
597:
515:
421:
339:
238:
155:
1325:
4706:
4644:
4165:
3919:
3894:
3516:
3091:
3045:
3017:
2875:
2691:
2660:
2645:
2625:
1267:
1206:
960:
922:
872:
685:
347:
320:
316:
182:
4579:
4312:
4220:
3648:
3511:
3506:
3329:
3012:
2913:
2885:
2670:
2650:
2174:
1912:
1667:
1382:
1263:
1225:
1175:
999:
934:
677:
644:
640:
624:
549:
471:
425:
417:
327:
276:
225:
4284:
3564:
1917:
1012:
4289:
3988:
3559:
3116:
3096:
3007:
2918:
2870:
2852:
2832:
2701:
2665:
2630:
2508:
2483:
2392:
2129:
2108:
1980:
1959:
1940:
1922:
1286:
986:
884:
661:
632:
581:
541:
475:
444:
335:
159:
676:
who played in the Federal League are listed below. Each of these players was elected via the
4828:
4079:
3963:
3346:
3291:
3223:
3126:
3106:
3050:
3040:
2923:
2842:
2754:
1070:
585:
559:
The other "silent monument" to the Federal League is a famous legal decision. In 1922, the
479:
429:
331:
229:
144:
93:
4069:
3993:
3867:
3643:
3378:
3148:
3081:
3002:
2890:
2815:
1904:
1662:
1377:
1244:
1170:
210:
1610:
498:
One of baseball's most famous ballparks was originally built for a Federal League team:
4448:
4443:
4112:
3958:
2959:
2908:
2880:
2847:
2837:
2655:
2640:
1657:
1614:
1372:
1329:
1165:
1122:
973:
909:
815:
759:
735:
656:
601:
507:
402:
370:
366:
362:
358:
343:
288:
267:
234:
201:
league that played its first season as a minor league in 1913 and operated as a "third
132:
121:
540:
The other Federal League ballparks were demolished quickly, including the home of the
4857:
3691:
3686:
3653:
2969:
2964:
2731:
2635:
1682:
1677:
1397:
1392:
1152:
896:
767:
589:
499:
272:
263:
174:
163:
525:
4317:
4124:
3938:
3279:
3171:
2997:
2549:
1672:
1387:
1180:
711:
651:
628:
609:
553:
503:
487:
386:
323:. He named the organization the Federal League, and served as its first president.
312:
46:
2386:
1974:
326:
Because it did not abide by the National Agreement on player payment in place in
262:. The Federal League left its mark on baseball history in the field now known as
3804:
3773:
3334:
3301:
3086:
2721:
783:
620:
619:
There is at least one achievement of note that happened in Federal League play.
519:
451:
for the Federal League and voluntarily withdrew itself from organized baseball.
448:
390:
2045:"Why Is the National Association Not a Major League … and Other Records Issues"
1032:
643:
in 1959 – but its founders had hoped to find their place within the purview of
4561:
2765:
2305:
1894:
1130:
1036:
831:
398:
397:. The Federal League also recruited Big League names to manage the new teams.
382:
308:
17:
1976:
The Federal League of Base Ball Clubs: The History of an Outlaw Major League
839:
807:
394:
378:
304:
2575:
1312:
Covington's record was 21–20 when they relocated to Kansas City on June 26.
2436:
Baseball is the only major sport that has an exemption from antitrust law.
592:, the Cyclones' parent club, have been located in the adjacent borough of
357:
In order for the Federal League to succeed, it needed Big League players.
3979:
681:
198:
57:
942:
Also known as the Colonels. Transferred to Kansas City, mid-season 1913
3324:
791:
743:
719:
300:
361:
signed a three-year contract with the Chicago team, but the Senators'
3949:
994:
Known as the Filipinos in 1913, and initially as the Stogies in 1914
593:
1309:
The Federal League operated as an independent minor league in 1913.
