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in 1899. He expanded his study to societal evolution in humans, coming to believe societal evolution could be attributed to altruistic motives and a spirit of cooperation between humanity. He put forth this thesis in his paper "Evolution, Racial and
Habitudinal" in 1905 and received an honorary Ph.D.
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Gulick reported collecting 44,500 Hawaiian snails in just three years. Some were of no scientific value because he did not record where they were obtained. Of many of the species he collected, no similar species remain in the wild today. Some modern observers attribute the
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for two years. While there, he corresponded with
Charles Darwin regarding his studies. He finally met Darwin and gave him a synopsis of an upcoming paper. That paper was "On Diversity of Evolution Under One Set of External Conditions", which was published in the
274:, but also continued his study of snails. On September 3, 1864, he married Emily de la Cour. In 1872, he wrote "On the Variation of Species as Related to Their Geographical Distribution, Illustrated by the Achatinellinae", which was published in the journal
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After his first wife died in 1875, he moved to Japan to continue missionary work. As in China, he studied snails while performing as a missionary. On May 31, 1880, he married
Frances Amelia Stevens (1848–1928). In 1888, he went again to
209:) since his early teens, and developed independently the concept of their evolution. He discovered many species of snails were only found in very specific areas within the islands, and there was no overlap between these areas.
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In 1872, Gulick was the first to propose the theory that the majority of evolutionary changes are the result of chance variation, which has no effect on the survival and reproductive success of a species (today called
378:") – simultaneous processes, such as the multiplication of species, manifested by different populations and incipient species. George Romanes later adopted this terminology during his evolutionary studies.
359:) which showed random variation under seemingly identical environmental conditions. Although he certainly promoted the importance of random factors in evolution, he also was a strong supporter of Darwinian
205:(1798–1883). Early in life he went to Oregon and sought gold in California. In 1851, he started to collect and study Hawaiian land snails. He had been interested in snails (a field now known as
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Darwin, Charles R.; Frederick
Burkhardt; Sydney Smith; David Kohn; Darwin Correspondence Project Staff; William Montgomery; American Council of Learned Societies (1994).
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In 1888, Gulick introduced new terms for two patterns of evolution that can be observed: the term monotypic evolution (previously called "transformation;" today "
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1193:
Hall, Brian K. (2006). ""Evolutionist and
Missionary," the Reverend John Thomas Gulick (1832–1923). Part I: Cumulative segregation—geographical isolation".
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Men of Hawaii: being a biographical reference library, complete and authentic, of the men of note and substantial achievement in the
Hawaiian Islands
400:...to his essays on the subject I attribute a higher value than to any other work in the field of Darwinian thought since the date of Darwin's death.
165:. He was among the first to describe the formation of species through geographic separation of breeding populations. He developed early ideas on the
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who worked with Gulick to refine evolutionary biology. In 1889, he received an honorary A.M. and Ph.D from
Adelbert College of
246:, and studied in their Lyceum of Natural History. In 1859, he was elected Lyceum President, and graduated with an A.B. degree.
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from Hawaii. He was one of the pioneers of modern evolutionary thinking based on his studies of
Hawaiian snails of the genus
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Gulick J.T. 1908. Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions. Amer. Nat. 42, 48-57.
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309:. In 1891, another paper, "Intensive Segregation, or Divergence Through Independent Transformation" was published in the
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He then followed the family tradition of attending theological school at
Williams College (1859) and enrolled in
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Biographical sketches of
Williams College men who have rendered special service to the cause of foreign missions
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Evolutionist and missionary. - John Thomas Gulick: Portrayed through documents and discussions
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Gulick, John T (July 1873). "On diversity of evolution under one set of external conditions".
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where his paper "Divergent Evolution Through Cumulative Segregation" was published in the
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Darwin and After Darwin: Post-Darwinian questions: Isolation and physiological selection
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Gulick, J. T.; Smith, Edgar A. (1873). "Description of new Species of Achatinellinae".
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Gulick, J. T.; Smith, Edgar A. (1873). "On the classification of the Achatinellinae".
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Gulick, Addison (1924). "John T. Gulick, a Contributor to Evolutionary Thought".
955:. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication. Vol. 25. Washington, DC:
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Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists: Chrono-Biographical Sketches
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Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
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1072:"On the Variation of Species as Related to their Geographical Distribution"
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Hawaiian snail species to him and fellow collectors such as his schoolmate
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Luther Halsey Gulick: Missionary in Hawaii, Micronesia, Japan, and China
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cemetery. They had two children, Addison and Louise (Gulick) Whitaker.
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in 1873. Gulick then returned to China, and remained there until 1875.
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Missionaries in Hawai'i: The Lives of Peter and Fanny Gulick, 17971883
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Later in 1905, he returned to Hawaii and sold his shell collection to
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Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution
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1460:"Snails on an Evolutionary Tree: Gulick, Speciation, and Isolation"
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155:(March 13, 1832 – April 14, 1923) was an American missionary and
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Beverly Peterson Stearns; Stephen C. Stearns (August 11, 2000).
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A Calendar of the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, 1821–1882
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On August 22, 1864, Gulick was ordained as a missionary in
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Charles H. Smith; Joshua Woleben; Carubie Rodgers (2007).
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Debating Society. In 1855, he enrolled for one year at
1692:. Congregational Sunday-School and Publishing Society.
