North and South (Gaskell novel)

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love is "unpleasant" and makes her uncomfortable, and she feels "offended" and assaulted by John Thornton's proposal. Margaret naively believes that the rioters can be negotiated with and is unaware that she and her brother, Frederick, resemble a loving couple on a train-station platform (O'Farrell, 1997, p. 68). Bodenheimer sees this "mistakenness" as purposeful: "In its every situation, whether industrial politics or emotional life, traditional views and stances break down into confusing new ones, which are rendered in all the pain of mistakenness and conflict that real human change entails". Perhaps this is why Margaret's blunders do not always have negative consequences; when she admits she is disappointed that Thornton has refused to hire Higgins, she is ashamed that he hears her remark. Thornton reconsiders, eventually offering Higgins a job. In the final chapter, she does not seem to realise that a "simple proposition" to bail out the factory (a business arrangement) could hurt Thornton's pride or be seen as shocking from a "lady". Bodenheimer interprets scenes like this as "deep confusion in a time of personal change and revision" which brings the lovers together.

678:(lacking in Mrs. Thornton) and strength (not possessed by Mrs. Hale) and dignity. Gaskell endows John Thornton with tenderness (a soft spot, according to Nicholas Higgins). Although Thornton's pride hides this capacity from public view, he shows it in his affection for his mother and his quiet attention to the Hales. He expresses it more obviously when he later develops relations with his workers beyond the usual cash-for-labour, builds a canteen for the workers, and sometimes shares meals with them. Margaret and Thornton's evolution eventually converges and, after learning humility, they are partially freed from the shackles of separate spheres; he develops friendly relations at the mill, and she asserts her independence from her cousin's life. Margaret initiates their business meeting, which he interprets as a declaration of love. In the final scene, she controls the financial situation and he reacts emotionally. They now meet as man and woman, no longer the manufacturer from the north and the lady from the south. The blurring of roles is also evident among the workers, many of whom (like Bessy) are women. 954:

Gaskell's depiction of "interiority" (the psychic process), expressed in dreams and trances such as Thornton's dream of Margaret as a temptress or the rioters' "trance of passion". The phrase "as if" appears over 200 times, suggesting Gaskell's reluctance to appear too definitive in her narration: "Bessy, who had sat down on the first chair, as if completely tired out with her walk" and " spoke as if this consequence were so entirely logical". The phrase is primarily used when exploring the characters' sensations and feelings: "As if she felt his look, she turned to him"; "He had shaken off his emotion as if he was ashamed of ever giving way to it", and "She lifted up her head as if she took pride in any delicacy of feeling which Mr. Thornton had shown". Gaskell uses it when exploring the unconscious process that allows Thornton, whose suffering in love disturbs his composure and control of his feelings, to communicate with Higgins: " ... and then the conviction went in, as if by some spell, and touched the latent tenderness of his heart".

633:, shifting wealth and power to manufacturers who mass-produced goods in the north. Cities such as Manchester, on which Gaskell modelled her fictional Milton, were hastily developed to house workers who moved from the semi-feudal countryside to work in the new factories. The south represents the past (tradition): aristocratic landowners who inherited their property, collected rent from farmers and peasants and assumed an obligation for their tenants' welfare. The north represents the future (modernity): its leaders were self-made men like Gaskell's hero, John Thornton, who accumulated wealth as working, middle-class entrepreneurs. In their view, philanthropy or charity – giving something for nothing – was a dangerous imbalance of the relationship between employers and employees (which was based on the exchange of cash for labour). 642:

exile because the law would hang him for what he considered a just cause. His rebellion parallels the strike by workers who take up the cause to feed their children. Both are impotent and engaged in a struggle (a war, in the eyes of the workers) whose terms are dictated by those who maintain their power by force: the law and the mill masters. Margaret rebels in ways that express her liberty: ignoring social proprieties and challenging authority by lying to the police to protect her brother, from whom she learns that arbitrary, unjust, and cruel power can be defied not for oneself but on behalf of the unfortunate. Even Mrs. Hale rebels in her own way; she is "prouder of Frederick standing up against injustice, than if he had been simply a good officer".

580:, gradually slipped into obscurity during the late 19th century; before 1950, she was dismissed as a minor author with "good judgment and feminine sensibilities". Archie Stanton Whitfield wrote that her work was "like a nosegay of violets, honeysuckle, lavender, mignonette and sweet briar" in 1929, and Cecil said that she lacked the "masculinity" necessary to properly deal with social problems. However, the tide began to turn in Gaskell's favour when, in the 1950s and 60s, socialist critics like 674:" because Mr. Hale is weak and irresolute. When Higgins slips away and her father trembles with horror at Boucher's death, Margaret goes to Mrs. Boucher, breaks the news of her husband's death, and cares for the family with dedication and efficiency. She summons her brother Frederick, a naval officer who is crushed with grief at the death of his mother. To protect her brother, Margaret later lies about their presence at the train station on the day of his departure. 441:

argue; Frederick pushes Leonards away, and Leonards dies shortly afterwards. When the police question Margaret about the scuffle, she lies and says she was not present. Thornton knows that Margaret lied, but in his capacity as magistrate, declares the case closed to save her from possible perjury. Margaret is humbled by his deed on her behalf; she no longer merely looks down on Thornton as a hard master, but begins to recognise the depth of his character.

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and courage in the struggle for a better life by Milton's residents. Margaret demonstrates power in her verbal jousting with Thornton, forcing him to reflect on the validity of his beliefs and eventually change his view of workers from mere providers of labour to individuals capable of intelligent thought. When she reaches age 21, Margaret takes control of her life, resolves to live as she chooses, and learns how to manage wealth inherited from Mr. Bell.

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Gaskell's relative silence on female factory workers may reflect her struggle with the "triumph of the domestic ideology" by the middle class of the mid-1800s. Gaskell hints at the difficulties families such as the Hales have keeping female domestic workers (like Dixon) in their proper – subordinate – place and becoming like members of the family (blurring class differences), a scenario facing industrial workers as well.