748:
St. Louis Terriers, Brooklyn Tip-Tops (1914); Chicago Whales (1915)
228:
as a minor league playing outside of the National Agreement. After
1609:
1324:
1147:
1031:
1011:
524:
169:
150:
139:
2580:
1047:
Per final regular season standings, as there was no postseason.
3808:
2769:
2584:
1937:
The Federal League of 1914–1915: Baseball's Third Major League
2421:"Ending Baseball's Antitrust Exemption: What Would It Mean?"
1939:. Garrett Park, Md: Society For American Baseball Research.
2482:. New York, NY: Library of America. pp. dust jacket.
506:, began its long life as Weeghman Park, the home of the
241:
for the first time since the war between the AL and NL.
2279:"Son Of Federal League Magnate Behind Colonial League"
1958:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
4884:
Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States
4879:
Defunct major baseball leagues in the United States
4779:
4772:
4733:
4715:
4697:
4690:
4674:
4635:
4617:
4599:
4592:
4570:
4552:
4545:
4523:
4500:
4482:
4459:
4429:
4422:
4400:
4393:
4377:
4336:
4298:
4260:
4253:
4201:
4156:
4147:
4088:
4050:
4041:
4007:
3977:
3947:
3917:
3892:
3883:
3855:
3667:
3624:
3542:
3433:
3387:
3257:
3162:
3072:
3026:
2988:
2950:
2941:
2899:
2861:
2823:
2814:
2740:
2679:
2618:
866:
820:
Indianapolis Hoosiers (1914); Newark Peppers (1915)
772:
Indianapolis Hoosiers (1914); Newark Peppers (1915)
127:
115:
107:
99:
89:
79:
71:
63:
53:
2450:"Happy birthday to baseball's antitrust exemption"
2304:
2146:
981:Moved from Indianapolis following the 1914 season
2507:(third ed.). Baseball America. p. 246.
2391:(2 ed.). New York, N.Y.: Sports Publishing.
660:(1916), in which the protagonist pitches for the
2554:"The Origin of the Baseball Antitrust Exemption"
4308:All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
2306:"Arrangements For Federal League Farm Complete"
2070:"WAS THE FEDERAL LEAGUE REALLY A MAJOR LEAGUE?"
3820:
2781:
2596:
2360:"Stoic Link to Baseball History Stands Guard"
1633:
1348:
552:of the National League until they moved into
8:
3425:Comparison with Nippon Professional Baseball
968:Had been in Covington until mid-season 1913
39:
4874:1915 disestablishments in the United States
917:Initially known as the Federals or Keeleys
650:The Federal League features prominently in
596:since 1964.) Buffalo and Indianapolis have
588:moved to Los Angeles in 1958, although the
4802:
4776:
4760:
4694:
4662:
4596:
4549:
4426:
4397:
4365:
4257:
4153:
4047:
3889:
3843:
3827:
3813:
3805:
3539:
3069:
2947:
2820:
2788:
2774:
2766:
2603:
2589:
2581:
2480:Ring Lardner: Stories & Other Writings
1640:
1626:
1620:
1355:
1341:
1335:
857:
690:
181:baseball club of the Federal League, the
4869:1913 establishments in the United States
2749:Federal Baseball Club v. National League
2012:
2010:
1979:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.
1158:
1049:
566:Federal Baseball Club v. National League
247:Federal Baseball Club v. National League
4819:Asia Professional Baseball Championship
4236:Panamanian Professional Baseball League
4231:Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League
4186:Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
2006:
608:, respectively. Newark had a team, the
205:", in competition with the established
4216:Colombian Professional Baseball League
4171:Dominican Professional Baseball League
2712:International Fair Association Grounds
2358:Petchesky, Barry (February 10, 2007).
616:, which folded after the 2012 season.
38:
4894:Sports leagues disestablished in 1915
2505:Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball
2503:Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles (2007).
