201:(1964) demurred from the notion that Vassall was "a weak and silly little man ... This was unlikely to be the correct view of a man who for seven years had carried on an occupation demanding unremitting industry in a skilled craft carried on in clandestine conditions, an endless capacity for dissimulation, and sustained contempt for personal danger." West termed him, rather, "a professional spy, working within the conventions of his profession, had no more been blackmailed into the exercise of his profession than any lawyer". West suggested that the claim of blackmail was "putting up a smoke-screen to conceal what he had done." Observing that Vassall had been well paid by the Soviets for his spying, West wrote: "The drunken party may have taken place, but it was probably engineered so that Vassall might refer to it should his treachery ever be discovered ... Only a very stupid and helpless man would have succumbed , and Vassall was not stupid; he was extremely resourceful."
133:, which was still illegal in both Britain and the Soviet Union. He became acquainted with a Pole named Michalski, who worked for the Embassy, and who introduced him to the homosexual underworld of Moscow. In 1954, he was invited to a party, where he was encouraged to become extremely drunk, and where he was photographed in compromising positions with several men.
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regarded
Vassall as "the classic example of the spy who, while of lowly rank, can inflict enormous damage because of the excellence of his access to secret information". Pincher continued: "I am in no doubt that the recruitment and running of Vassall was a major triumph for the KGB. He provided
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On 12 September 1962, Vassall was arrested and charged with spying. He made a full confession, and directed detectives to the cameras and films concealed in his flat. The documents that he admitted to stealing did not account for everything believed to have been taken, however, which led to
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speculation that there was another spy still operating in the
Admiralty. Some have suggested that Vassall was deliberately sacrificed by the KGB in an attempt to protect the other (possibly more senior) spy. In October, Vassall was sentenced to 18 years in jail. While in
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was held to inquire into whether the failure to detect
Vassall earlier amounted to a failure of intelligence, as many British newspapers had claimed. It also investigated suggestions that the close relations between Vassall and
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similarly concluded that it was
Vassall's "vanity, his childish snobbery, his devouring ambition and complete lack of humour that pushed him so deep into the quagmire". Peter Martland describes the book as "self-serving".
313:. He described it as "a kind of self-justification, not as regards my espionage activities, but as regards my position as a human being, and, perhaps, my ability to make and keep friends in all walks of life".
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may also have contributed to the case against him. Vassall soon resumed his work. It had become obvious to his colleagues that
Vassall had some other source of income, for he moved to an expensive flat in
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168:. At the time of his arrest he was working in Military Branch II. During his espionage career, Vassall provided the Soviets with several thousand classified documents, including information on British
325:, ... bewildering both for Vassall's own transparent naivety and social snobbism, ... and for the equally transparent naivety of the British Foreign Office and security forces". Hungarian émigré
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238:. His annual expenditure was later estimated at ÂŁ3,000, when his official salary was ÂŁ750; he explained the discrepancy by stating that he had an inheritance from a distant relative.
54:, from 1954 until his arrest in 1962. Although operating only at a junior level, he was able to provide details of naval technology which were crucial to the modernising of the
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129:. There, he said later, he found himself socially isolated by the snobberies and class hierarchies of diplomatic life, his loneliness further exacerbated by his
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commented that "Vassall was never more than a low-level functionary, but there was nothing low-level about the damage he was able to inflict". Similarly,
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Vassall into working for them as a spy, initially in the Moscow embassy, and later in London, following his return there in June 1956. He returned to the
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to the United States in 1961. The KGB, worried that
Vassall would be exposed, ordered him to cease operations until further notice. Another defector,
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58:. He was sentenced to eighteen years' imprisonment, and was released in 1972, after having served ten. The Vassall scandal greatly embarrassed the
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had been improper. However, in its conclusions the tribunal found no evidence for impropriety, and largely exonerated the government.
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information of the highest value to the Soviet defence chiefs in their successful drive to expand and modernise the
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claiming that, courtesy of
Vassall, he had evidence of "a network of homosexual politicians". The Security Service
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This article is about the
British civil servant who spied for the Soviet Union. For the American Loyalist, see
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113:, a decision that led to tensions within their marriage. Vassall himself converted to Catholicism in 1953.
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played a senior civil servant detecting sexual innuendo in such conventional pleasantries as the
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Born in 1924 and known throughout his life as John
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The Spy Who Would Be Tsar: The
Mystery of Michal Goleniewski and the Far-Right Underground
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Too Secret Too Long: the great betrayal of Britain's crucial secrets and the cover-up
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In 1952, Vassall was appointed, still as a clerical officer, to the staff of the
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government considerable embarrassment, erupting as it did at the height of the
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The Spy who was left out in the Cold: The Secret History of Agent Goleniewski
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843:(6 December 1996). "Obituary: John Vassall: fall guy in a spy trap".
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Vassall subsequently changed his surname to Phillips, settled in
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The suggestion of an improper relationship between Vassall and
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interviewed both Vassall and Jordan and dismissed the claims.