3384: 974:. Jill L. Matus finds Gaskell's vocabulary "Gothicised" in its descriptions of the characters' agonised inner life—their responses to suffering and pain—which may appear melodramatic out of context. However, "the language of shock and horror is absorbed into the realist texture of the novel's narration" and is consistent with the extreme conditions of the novel's external world. 40: 1155:" by urging communication between masters and workers. If the holders of economic power agree to talk to their workers, to consider them as human beings (not tools of production), it may not eliminate social conflicts but will reduce their brutality. The protagonists experience personal transformations which unite them in the end, what Stoneman calls a "balanced emancipation". 3210: 697:

different social classes, education and cultural backgrounds (between Mr. Hale and Thornton, Margaret and Bessy, and Thornton and Higgins) prefigure Gaskell's desired human relations which blur class distinctions. Margaret performs "lowly" tasks and Dixon becomes a confidante of Mrs. Hale, who develops a relationship of respect, affection, and understanding with the maid.

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which may be vulgar but which she finds expressive ("knobstick") and uses a local term ("redding up" – tidying) to Boucher's small children: "redding up the slatternly room". Gaskell begins each chapter with a poetic quote to accentuate a relevant theme, such as interior conflicts ("My heart revolts within me, and two voices / Make themselves audible within my bosom"—

529:(2007), a collection of essays representing current Gaskell scholarship, Jill L. Matus stresses the author's growing stature in Victorian literary studies and how her innovative, versatile storytelling addressed the rapid changes during her lifetime. It was not always that way; her reputation from her death to the 1950s was dominated by 342:(London) first published the novel in 1855 as two volumes of 25 and 27 chapters each. Chapman & Hall issued a second edition in 1855 due to the presence of two paragraphs from Volume II, Chapter xix in Volume II, Chapter xxii. To align the pagination, the second edition adds an extra paragraph in Volume II, Chapter xxiii. That year, 358:

chapters added". She tried to evade the limitations of a serialised novel by elaborating on events after the death of Mr. Hale and adding four chapters: the first and last chapters and two chapters on the visits by Mr. Bell to London and by Margaret and Mr. Bell to Helstone. This edition also adds chapter titles and

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Other characters fail to carry out important actions: Dixon does not tell Margaret that Thornton attended her mother's funeral, and Mr. Bell dies before he can explain to Thornton why Margaret lied. Margaret feels misunderstood, unable to take control of her life and explain a world she does not understand.

670:. In Margaret Hale, the separation is blurred and she is forced by circumstances to assume a masculine role, organising the family's departure from Helstone and assuming much of the responsibility for the family in Milton (including encouraging her father). She carries the load alone, behaving like a " 969:

narrative may sometimes appear melodramatic and sentimental ("But, for all that—for all his savage words, he could have thrown himself at her feet, and kissed the hem of her garment" in chapter 29)—particularly in the riot scene—but she sees Gaskell's best writing as "done with the unjudging openness

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is peppered with Margaret's blunders and problematic situations with other characters which create misunderstandings. Some of Margaret's blunders stem from ignoring customs, some from not understanding them and still others from rejecting Milton's social customs (such as a frank, familiar handshake).

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The theme of power is also central. Thornton represents three aspects of power and the authority of the ruling class: a manufacturer respected by his peers (economic power), a magistrate (judicial power) and someone who can summon the army (political power) to quell the strike. There is energy, power

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Thornton faces bankruptcy, due to market fluctuations and the strike. He learns the truth about Margaret's brother from Nicholas Higgins and comes to London to settle his business affairs with Margaret, who is his new landlord. When Margaret offers to lend Thornton some of her money, he realises that

414:, he settles with his wife and daughter in Milton-Northern (where Mr. Bell was born and owns property). The industrial town in Darkshire (a textile-producing region) manufactures cotton and is in the middle of the Industrial Revolution; masters and workers are clashing in the first organised strikes. 1022:

Margaret's adaptation to the culture is demonstrated through language. When her mother reproaches her for using Milton's vulgar provincialisms (such as "slack of work"), Margaret replies that since she lives in an industrial city, she must speak its language when called on to do so. She cites a word

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Other gaffes are due to Margaret's ignorance; accustomed to London's chic salons, she is unaware that she is seen as wearing her shawl "as an empress wears her drapery" and serving tea with "the air of a proud reluctant slave". She receives marriage proposals awkwardly: Henry Lennox's declaration of

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accused Gaskell of making errors about Lancashire which a resident of Manchester would not make and said that a woman (or clergymen and women) could not "understand industrial problems", would "know too little about the cotton industry" and had no "right to add to the confusion by writing about it".

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about. Bodenheimer interprets the early chapters not as false starts but as demonstrating Gaskell's theme of societal and personal "permanent state(s) of change" and integral to the novel. The early chapters in different places have been interpreted as presenting a theme of mobility. In moving from

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encourages her to seek "the way of humility", despite Mr. Bell's attempts to minimise and rationalise her lie as told in a panic. Thornton, on the brink of ruin like Job, tries not to be outraged while his mother rebels against the injustice of his situation ("Not for you, John! God has seen fit to

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The novel has three beginnings, two of them illusory: the first is the wedding preparation in London, the second the heroine's return to Helstone and the third (often considered the real start of the story) narrates the departure for Milton in chapter seven. The first chapters, according to Martin

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is frequently noted. From plot points such as Margaret refusing Thornton's first proposal, to the protagonists' character traits, the parallels between the two novels are clear. Margaret and Elizabeth Bennet both share haughty, intelligent, but prejudiced natures, while Thornton is proud, reticent

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so simplistically that Margaret counters vigorously: "It won't be division enough, in that awful day, that some of us have been beggars here, and some of us have been rich—we shall not be judged by that poor accident, but by our faithful following of Christ". Margaret and Thornton follow a path of

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Mr. Hale visits his oldest friend, Mr Bell, in Oxford. He dies there, and Margaret returns to live in London with Aunt Shaw. She visits Helstone with Mr. Bell and asks him to tell Thornton about Frederick, but Mr Bell dies before he can do so. He leaves Margaret a legacy which includes Marlborough

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Margaret's brother Frederick (who lives in exile as he is wanted for his part in a naval mutiny) secretly visits their dying mother. Thornton sees Margaret and Frederick together and assumes that he is her lover. Leonards, Frederick's shipmate, later recognises Frederick at the train station. They