2201:"Reported That Feds Own The Colonial"
2126:The Great American Baseball Scrapbook
2105:The Great American Baseball Scrapbook
631:on September 11, 1915, at St. Louis'
266:, which was originally built for the
27:American professional baseball league
7:
4627:Chinese Professional Baseball League
4609:Chinese Professional Baseball League
4226:Curaçao Professional Baseball League
2656:Indianapolis Hoosiers/Newark Peppers
4839:Triple-A National Championship Game
2388:The Pittsburgh Pirates Encyclopedia
2385:Dave, Finoli; Bill, Ranier (2015).
4889:Sports leagues established in 1913
2448:Calcaterra, Craig (May 29, 2019).
2148:"Six Teams In The Colonial League"
25:
3675:Timeline of Major League Baseball
2419:Belth, Alex (November 26, 2001).
2253:"Bannwart Behind Colonial League"
548:, which had been the home of the
191:Federal League of Base Ball Clubs
162:Federal League baseball team the
3527:Negro leaguers who played in MLB
1897:
1332:played for Indianapolis in 1914.
1155:played for Indianapolis in 1913.
45:
2227:"Steve Flanagan Quits Colonial"
1973:Wiggins, Robert Peyton (2008).
904:Initially known as the Buffeds
405:managed the St. Louis team and
293:independent professional league
197:, was an American professional
32:Federal league (disambiguation)
4385:China National Baseball League
3707:Relocations of the 1950s–1960s
2155:. February 25, 1914. p. 6
1:
4533:Japan Women's Baseball League
4347:List of defunct minor leagues
4328:United States Baseball League
3836:Professional baseball leagues
2231:Fall River Daily Evening News
529:Washington Park in April 1915
147:of the Federal League c. 1913
4439:Nippon Professional Baseball
3502:National Baseball Commission
2285:. April 25, 1915. p. 28
2074:thenationalpastimemuseum.com
846:
822:
798:
774:
750:
726:
438:National Baseball Commission
4824:Asia Winter Baseball League
4181:Puerto Rico Baseball League
3702:Defunct and relocated teams
3357:World Baseball Classic Inc.
2347:– via Newspapers.com.
2321:– via Newspapers.com.
2293:– via Newspapers.com.
2267:– via Newspapers.com.
2241:– via Newspapers.com.
2215:– via Newspapers.com.
2189:– via Newspapers.com.
2163:– via Newspapers.com.
2043:Thorn, John (May 4, 2015).
1617:played for Chicago in 1915.
409:managed the Brooklyn team.
287:In 1912, baseball promoter
4910:
4787:Australian Baseball League
4515:Shikoku Island League Plus
3605:Negro National League (II)
3522:First black players in MLB
2333:"New League Jumps To Feds"
2259:. June 4, 1914. p. 10
2181:. April 6, 1914. p. 6
844:Chicago Whales (1914–1915)
724:Baltimore Terrapins (1915)
401:managed the Chicago team,
254:ultimately ruled that the
29:
4814:
4805:
4801:
4763:
4759:
4665:
4661:
4510:Baseball Challenge League
4368:
4364:
4211:Argentine Baseball League
3846:
3842:
3762:
3680:History of team nicknames
3580:Negro National League (I)
3470:All-time win–loss records
3068:
2804:
2666:Pittsburgh Stogies/Rebels
2558:Baseball Research Journal
2339:. May 22, 1915. p. 8
2313:. May 14, 1915. p. 3
2233:. June 3, 1914. p. 5
2207:. May 28, 1914. p. 6
2124:Suehsdorf, A. D. (1978).
2103:Suehsdorf, A. D. (1978).
1954:Pietrusza, David (1991).