1545:"Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation"
1021:"Divergent evolution through cumulative segregation"
381:Gulick later proposed general geographic models of
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1637:. The Endangered Species Handbook. Archived from
1026:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
988:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
311:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
299:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
287:Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology
253:from 1859 to 1861. While there, he read Darwin's
1385:George John Romanes; Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1897).
1361:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 365–367.
367:'s "Migration Theory" of the origin of species.
1303:"Gulick, John Thomas (United States 1832–1923)"
1155:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1128:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
27:American missionary and naturalist (1832–1923)
1613:. Yale University Press. pp. 1956–1969.
1503:Occasional papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum
1391:. The Open court publishing company. p.
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1519:"Mission Houses Cemetery, Honolulu, Hawaii"
393:was the only possible route to speciation.
251:Union Theological Seminary in New York City
1797:American expatriates in the United Kingdom
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1019:Gulick, John Thomas (September 1888).
1665:. University of Massachusetts Press.
1609:Watching, from the Edge of Extinction
1500:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (1922).
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363:, and this led to disagreement with
1704:"Sidney Gulick Densho Encyclopedia"
1517:William Disbro (November 6, 2001).
1506:. Bishop Museum Press. p. 174.
1330:John William Siddall, ed. (1921).
1279:. Pilgrim Press. pp. 415–419.
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1001:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1873.tb01670.x
957:Carnegie Institution of Washington
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952:Evolution: racial and habitudinal
1817:People from Kauai County, Hawaii
1812:American evolutionary biologists
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1686:Jewett, Frances Gulick (1895).
1467:American Malacological Bulletin
259:. He then collected shells in
1758:Works by or about J. T. Gulick
1635:"It's Too Late: Invertebrates"
1:
1792:American expatriates in Japan
1787:American expatriates in China
228:The Footprints of the Creator
169:and what is now known as the
1458:Rundell, Rebecca J. (2011).
1271:John Haskell Hewitt (1914).
1070:Gulick, J. T. (1872-06-18).
949:Gulick, John Thomas (1905).
389:'s more extreme claims that
203:Fanny Hinckley Thomas Gulick
197:. His father was missionary
113:Evolutionary study of snails
1739:University of Chicago Press
201:(1796–1877) and mother was
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1084:(142). Illustrated by The
330:Charles Montague Cooke Jr.
307:Western Reserve University
280:. In 1872, he traveled to
1659:Putney, Clifford (2010).
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1731:Gulick, Addison (1932).
1406:Gulick, John T. (1888).
848:Sidney Lewis Gulick Jr.
595:Orramel Hinckley Gulick
585:Luther Halsey Gulick Sr.
334:Bernice P. Bishop Museum
256:On the Origin of Species
219:The Voyage of the Beagle
1822:Williams College alumni
1708:encyclopedia.densho.org
1551:. July, 1891: 269–335.
1014:(subscription required)
396:Romanes said of Gulick:
332:the new curator of the
212:In 1853, after reading
1802:American malacologists
1338:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1238:The Scientific Monthly
611:William Hooker Gulick
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173:. He coined the term "
1543:Gulick, J.T. (1893).
1408:"Divergent Evolution"
856:Frances Jewett Gulick
758:Sarah Frances Gulick
693:Thomas Lafron Gulick
652:Theodore Weld Gulick
492:Fanny Hinckley Thomas
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391:geographic speciation
344:Evolutionary theories
1807:American naturalists
1737:. Chicago, IL, USA:
1479:10.4003/006.029.0208
840:Luther Halsey Gulick
483:Peter Johnson Gulick
420:David Dwight Baldwin
199:Peter Johnson Gulick
128:Evolutionary Biology
1424:1888Natur..39...54G
1250:1924SciMo..18...83G
1215:10.1002/jez.b.21107
1207:2006JEZB..306..407H
236:New York University
185:Gulick was born in
175:divergent evolution
1523:US Genweb archives
603:John Thomas Gulick
459:Gulick family tree
153:John Thomas Gulick
95:Hawaiian, American
34:John Thomas Gulick
18:John Thomas Gulick
1672:978-1-55849-735-1
1620:978-0-300-08469-6
1368:978-0-521-43423-2
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361:natural selection
195:Kingdom of Hawaii
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119:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
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1762:Internet Archive
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769:(1860–1945)
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613:(1835–1922)
606:(1832–1923)
597:(1830–1923)
588:(1828–1891)
495:(1798–1883)
486:(1796–1877)
426:Family tree
356:Achatinella
224:Hugh Miller
162:Achatinella
92:Citizenship
55:1832 -03-13
1771:Categories
1713:2020-04-06
1645:2008-10-08
1578:2013-09-21
1340:. p.
1180:References
1117:2013-04-20
1062:2013-09-21
970:2013-09-21
412:extinction
383:speciation
372:anagenesis
207:Conchology
157:naturalist
1751:811586763
1747:314471806
1569:185478663
1565:857783447
1557:0096-4093
1172:818889019
1164:1469-7998
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1137:1469-7998
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238:and then
137:Signature
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277:Nature
261:Panama
187:Waimea
125:Fields
67:Hawaii
1483:S2CID
1463:(PDF)
1436:S2CID
1254:JSTOR
943:Works
272:China
265:Japan
1743:OCLC
1667:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1561:OCLC
1553:ISSN
1530:2010
1363:ISBN
1314:2010
1258:7153
1219:PMID
1199:306B
1168:OCLC
1160:ISSN
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