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Margaret initially finds the bustling, smoky town of Milton harsh and strange, and she is upset by its poverty. Mr. Hale (in reduced financial circumstances) works as a tutor; one of his pupils is the wealthy and influential manufacturer John Thornton, master of Marlborough Mills. From the outset,

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The text of the book, particularly the ending, differs significantly from that of the serialised episodes. Gaskell included a brief preface saying that due to the restrictive magazine format, she could not develop the story as she wished: "Various short passages have been inserted, and several new

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dominated Victorian beliefs about gender roles, assuming that the roles of men and women are clearly delineated. Public life (including work) is within the masculine domain, and private life (domesticity) is within the feminine. The expression of feelings is considered feminine, and aggression is

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Rebellion against an authority seen as unfair is woven throughout the story. Established institutions are seen as inhumane or selfish, and therefore fallible; Mr. Hale breaks with the church on a matter of conscience, and Frederick Hale participates in a mutiny against the navy and is forced into

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A workers' strike ensues. An outraged mob of workers breaks into Thornton's compound, where he has his home and his factory, after he imports Irish workers as replacements. Thornton sends for soldiers, but before they arrive, Margaret begs him to talk to the mob to try to avoid bloodshed. When he

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According to Catherine Barnes Stevenson, Gaskell may have found women doing factory work problematic; she often referred to "masters and men" and used one dying factory worker (Bessy) to represent women workers, who constituted more than half the factory workers at the time. Stevenson wrote that

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The first description of Marlborough Mills in Chapter XV is through Margaret's eyes and thoughts, and the omniscient narrator delves into the inner thoughts of her main characters and occasionally interjects her observations. Thornton "thought that he disliked seeing one who had mortified him so

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Clausson asserts that Austen created the prototypical romance which Gaskell "transposed to mid-Victorian Manchester" (3). Combining romance with the conflicting realism of the social problem novel, Gaskell updates and complicates the earlier plot, a point explored at length by Matthew Sussman in

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because "there are five dead, each beautifully consistent with the personality of the individual". This remark, although probably a joke, emphasises the importance of death in the story. Death affects Margaret profoundly, gradually encouraging her independence; this allows Gaskell to analyse the

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Nineteen-year-old Margaret Hale has lived for almost 10 years in London with her cousin Edith and her wealthy Aunt Shaw, but when Edith marries Captain Lennox, Margaret happily returns home to the southern village of Helstone. Margaret has refused an offer of marriage from the captain's brother

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and agricultural workers, and the industrial north, populated by capitalist manufacturers and poverty-stricken mill workers; the north–south division was cultural and geographical. The story centers on haughty Margaret Hale, who learns to overcome her prejudices against the North in general and

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Gaskell uses a cause of conflict between masters and workers (the installation of ventilators in the carding rooms) to illustrate the greed of one and the ignorance of the other, making social progress difficult, and calls attention to anti-Irish prejudice in a city where the Irish are a small

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Thornton and Higgins, while not denying their masculinity, demonstrate compassion. Higgins in particular, whom Thornton considers among "mere demagogues, lovers of power, at whatever costs to others", assumes the responsibility for raising the Boucher children and embodies maternal tenderness

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Bodenheimer believes that the narrator is interested in the psychology of her characters: their inner selves, how their contentious interactions with others subconsciously reveal their beliefs and how the changes they experience reflect their negotiation of the outside world. also focuses on

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for relations between employers and workers in Victorian literature. In chapter XV, "Men and Master", Margaret rejects this paternalistic view (expressed by Thornton) as infantilising the worker. She favours, instead, helping workers grow and become emancipated. Friendships between people of

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Certain family relationships are emphasised (Margaret and her father, Higgins and Bessy, Mrs. Hale and Frederick), all interrupted by death. The tie between Thornton and his mother is particularly deep and, on Mrs. Thornton's side, exclusive and boundless: "her son, her pride, her property".

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believed that it was only about the church and "the defence of those who in conscience, disagree with it and consider it their duty to leave". However, Brontë acknowledged that her friend "understands the genius of the North". Although Richard Holt acknowledged some interest in the novel in

464:: The protagonist, she is proud and spirited and very fond of her parents (especially her father). She is 18 years old at the start of the story, before she returns to Helstone, and has been living mainly with her aunt (Mrs. Shaw) and her cousin Edith in London since she was nine years old. 1084:: capitalism as naturally (almost physically) obeying immutable laws, a relentless race to progress in which humanity is sacrificed; the weak die, whether they are masters or workers. Mrs. Thornton expresses the middle-class view of the working class as "a pack of ungrateful hounds". 436:

Thornton proposes; Margaret declines, unprepared for his unexpected declaration of love and offended by assumptions that her action in front of the mob meant that she cares for him. Thornton's mother, wary of Margaret's haughty ways, is galled by Margaret's rejection of her son.

1099:) which analyse Victorian social realities, offering "first-hand detailed observations of industrialism, urbanism, class, and gender conflicts". It attempts to answer questions posed by contemporary changes positioning itself between the individual worker freedom championed by 3213: 218:

cotton-mill owner who is scornful of his workers. The novel traces her growing understanding of the complexity of labour relations and their influence on well-meaning mill owners and her conflicted relationship with John Thornton. Gaskell based her depiction of Milton on

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The strike is described in detail, with intelligent leaders like Higgins, the desperate violence and savagery of the rioters, and the reactions of both sides. Through the eyes of Margaret, a horrified, compassionate outsider, Gaskell illustrates the social misery of the

600:, one of the first industrial novels describing a conflict between employers and workers, is seen as depicting complex social conflicts and offering more satisfactory solutions through Margaret Hale: spokesperson for the author and Gaskell's most mature creation. 1129:

model which infantilises workers and is defended by Thornton (who does not feel accountable to his workers for his actions or decisions). She advocates for an authority which takes into account the needs of workers, a social and economic contract as advocated by

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Margaret acquires stature and a public role, challenging the Victorian idea of separate spheres. She befriends Bessy Higgins (a young, working-class woman), gradually abandons her aversion to "shoppy people" and, recognising Thornton's qualities, crosses

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to consider herself "not good enough" for him. Although the novel ends in Harley Street (where it began), Margaret's estrangement from the vain, superficial world of her cousin Edith and Henry Lennox is emphasised by her choice of Thornton and Milton.