1929:General and cited sources
1681:
1676:
1653:
1396:
1391:
1368:
1107:
1082:
998:
985:
972:
959:
946:
933:
921:
908:
895:
883:
871:
863:
860:
827:
803:
796:St. Louis Terriers (1915)
779:
755:
731:
707:
702:
699:
696:
693:
474:, was allowed to buy the
428:drew notice by acquiring
44:
3659:Barry Bonds perjury case
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
955:Moved to Newark in 1915
460:Commissioner of Baseball
4725:Honkbal Overgangsklasse
4682:Italian Baseball League
4492:Miyazaki Phoenix League
4135:Venezuelan Major League
4024:Dominican Summer League
3463:Tie-breaking procedures
2697:Gordon and Koppel Field
2128:, p. 56. Random House.
2107:, p. 54. Random House.
668:Baseball Hall of Famers
464:Kenesaw Mountain Landis
434:Pawtucket, Rhode Island
4410:Israel Baseball League
4241:Veracruz Winter League
4176:Mexican Pacific League
4029:Florida Complex League
4019:Arizona Complex League
3697:Golden age of baseball
3585:Eastern Colored League
3265:Authentication Program
3154:World Baseball Classic
2533:Baseball-Reference.com
2478:Lardner, Ring (2013).
2283:Democrat and Chronicle
2175:"Pfeffer At Pawtucket"
1935:Okkonen, Marc (1989).
1618:
1333:
1156:
1044:
1019:
1017:1914 Brooklyn Tip-Tops
530:
432:to manage the team in
420:level league based in
416:began to operate as a
193:, known simply as the
186:
177:in 1915, owner of the
167:
148:
4834:Latin American Series
4743:Honkbal Rookie League
4280:Negro league baseball
4098:Cuban National Series
4090:Non-partnered leagues
3969:South Atlantic League
3863:Major League Baseball
3610:Negro American League
3600:Negro Southern League
3590:American Negro League
3342:Minor League Baseball
3224:Wild Card Game/Series
3134:Little League Classic
2975:Philadelphia Phillies
2797:Major League Baseball
2529:"1913 Federal League"
2024:. Public.Resource.Org
1613:
1405:Indianapolis Hoosiers
1328:
1188:Indianapolis Hoosiers
1151:
1101:Indianapolis Hoosiers
1076:Indianapolis Hoosiers
1035:
1015:
948:Indianapolis Hoosiers
674:Baseball Hall of Fame
654:'s sports humor book
612:, in the independent
571:Sherman Antitrust Act
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260:Major League Baseball
256:Sherman Antitrust Act
179:Kansas City, Missouri
173:
154:
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133:Indianapolis Hoosiers
4675:Italy and San Marino
4323:National Association
4270:American Association
4118:Liga Norte de México
4060:American Association
3999:Florida State League
3909:Pacific Coast League
3904:International League
3555:American Association
3550:National Association
3287:Highest-paid players
3139:Field of Dreams Game
3056:San Francisco Giants
3036:Arizona Diamondbacks
2980:Washington Nationals
2576:Federal League Teams
2550:Alito, Samuel A. Jr.