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presents a typical picture of Unitarian tolerance in one evening scene: "Margaret the Churchwoman, her father the Dissenter, Higgins the Infidel, knelt down together". The Thorntons do not invoke religion as the Hales do, although Mrs. Thornton reads

1125:, challenging the cutoff between public and private spheres, freedom and responsibility, workplace and family life, trying to define a balance in relations between employers and workers. Through Margaret and her father, Gaskell criticises the 896:

facilities, instigate strikes and foment riots. It can be criticised, as by Martin Dodsworth, for giving the love affair precedence over the industrial context and for dwelling on the emotional conflict between Margaret and Thornton. However,

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Mrs. Shaw: Margaret's aunt, Edith's mother, and Maria Hale's sister. The widow of General Shaw, she lives in Harley Street in London. Although she is well-off compared to Maria, she believes herself less fortunate since she did not marry for

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Gaskell, the daughter, and wife of a pastor, did not write a religious novel, although religion plays an important role in her work. Unitarians interpreted biblical texts symbolically, rather than literally. They did not believe in

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Margaret and Thornton are at odds with each other; she sees him as coarse and unfeeling, and he sees her as haughty. He is attracted to her beauty and self-assurance, however, and she begins to admire how he has risen from poverty.

279:. On 14 October 1854, after six weeks, sales dropped so much that Dickens complained about what he called Gaskell's "intractability" because she resisted his demands for concision. He found the story "wearisome to the last degree". 891:

Gaskell's novel of manners has the broader context of an industrial novel about the north-west of England, where young girls (like Bessy) die of "cotton consumption"; capitalists disregard legal obligations, and workers refuse

1151:: Thornton's hope for strikes, for instance, is that they no longer be "bitter and venomous". He and Higgins reach a level of understanding beyond a "cash nexus" through Margaret's "ongoing involvement in the process of 1047:

has been interpreted by Roberto Dainotto as "a kind of apocalyptic journey into the inferno of the changing times—modern poverty, rage, desperation, militant trade unionism and class antagonism". The strike described in

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Edith: Margaret's pretty cousin, who is intellectually inferior to her, feeble-minded, innocent and spoiled like a child, but not malicious and sees Margaret as a beloved sister. She marries Captain Lennox early in the

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Henry Lennox: Young lawyer and the brother of Captain Lennox. Meticulous and intelligent, he loves Margaret and considers her "queenly". Margaret sees him as a friend, and rebuffs his romantic interest early in the

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Dixon: Servant of the Hales, who served Maria Hale before her marriage and is devoted to her. Dixon disapproves of Richard Hale (who is socially inferior to Maria), and regards her mistress's marriage as her social

267:) in a negative light, challenged Gaskell and made the writing of her own novel more difficult; she had to ascertain that Dickens would not write about a strike. Gaskell found the time and technical constraints of 300:), but Dickens prevailed. He wrote in a 26 July 1854 letter that "North South" seemed better, encompassing more and emphasising the opposition between people who are forced by circumstances to meet face-to-face. 1042:

Gaskell lived during the period of upheaval which followed the Industrial Revolution, and was aware of the difficult conditions of daily life and the health problems suffered by the workers of Manchester.

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keenly, but he was mistaken. It was a stinging pleasure to be in the room with her ... But he was no great analyser of his own motives, and was mistaken as I have said". The narrative sometimes slips into

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in the style of Jane Austen, with preparations for the marriage in London of a silly bride and a lively, intelligent heroine; in the country village of Helstone (a fictional place in the English county of

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conversion which leads to reconciliation, acknowledging their "unworthiness". Margaret, who has the longest way to go, is crushed by guilt from her lie and by shame from being debased in Thornton's eyes.

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uses a protagonist from southern England to show and comment on the perspectives of mill owners and workers in an industrialising city. The novel is set in the fictional industrial town of Milton in the

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seen as masculine. Resolving conflict with words is feminine, and men are likely to resort to physical resolution (including war). The mistress of the home is the guardian of morality and religion and "

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between management and labor are part of modern life"; the strike, which ruined him, was "respectable" because the workers depend on him for money and he depends on them to manufacture his product.

174:(1853), it is one of her best-known novels and was adapted for television three times (1966, 1975 and 2004). At first, Gaskell wanted the novel to be titled after the heroine, Margaret Hale, but 1029:, chapter XVIII), duality ("On earth is known to none / The smile that is not sister to a tear." Elliott, chapter XXI), courtship, duty, suffering, steadfast courage, honesty, time and change. 592:

re-evaluated the description of social and industrial problems in her novels, and—realising that her vision went against the prevailing views of the time—saw it as preparing the way for vocal

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The Manufacturing Population of England: Its Moral, Social, and Physical Conditions, and the Changes which Have Arisen from the Use of Steam Machinery; with an Examination of Infant Labour

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of a Roman Catholic hierarchy in England was generally strongly condemned, Gaskell has an open mind about Catholicism and Frederick Hale converts to his Spanish wife's religion.

2693: 663:". The public sphere is considered dangerously amoral and, in the work of authors such as Dickens, disasters ensue when characters do not conform to contemporary standards. 2561: 373:

Loreau and Mrs. H. of Lespine, "with the authorisation of the Author", translated the novel into French using the first revised edition. It was published in Paris by

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Maria Hale: Margaret's mother, from a respectable London family. At Milton she often complains that the air as too damp and "relaxing", and not good for her health.

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appears to be in danger, Margaret rushes out and shields him; she is struck by a stone. The mob disperses, and Thornton carries the unconscious Margaret indoors.

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Frederick Hale: Margaret's older brother, a fugitive living in Spain since his involvement in a mutiny while serving under a cruel officer in the British Navy.

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Nicholas, at Margaret's behest, approaches Thornton for a job and eventually obtains one. Thornton and Higgins learn to appreciate and understand each other.

888:(1981), suggests that Margaret's abandonment of London society indicates that she is out of place in the south and her adjustment to the north is plausible. 3283: 421:

During the 18 months she spends in Milton, Margaret gradually learns to appreciate the city and its hard-working people, especially Nicholas Higgins (a

1056:, which occurred the year before the novel was published. The strike's slogan was "ten per cent and no surrender", and it was led by George Cowell and 805:", the "same romance plot - a rich, proud man subdued by a strong-willed, independent and intelligent woman - reappears half a century later in 801:

and powerful like Darcy. According to Nils Clausson in "Romancing Manchester: Class, Gender, and the Conflicting Genres of Elizabeth Gaskell's

596:. In the early 21st century, with Gaskell's work "enlisted in contemporary negotiations of nationhood as well as gender and class identities", 3240: 3041: 3022: 3003: 2984: 2873: 2486: 2467: 2429: 2380: 2175: 1965: 1922: 1815: 1701: 1423: 1390: 1294: 692:

Ordinarily cold, she tells him: "Mother's love is Given by God, John. It holds fast for ever and ever". Parent-child relationships are often

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Jean-Pierre Navailles, La Famille ouvrière dans l'Angleterre victorienne: des regards aux mentalités, Editions Champ Vallon, 1983, 335 p. (

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Janine Barchas (2008). "Mrs. Gaskell's North and South: Austen's early legacy". In Persuasions The Jane Austen Journal, Chicago, 30: 53–66.

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one place to another Margaret better understands herself and the world, advancing Gaskell's intention to place her in the public sphere.

3503: 2524: 212:. Sympathetic to the needy (whose courage and tenacity she admires and among whom she makes friends), she clashes with John Thornton: a 750:, and Margaret paraphrases the definition of charity ("that spirit which suffereth long and is kind and seeketh not her own") from the 2703: 3560: 3169: 3158: 3144: 3115: 3081: 3062: 2952: 2821: 2315: 473:

Hannah Thornton: John Thornton's mother, who reveres her son and dislikes Margaret (especially after Margaret rejects his proposal).

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Clausson, Nils (2007). "Romancing Manchester: Class, Gender, and the Conflicting Genres of Elizabeth Gaskell's "North and South"".

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H. I. Dutton, John Edward King, 'Ten per cent and no surrender': the Preston strike, 1853–1854, Cambridge University Press, 1981 (

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Felber, Lynette (1988). "Gaskell's Industrial Idylls : Ideology and Formal Incongruence in Mary Barton and North and South".

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Dodsworth, are false leads of what the novel is about rather than the author's clumsiness; they tell the reader what the story is

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particularly trying. She had planned to write 22 episodes but was "compelled to desperate compression" to limit the story to 20.

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underscores its theme of modernity versus tradition. Until the end of the 18th century, power in England was in the hands of the

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The novel's title (imposed by Dickens) focuses on the difference in lifestyle between rural southern England, inhabited by the

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Julie Nash, Servants and paternalism in the works of Maria Edgeworth and Elizabeth Gaskell, Ashgate Publishing, 2007, 130 p. (

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As the chapter titles "First Impressions", "Mistakes", "Mistakes Cleared Up", "Mischances" and "Atonement" indicate that

3525: 3434: 1218: 1197: 567:, he complained that its plot is disjointed and the characters change by leaps and bounds "in the manner of kangaroos". 1649:

Brown, Pearl L. (2000). "From Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton To Her North And South: Progress Or Decline For Women?".

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her feelings towards him have changed, and he again proposes marriage. Since she has learned to love him, she accepts.

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Stevenson, Catherine Barnes (March 1991). "'What Must Not Be Said': North and South and the Problem of Women's Work".

1136: 1025: 747: 537:(1934) that she was "all woman" and "makes a creditable effort to overcome her natural deficiencies but all in vain". 488:

Richard Hale: Margaret's father, a dissenter who leaves his vicarage in Helstone to work as a private tutor in Milton.

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in 1845) and developed by Thornton in Chapter 15 and the responsibility of employers to their employees promoted by

3269: 191:(1848), focused on relations between employers and workers in Manchester from the perspective of the working poor; 1140:, where masters and workers are in solidarity. After the strike, Thornton finally acknowledges that "new forms of 1019:. She developed a reputation for the skilful use of dialect to indicate status, age or intimacy between speakers. 3442: 3130:

Rosemarie Bodenheimer (1979). "North and South: A Permanent State of Change". Nineteenth-Century Fiction 34 (3).

854:, is transplanted in a place she conquers, and the novel is built on an opposition of places on a larger scale. 2961:

Linker, Laura (2015). "Private Selves and Public Conflicts: Mastery and Gender Identity in Elizabeth Gaskell’s

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minority. She exposes the beliefs and reasoning of manufacturers in Thornton's defence of a theory approaching

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Winston, Robert P.; Marshall, Timothy (January 2002). "The Shadows of History: The 'Condition of England' in

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John Thornton: Owner of a local mill, a friend and student of Margaret's father and Margaret's love interest.

3535: 943: 581: 1867:"Car la Lettre tue mais l'Esprit vivifie : une relecture des textes bibliques selon Elizabeth Gaskell" 1482: 1191:, who played Mr. Hale in the 2004 adaptation, played Frederick (his son) in the 1975 version. In 2004, the 1147:

In the class struggle which victimises some (such as Boucher and Bessy), Gaskell does not offer definitive

3575: 3347: 884:), a bachelor in search of fortune (Henry Lennox) woos – and is rejected by – Margaret. Deirdre David, in 660: 3232: 320:

character's deep emotions and focus on the social system's harshness in the deaths of Boucher and Bessy.

2901: 2848: 2798: 1246: 359: 205: 3133:

Mary Kuhlman (1996). "Education Through Experience in North and South". The Gaskell Journal 10: 14–26.

1497: 768:

be very hard on you, very") and gives fervent thanks for the "great blessing" his existence gives her.

3183: 1898:

Toussaint-Thiriet, Benjamine (2008). "The Sense of Belonging in Elizabeth Gaskell's North and South".

1235: 485:

John Boucher: A worker and the father of six children, who has conflicted emotions during the strike.

470:

Nicholas Higgins: An industrial worker whom Margaret befriends. He has two daughters, Bessy and Mary.