2337:The Meridian Journal
1884:23–56
1881:24–51
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1524:30–45
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1499:33–42
1496:47–29
1474:31–44
1471:53–26
1449:44–33
1446:43–34
1424:35–42
1421:53–23
629:milestone 300th game
606:Indianapolis Indians
598:International League
584:. (The major league
516:International League
422:Southern New England
156:William E. Robertson
30:For other uses, see
4707:Honkbal Hoofdklasse
4645:Taiwan Major League
4166:Arizona Fall League
4130:United Shore League
4052:MLB Partner Leagues
3754:Contraction attempt
3575:Major Negro leagues
3517:Baseball color line
3352:Players Association
3144:Rickwood Field Game
3112:International games
3092:Jackie Robinson Day
3046:Los Angeles Dodgers
3018:St. Louis Cardinals
2876:Cleveland Guardians
2692:Federal League Park
2661:Kansas City Packers
2646:Cleveland Green Sox
2626:Baltimore Terrapins
2425:Baseball Prospectus
1865:Baltimore Terrapins
1765:Kansas City Packers
1650:
1530:Kansas City Packers
1455:Baltimore Terrapins
1365:
1268:Kansas City Packers
1207:Cleveland Green Sox
1041:1915 Chicago Whales
961:Kansas City Packers
923:Cleveland Green Sox
873:Baltimore Terrapins
686:Cleveland Green Sox
623:, pitching for the
534:Washington Park III
348:Ward Baking Company
321:Covington, Kentucky
183:Kansas City Packers
158:, president of the
41:
4580:KBO Futures League
4313:Continental League
4221:Cuban Elite League
3779:League Presidents
3649:Biogenesis scandal
3512:Organized baseball
3507:Continental League
3330:MLB Advanced Media
3013:Pittsburgh Pirates
2914:Los Angeles Angels
2886:Kansas City Royals
2671:St. Louis Terriers
2651:Covington Blue Sox
2364:The New York Times
2205:The Evening Herald
2179:The Evening Herald
2153:The Evening Herald
1913:Continental League
1715:St. Louis Terriers
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1580:St. Louis Terriers
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1264:Covington Blue Sox
1226:St. Louis Terriers
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1000:St. Louis Terriers
935:Covington Blue Sox
678:Veterans Committee
645:organized baseball
641:Continental League
625:St. Louis Terriers
550:Pittsburgh Pirates
531:
502:, the home of the
472:St. Louis Terriers
426:Alexander Bannwart
328:organized baseball
277:Continental League
252:U.S. Supreme Court
226:organized baseball
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3097:Civil Rights Game
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2833:Baltimore Orioles
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2631:Brooklyn Tip-Tops
2398:978-1-61321-719-1
2094:Wiggins, pp. 6–7.
1986:978-0-7864-3835-8
1946:978-0-910137-37-9
1923:Union Association
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885:Brooklyn Tip-Tops
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662:Chicago White Sox
582:Brooklyn Cyclones
542:Pittsburgh Rebels
518:, who renamed it
512:Baltimore Orioles
445:Brooklyn Tip-Tops
336:Harry F. Sinclair
258:did not apply to
160:Buffalo, New York
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2018:"259 U.S. 200"
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1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:Newark Peppers
1786:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:Chicago Whales
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1648:Federal League
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1622:
1615:Mordecai Brown
1608:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1363:Federal League
1360:
1359:
1352:
1345:
1337:
1330:Bill McKechnie
1323:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195: 45
1193:
1192: 75
1190:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1123:Chicago Whales
1120:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1002:
996:
995:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
976:
974:Newark Peppers
970:
969:
966:
963:
957:
956:
953:
950:
944:
943:
940:
937:
931:
930:
928:
925:
919:
918:
915:
912:
910:Chicago Whales
906:
905:
902:
899:
893:
892:
890:
887:
881:
880:
878:
875:
869:
868:
865:
862:
855:
852:
849:
848:
845:
842:
837:
825:
824:
821:
818:
816:Center fielder
813:
801:
800:
797:
794:
789:
777:
776:
773:
770:
765:
760:Bill McKechnie
753:
752:
749:
746:
741:
736:Mordecai Brown
729:
728:
725:
722:
717:
705:
704:
701:
698:
695:
669:
666:
657:You Know Me Al
633:Handlan's Park
602:Buffalo Bisons
508:Chicago Whales
495:
492:
484:Chicago Whales
403:Mordecai Brown
371:Claude Hendrix
367:Bill McKechnie
363:Clark Griffith
359:Walter Johnson
344:George S. Ward
338:, ice magnate
289:John T. Powers
284:
281:
268:Chicago Whales
235:reserve clause
195:Federal League
136:
135:
129:
125:
124:
122:Chicago Whales
119:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
75:John T. Powers
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
40:Federal League
26:
24:
18:John T. Powers
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4906:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4800:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4637:Defunct major
4634:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4458:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4402:Defunct major
4399:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4192:
4191:Liga Paralela
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4108:Empire League
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3692:Live-ball era
3690:
3688:
3687:Dead-ball era
3685:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:BALCO scandal
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:Steroid usage
3623:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3400:Team uniforms
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:Miscellaneous
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:All-Star Game
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:New York Mets
2968:
2966:
2965:Miami Marlins
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2929:Texas Rangers
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2732:Weeghman Park
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Terrapin Park
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:Harrison Park
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Buffalo Blues
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2601:
2599:
2594:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:(Fall 2009).