374: 308: 292:

charismatic manufacturer John Thornton in particular. Gaskell would have preferred to call the novel

3121:

Arthur Pollard, Mrs. Gaskell: novelist and biographer, Manchester University Press ND, 1967, 268 p.

3371: 1148: 1095:

belongs to the canon of "condition of England" novels (also known as social-problem, industrial or

1073: 1060:. Lasting nearly seven months (from September 1853 to April 1854), it was ultimately unsuccessful. 819: 792: 559: 516:

Leonards: Frederick's fellow sailor, who did not mutiny and wants to turn Frederick in for a reward

343: 268: 164: 139: 2840: 2746: 2394: 2065: 2015: 1674: 1666: 1202: 998: 264: 254: 3355: 1768: 828:

but sees in the "description of strong domestic qualities" and "social optimism" an industrial

17: 3492: 3292: 3202: 3165: 3154: 3140: 3134: 3111: 3077: 3058: 3037: 3018: 2999: 2980: 2948: 2929: 2869: 2817: 2775: 2698: 1697: 1603: 1386: 1290: 1069: 1057: 1015: 759: 593: 399: 339: 333: 159: 99: 53: 2516: 818:(1988), Rosemarie Bodenheimer writes that she prefers to study the novel's relationship with 178:, the editor of Household Words, the magazine in which the novel was serialised, insisted on 3315: 2738: 2675: 2057: 2007: 1878: 1658: 1188: 1109: 1100: 1081: 986: 982: 876: 764: 655: 589: 576: 530: 197: 170: 126: 257:(also a social novel), which was published in the same magazine from April to August 1854. 3497: 3188: 1998:

Sussman, Matthew (1 March 2022). "Austen, Gaskell, and the Politics of Domestic Fiction".

1184: 994: 990: 824: 630: 250: 245: 175: 2789:

Burton, Anna (2018). "Remarks on Forest Scenery: North and South and the 'Picturesque'".

2323: 1002: 997:. Gaskell, influenced by her husband's work, did not hesitate to give her Milton workers 2914: 571:

said that the novel could interest a gentleman while being accessible to a young woman.

479:

Bessy Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' daughter, who is fatally ill from working in the mills.

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settles with her parents in Milton. She witnesses the ruthless world wreaked by the

3323: 2276:

Poussa, Patricia (1999). "Dickens as Sociolinguist: Dialect in David Copperfield".

1438: 1118: 1096: 893: 736: 707: 363: 224: 155: 81: 2501: 3052: 2974: 2905: 2852: 2811: 2802: 2769: 1979:

Barchas, Janine (2008). "Mrs. Gaskell's North and South: Austen's early legacy".

243:

originally appeared in 20 weekly episodes from September 1854 to January 1855 in

3307: 1210: 1141: 1122: 1114: 851: 787: 743: 622: 568: 422: 187: 2048:

Bodenheimer, Rosemarie (1979). "North and South: A Permanent State of Change".

1460: 406:

of Helstone as a matter of conscience; his intellectual honesty has made him a

398:. Her life is turned upside down when her father, the local pastor, leaves the 3015:

Servants and paternalism in the works of Maria Edgeworth and Elizabeth Gaskell

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representative) and his daughter Bessy, whom she befriends. Bessy is ill with

328: 312: 220: 39: 3034:

La famille ouvrière dans l'Angleterre victorienne: des regards aux mentalités

2011: 1230: 1006: 881: 715: 407: 395: 347: 304: 1769:"Separate Spheres: Victorian Constructions of Gender in Great Expectations" 710:

or that women were guiltier or weaker than men, and were more liberal than

629:

based in the south. The Industrial Revolution unsettled the centuries-old

3245: 3219: 2127:

Kuhlman, Mary (1996). "Education Through Experience in North and South".

1225: 1068:

Margaret visits, misery occasionally documented in parliamentary papers (

946:; Mrs. Thornton silently calls Margaret's embroidery of a small piece of 693: 545: 2844: 1670: 3054:

Telling complexions: the nineteenth-century English novel and the blush

2926:

The language of gender and class: transformation in the Victorian novel

2069: 978: 947: 403: 2517:"Thomas Carlyle and the Origin of the 'Condition of England Question'" 1883: 1866: 411: 3261: 3197: 2061: 754:. However, Gaskell cautions against misuse; Bessy Higgins reads the 350:

published the more-complete second edition in Leipzig as part of a

1065: 742:

Biblical references appear in several forms. Chapter VI cites the

327: 253:. During this period Charles Dickens dealt with the same theme in 1381:

Shuttleworth, Sally (1998). "Introduction and Additional Notes".

3253: 2346:"The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century England" 1461:"The Churl and the Bird as printed by William Caxton about 1478" 1221:

renewed interest in the novel and attracted a wider readership.

362:. The preface concludes with a quotation from the conclusion of 3265: 2199: 2197: 2093: 2091: 1326: 498:

Mr. Bell: Old friend of Richard Hale and godfather of Margaret.

2110: 2108: 2106: 1285:

Ingham, Patricia (1995). "Introduction and Additional Notes".

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played Mr. Thornton and Rosalind Shanks played Margaret Hale.

2694:"Love in a cold climate - Features - Films - the Independent" 2945:

Ten per cent and no surrender: the Preston strike, 1853–1854

814:"Austen, Gaskell, and the Politics of Domestic Fiction." In 746:, ii. 13); there is an allusion to the elder brother in the 1600:"Victorian Age Literature, Marxism, and the Labor Movement" 1485:. Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie – via Google Books. 977:

A number of 19th-century authors were interested in native

3110:

Angus Easson, Elizabeth Gaskell, Routledge, 1979, 278 p. (

3076:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 354:. Many editions were published during Gaskell's lifetime. 303:

Working on the final chapters of the novel in December at

200:. Forced to leave her home in the unruffled, rural south, 758:

to cope with her condition and interprets the parable of

1545: 1543: 540:

Contemporary reviews were critical, similar to those of

3093:

Gender, power, and the Unitarians in England, 1760–1860

1308: 1306: 429:

from inhaling cotton dust, which eventually kills her.