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2514:9781932391176
2510:
2506:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2134:0-394-50253-1
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2113:0-394-50253-1
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2076:. May 5, 2019
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2036:
2028:September 10,
2023:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1965:0-89950-590-2
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Buffalo Blues
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:George Textor
1150:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1088:Minor league
1087:
1085:
1084:Bill Phillips
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
990:
988:
984:
980:
977:
975:
971:
967:
964:
962:
958:
954:
951:
949:
945:
941:
938:
936:
932:
929:
926:
924:
920:
916:
913:
911:
907:
903:
900:
898:
897:Buffalo Blues
894:
891:
888:
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768:Third baseman
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4318:Cuban League
4274:
4125:Pecos League
3939:Texas League
3848:
3772:
3768:Commissioner
3766:
3569:
3543:Predecessors
3490:Hall of Fame
3458:Tie-breakers
3362:Transactions
3207:NL champions
3187:AL champions
3172:World Series
2998:Chicago Cubs
2747:
2611:
2560:– via
2557:
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2523:
2504:
2498:
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2464:
2459:November 10,
2457:. Retrieved
2453:
2443:
2435:
2430:November 10,
2428:. Retrieved
2424:
2414:
2404:September 9,
2402:. Retrieved
2387:
2380:
2370:September 9,
2368:. Retrieved
2366:. p. D1
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2080:November 21,
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2048:
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2026:. Retrieved
2021:
1990:. Retrieved
1975:
1955:
1936:
1647:
1362:
1316:
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1109:Major league
1108:
1093:
1046:
1039:managed the
712:Chief Bender
671:
655:
652:Ring Lardner
649:
637:
618:
578:minor league
575:
564:
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554:Forbes Field
539:
532:
504:Chicago Cubs
497:
488:Chicago Cubs
468:
457:
453:
442:
424:. In April,
411:
407:Bill Bradley
387:Doc Crandall
379:Russell Ford
356:
352:
325:
313:Indianapolis
296:
286:
245:
243:
223:
203:major league
194:
190:
188:
100:No. of teams
36:
4691:Netherlands
4546:South Korea
4502:Independent
4300:Other major
4203:Independent
4043:Independent
3774:Rob Manfred
3637:suspensions
3632:Drug policy
3367:Free agency
3335:MLB Network
3229:Appearances
3122:Mexico City
3087:Opening Day
2343:January 25,
2317:January 25,
2289:January 25,
2263:January 25,
2237:January 25,
2211:January 25,
2185:January 25,
2159:January 25,
784:Eddie Plank
621:Eddie Plank
600:teams, the
520:Oriole Park
449:farm system
391:Al Bridwell
239:free agency
128:Most titles
118:champion(s)
4858:Categories
4562:KBO League
4484:Off-season
4149:Off-season
3374:Valuations
3320:Television
3297:Luxury tax
3164:Postseason
2454:NBC Sports
1131:Joe Tinker
1037:Joe Tinker
832:Joe Tinker
627:, won his
580:team, the
399:Joe Tinker
383:Tom Seaton
375:Jack Quinn
309:Pittsburgh
291:formed an
4773:Australia
3747:Potential
3712:Expansion
3420:Rivalries
3177:Champions
2717:Luna Park
2002:Citations
1992:August 8,
1139:Standings
1028:Champions
840:Shortstop
808:Edd Roush
697:Position
563:ruled in
556:in 1909.