1327:"The novel as cultural geography: Elizabeth Gaskell's 1072:) with suggestive illustrations which resulted in the 2544: 2542: 410:. At the suggestion of Mr. Bell, his old friend from 315:, Gaskell wrote that she would rather call her novel 208:, seeing employers and workers clashing in the first 3485: 3459: 3418: 3391: 3299: 2864:

Place in Literature: Regions, Cultures, Communities

1692:Stoneman, Patsy (2002) . "Introduction and Notes". 1001:expressions and vocabulary without going as far as 613:The change in title of Gaskell's fourth novel from 134: 121: 113: 105: 95: 87: 77: 69: 59: 49: 3229:– complete book in HTML one page for each chapter. 2861: 2445:"Conditions of the Working-Class in England Index" 950:"flimsy, useless work" when she visits the Hales. 482:Mary Higgins: Nicholas Higgins' youngest daughter. 377:in 1859, and reprinted at least twice: in 1860 as 2771:The Politics of Story in Victorian Social Fiction 886:Fictions of Resolution in Three Victorian Novels 1183:In the second television adaptation (in 1975), 2813:Elizabeth Gaskell: Mary Barton North and South 1865:Toussaint-Thiriet, Benjamine (December 2007). 1172:In the first television adaptation (in 1966), 3571:Works originally published in Household Words 3277: 2979:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2227: 2203: 2188: 2114: 2097: 8: 3541:British novels adapted into television shows 2976:The Cambridge companion to Elizabeth Gaskell 2485:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNavailles1983 ( 2466:sfn error: no target: CITEREFNavailles1983 ( 1481:Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (16 July 1860). 970:to experience" which the author shares with 816:The Politics of Stories in Victorian Fiction 527:The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell 32: 3249:– a new musical based on E. Gaskell's novel 2593: 2379:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDianotto2000 ( 1763: 1761: 3284: 3270: 3262: 2174:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollard1967 ( 1964:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollard1967 ( 1814:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollard1967 ( 1422:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPollard1967 ( 44:Title page of the first edition, 1854–1855 38: 31: 2480: 2461: 2428:sfn error: no target: CITEREFDutton1981 ( 1882: 1573: 735:. Although the re-institution in 1850 by 332:Cover of an 1867 edition, illustrated by 2653: 2641: 2629: 2581: 2374: 2157: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 1921:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWatts2007 ( 1828: 1797: 1785: 1740: 1728: 1716: 1624: 1534: 1522: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 733:Exposition of the Old and New Testaments 574:Gaskell's novels, with the exception of 263:, which shows Manchester (the satirical 2362: 2169: 1959: 1809: 1585: 1561: 1549: 1417: 1405: 1335:Studia Romanica et Anglica Zagrabiensia 1312: 1265: 1258: 296:(as she had done in 1848 for her novel 158:published in 1854–55 by English author 3237:free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats 3057:. Durham, NC : Duke University Press. 2947:. London: Cambridge University Press. 2617: 2423: 2302: 2290: 2263: 2082: 1752: 476:Fanny Thornton: John's younger sister. 3551:Novels first published in serial form 2527:from the original on 10 November 2016 2251: 2239: 2215: 1947: 1935: 1916: 1636: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1363: 1351: 850:for two reasons: Margaret Hale, like 7: 2605: 2548: 2145: 1900:Cahiers victoriens & édouardiens 1852: 1840: 27:1854–1855 novel by Elizabeth Gaskell 2998:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2943:King, H. I.; Dutton, J. E. (1981). 223:, where she lived as the wife of a 3100:Whitfield, Archie Stanton (1929). 2405:from the original on 3 August 2016 1437:Richard Nordquist (2 April 2016). 687:Special and changing relationships 25: 1504:from the original on 16 June 2015 558:After reading the fifth episode, 3382: 3208: 3102:Mrs. Gaskell, Her Life and Works 2860:Dainotto, Roberto Maria (2000). 2668:Victorian Literature and Culture 1651:Victorian Literature and Culture 832:. Patricia Ingham also compares 752:First Epistle to the Corinthians 3032:Navailles, Jean-Pierre (1986). 2768:Bodenheimer, Rosemarie (1991). 1496:C. N. Trueman (31 March 2015). 1483:"Marguerite Hale (Nord et sud)" 311:'s family home near Matlock in 18:John Thornton (North and South) 3468:The Last Generation in England 2278:Writing in Nonstandard English 1247:adapted as a television series 448:Mills and the Thornton house. 1: 2502:"Condition-of-England Novels" 2395:"1853 Great Preston Lock Out" 1228:of Gaskell's work, the novel 1201:, a four-episode serial with 666:This notion is questioned in 379:Marguerite Hale (Nord et Sud) 352:Collection of English Writers 346:published it in New York and 3475:The Life of Charlotte Brontë 3247:North and South, the Musical 3051:O'Farrell, Mary Ann (1997). 2868:. Cornell University Press. 2774:. Cornell University Press. 901:is not simply an industrial 650:Feminine and masculine roles 3566:Novels about businesspeople 3546:Novels by Elizabeth Gaskell 3218:public domain audiobook at 2833:The Gaskell Society Journal 1385:. Oxford University Press. 1238:, was published in 1988. A 1137:Two Treatises of Government 748:Parable of the Prodigal Son 3592: 3427:Mr. Harrison's Confessions 3104:. G. Routledge & sons. 2320:Oxford Living Dictionaries 2050:Nineteenth-Century Fiction 1498:"Life in Industrial Towns" 1213:wrote the screenplay, and 1121:. It represents a certain 1009:pronunciation or Dickens' 962:According to Bodenheimer, 609:Modernity versus tradition 3380: 3257:2004 (unofficial) Website 3036:. Editions Champ Vallon. 2924:Ingham, Patricia (1996). 2743:10.1080/00111610209599933 2680:10.1017/S1060150300003624 2000:Modern Language Quarterly 1663:10.1017/S1060150300282065 1168:Television and literature 535:Early Victorian Novelists 366:'s Middle-English fable, 275:was less successful than 37: 3561:Novels set in Manchester 3531:Chapman & Hall books 3072:Stoneman, Patsy (1987). 2810:Chapman, Alison (1999). 2012:10.1215/00267929-9475004 1325:Knežević, Boris (2011). 1176:played Mr. Thornton and 1087: 871:The opening chapters of 840:. Ann Banfield compares 394:Henry, an up-and-coming 3556:Novels set in factories 3493:Elizabeth Gaskell house 3392:Short story collections 2994:Mullan, Robert (2006). 2973:Matus, Jill L. (2007). 2913:Gaskell, Peter (1833). 2816:. Duxford: Icon Books. 2148:, p. Introduction. 1981:The Jane Austen Journal 1696:. Wordsworth Classics. 944:free indirect discourse 637:Authority and rebellion 544:. A scathing, unsigned 525:In her introduction to 370:(spelling modernised). 185:Gaskell's first novel, 3017:. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2919:. Baldwin and Cradock. 2562:"The Claims of Labour" 1180:played Margaret Hale. 781: 661:The Angel in the House 617:to Dickens' suggested 368:The Churl and the Bird 336: 2928:. London: Routledge. 1598:Kristopher E. Moore. 875:indicate an apparent 331: 206:Industrial Revolution 3241:in Mobipocket format 3091:Watts, Ruth (1998). 3013:Nash, Julie (2007). 1289:. Penguin Classics. 1249:by the BBC in 1989. 1005:'s transcription of 937:Narrative techniques 903:Pride and Prejudice. 317:Death and Variations 309:Florence Nightingale 3526:1855 British novels 3372:Wives and Daughters 3348:A Dark Night's Work 3149:Read excerpt online 3123:Read excerpt online 2791:The Gaskell Journal 2584:, pp. 118–138. 2515:Diniejko, Andrzej. 2500:Diniejko, Andrzej. 2443:Engels, Frederick. 2129:The Gaskell Journal 1800:, pp. 137–138. 1743:, pp. 124–126. 1731:, pp. 122–126. 1209:in the lead roles. 1149:conflict resolution 1107:, published in the 1105:The Claims of Labor 1074:Factory Act of 1833 932:Style and narrative 830:Pride and Prejudice 793:Pride and Prejudice 565:The Critical Review 344:Harper and Brothers 165:Wives and Daughters 140:Wives and Daughters 34: 2266:, p. 131-132. 1203:Daniela Denby-Ashe 1088:Gaskell's position 958:Style and language 594:feminist movements 582:Kathleen Tillotson 521:Critical reception 340:Chapman & Hall 337: 269:serialised fiction 100:Chapman & Hall 60:Working title 3513: 3512: 3504:William Stevenson 3443:The Haunted House 3293:Elizabeth Gaskell 3203:Project Gutenberg 3074:Elizabeth Gaskell 3043:978-2-90-352821-8 3024:978-0-75-465639-5 3005:978-0-19-928178-7 2986:978-0-52-184676-9 2875:978-0-80-143683-3 2699:Independent.co.uk 1884:10.4000/lisa.1403 1703:978-1-85-326093-3 1392:978-0-19-283194-1 1296:978-0-14-043424-8 1198:North & South 1058:Mortimer Grimshaw 1033:Social conditions 1016:David Copperfield 786:The influence of 772:Literary analysis 760:Dives and Lazarus 701:Religious context 533:'s assessment in 400:Church of England 334:George du Maurier 160:Elizabeth Gaskell 147: 146: 106:Publication place 54:Elizabeth Gaskell 16:(Redirected from 3583: 3386: 3286: 3279: 3272: 3263: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3105: 3096: 3087: 3068: 3047: 3028: 3009: 2990: 2958: 2939: 2920: 2909: 2897: 2879: 2867: 2856: 2827: 2806: 2785: 2755: 2754: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2706:on 30 March 2013 2702:. Archived from 2690: 2684: 2683: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2594:Bodenheimer 1991 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2350:victorianweb.org 2342: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2322:. Archived from 2312: 2306: 2305:, p. 62-63. 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2218:, p. 35–43. 2213: 2207: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2149: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2086: 2085:, p. 56–58. 2080: 2074: 2073: 2045: 2024: 2023: 1995: 1989: 1988: 1976: 1970: 1969: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1926: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1773:victorianweb.org 1765: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1646: 1640: 1634: 1628: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1602:. Archived from 1595: 1589: 1588:, p. 39–40. 1583: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1493: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1472: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1378: 1367: 1361: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1301: 1300: 1282: 1269: 1263: 1243:Book of the Year 1207:Richard Armitage 1189:Tim Pigott-Smith 1110:Edinburgh Review 1101:John Stuart Mill 1082:social Darwinism 987:Sir Walter Scott 968: 877:novel of manners 820:Charlotte Brontë 807:North and South" 765:Francis de Sales 656:separate spheres 590:Raymond Williams 560:Charlotte Brontë 531:Lord David Cecil 198:north of England 135:Followed by 122:Preceded by 42: 35: 33:North and South 21: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3580: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3498:William Gaskell 3481: 3455: 3414: 3387: 3378: 3356:Sylvia's Lovers 3332:North and South 3295: 3290: 3255:North and South 3234:North and South 3226:North and South 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Lawrence 959: 956: 938: 935: 933: 930: 916: 913: 908:social classes 859: 856: 847:Mansfield Park 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 702: 699: 688: 685: 683: 680: 654:The notion of 651: 648: 638: 635: 610: 607: 605: 602: 522: 519: 518: 517: 514: 511: 507: 503: 499: 496: 492: 489: 486: 483: 480: 477: 474: 471: 468: 465: 457: 454: 390: 387: 325: 322: 284: 281: 237: 234: 232: 229: 145: 144: 136: 132: 131: 123: 119: 118: 115: 111: 110: 109:United Kingdom 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3588: 3577: 3576:Social novels 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3419:Short stories 3417: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3390: 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39. 2253: 2248: 2245: 2242:, p. 40. 2241: 2236: 2233: 2230:, p. 16. 2229: 2224: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2191:, p. 67. 2190: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158:Stoneman 1987 2154: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2117:, p. 58. 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1929: 1924: 1919:, p. 77. 1918: 1913: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829:Stoneman 1987 1825: 1822: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1798:Stoneman 1987 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786:Stoneman 1987 1782: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1746: 1742: 1741:Stoneman 1987 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729:Stoneman 1987 1725: 1722: 1718: 1717:Stoneman 1987 1713: 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