395:Hal Chase
340:Phil Ball
317:St. Louis
305:Cleveland
279:of 1960.
90:President
3980:Single-A
3920:Double-A
3895:Triple-A
3849:Americas
3668:Timeline
3410:Stadiums
3258:Business
3239:Droughts
3074:Schedule
2680:Stadiums
2049:Our Game
1891:See also
1317:Source:
1062:Manager
867:Comment
864:Seasons
700:Team(s)
682:Cy Young
207:National
199:baseball
58:Baseball
4766:Oceania
4525:Women's
4254:Defunct
3495:members
3475:Records
3453:Seasons
3441:History
3434:History
3415:Mascots
3325:MLB.com
3249:Game 7s
3234:Streaks
2990:Central
2863:Central
2741:Related
1306:Notes:
1059:Record
1023:Results
1004:1913–15
991:1913–15
965:1913–15
952:1913–14
914:1913–15
901:1914–15
889:1914–15
877:1914–15
792:Pitcher
744:Pitcher
720:Pitcher
694:Player
514:of the
418:Class C
346:of the
301:Chicago
283:History
213:, from
108:Country
72:Founder
64:Founded
4735:Rookie
4668:Europe
4593:Taiwan
4394:Israel
4010:Rookie
3950:High-A
3480:Awards
3306:Media
3280:Rule 5
3244:Series
3117:London
2809:season
2511:
2486:
2466:clubs.
2395:
2132:
2111:
1983:
1962:
1943:
1127:86–66
1105:88–65
1080:75–45
594:Queens
494:Legacy
393:, and
342:, and
319:, and
80:Ceased
4717:Minor
4699:Major
4619:Minor
4601:Major
4572:Minor
4554:Major
4461:Minor
4431:Major
4423:Japan
4378:China
4338:Minor
3885:Minor
3856:Major
3315:Radio
3275:Draft
3127:Seoul
2799:(MLB)
2619:Teams
1875:.305
1850:.461
1825:.487
1800:.526
1775:.529
1750:.562
1725:.565
1700:.566
1654:Team
1590:.411
1565:.427
1540:.444
1515:.500
1490:.530
1465:.545
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1415:.575
1369:Team
1297:0.408
1278:0.449
1255:0.479
1236:0.496
1217:0.542
1198:0.625
1065:Note
1056:Team
1053:Year
861:Team
854:Teams
847:1946
823:1962
799:1946
775:1962
751:1949
727:1953
610:Bears
604:and
54:Sport
4371:Asia
3742:1998
3737:1993
3732:1977
3727:1969
3722:1962
3717:1961
3310:Logo
3217:NLDS
3212:NLCS
3197:ALDS
3192:ALCS
3028:West
2952:East
2901:West
2825:East
2807:2024
2562:SABR
2509:ISBN
2484:ISBN
2461:2021
2432:2021
2406:2016
2393:ISBN
2372:2016
2345:2022
2319:2022
2291:2022
2265:2022
2239:2022
2213:2022
2187:2022
2161:2022
2130:ISBN
2109:ISBN
2082:2019
2056:2019
2030:2016
1994:2011
1981:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1941:ISBN
1872:107
1683:Road
1678:Home
1668:Pct.
1606:1915
1568:22½
1518:11½
1398:Road
1393:Home
1383:Pct.
1321:1914
1258:17½
1239:15½
1176:Pct.
1144:1913
1117:1915
1095:1914
1071:1913
978:1915
939:1913
927:1913
219:1915
215:1914
209:and
189:The
131:(2)
116:Last
84:1915
67:1913
3203:NL
3183:AL
1878:40
1853:16
1847:82
1828:12
1822:78
1797:72
1778:5½
1772:72
1747:67
1722:67
1697:66
1593:25
1587:89
1562:86
1543:20
1537:84
1512:77
1487:71
1468:4½
1462:70
1443:1½
1437:67
1412:65
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