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813:(2004). "Vassall , (William) John Christopher (1924–1996)".
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Colin Jordan and Britain's Neo-Nazi Movement: Hitler's Echo
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inspired a memorable sketch on the satirical BBC programme
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prisons. He was befriended in prison by social reformer
337:, London, and worked quietly as an administrator at the
306:. He was eventually released on parole in October 1972.
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British people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union
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government, but was soon eclipsed by the more dramatic
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Failed FĂĽhrers: A History of Britain's Extreme Right
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as "weak, vain and keen to be thought a gentleman".
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777:Anon. (6 December 1996). "Obituary: John Vassall".
766:Anon. (6 December 1996). "Obituary: John Vassall".
495:Anon. (6 December 1996). "Obituary: John Vassall".
16:
British civil servant, spy for the USSR (1924–1996)
382:about the affair, in which Vassall was played by
1887:Private secretaries in the British Civil Service
371:"My Dear Vassall" at the beginning of a letter.
246:prison, Vassall became acquainted with neo-Nazi
234:, took foreign holidays, and was said to own 36
209:Vassall was identified as a potential spy after
966:Sex, Spies and Scandal: the John Vassall affair
882:"Vassall: Russians lured me into 'honey trap'"
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309:He then wrote a memoir, published in 1975 as
290:Vassall served ten years of his sentence, in
39:(20 September 1924 – 18 November 1996) was a
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819:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1897:People educated at Monmouth School for Boys
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563:. London: Bantam Press. pp. 179–180.
1912:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
1902:British expatriates in the Soviet Union
816:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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144:". The Soviets used the photographs to
698:(23 January 1975). "Innocent abroad".
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718:(26 January 1975). "Weaker Vassall".
225:provided by the 1960 Polish defector
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90:he worked as a photographer for the
1927:20th-century British civil servants
895:Vassall: the autobiography of a spy
311:Vassall: the autobiography of a spy
1922:LGBT history in the United Kingdom
1882:British spies for the Soviet Union
1016:"William John Christopher Vassall"
897:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
454:. 16 November 2002. Archived from
448:"William John Christopher Vassall"
341:, and for a firm of solicitors in
250:who later wrote to Prime Minister
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1932:20th-century British LGBTQ people
990:Dunton, Mark (17 December 2012).
788:Leitch, David (9 December 1996).
317:called the book " cross between
37:William John Christopher Vassall
1917:Civil servants in the Admiralty
968:. London: Biteback Publishing.
152:, where he worked first in the
880:Tweedie, Neil (30 June 2006).
437:Vassall 1975, pp. 12–13, 26–7.
363:, broadcast in 1963, in which
213:, a senior member of the KGB,
50:, allegedly under pressure of
1:
1801:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov
833:UK public library membership
32:Vassall photographed in 1984
736:"Lance Percival – obituary"
339:British Records Association
166:Civil Lord of the Admiralty
154:Naval Intelligence Division
136:The party, arranged by the
101:Although his father was an
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1227:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
937:. Harmondsworth, England:
935:The New Meaning of Treason
396:British political scandals
360:That Was the Week That Was
199:The New Meaning of Treason
125:at the British embassy in
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1776:Alexander Gregory Barmine
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1020:National Portrait Gallery
676:Vassall 1975, pp. 147–72.
609:Vassall 1975, pp. 139–43.
80:St Bartholomew's Hospital
1907:1962 in British politics
1335:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh
1065:Soviet and Russian spies
1007:(podcast and transcript)
790:"Obituary: John Vassall"
742:. London. 9 January 2015
619:Macklin, Graham (2020).
511:Pincher 1984, pp. 283–4.
476:Vassall 1975, pp. 53–56.
261:The scandal caused the
1651:John Alexander Symonds
1476:Harold James Nicholson
1330:Christopher John Boyce
893:Vassall, John (1975).
863:Sidgwick & Jackson
841:Norton-Taylor, Richard
825:10.1093/ref:odnb/64068
648:Jackson, Paul (2016).
530:Coogan, Kevin (2021).
140:, had been a classic "
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1714:Stephen Joseph Ratkai
996:The National Archives
849:. London. p. 22.
685:Vassall 1975, p. 191.
31:
1252:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya
964:Grant, Alex (2024).
941:. pp. 364–370.
923:The Sunday Telegraph
1435:John Anthony Walker
1385:Clayton J. Lonetree
1325:David Sheldon Boone
1247:Alexander Ulanovsky
1212:William Ward Pigman
886:The Daily Telegraph
865:. pp. 276–85.
780:The Daily Telegraph
600:Norton-Taylor 1996.
105:priest, his mother
1806:Fyodor Raskolnikov
1641:Michael John Smith
1375:Andrew Daulton Lee
1365:Robert Lee Johnson
1277:Harry Dexter White
1112:Whittaker Chambers
1031:(portrait in oils)
918:The Vassall Affair
559:Tate, Tim (2021).
538:. pp. 73–77.
452:AndrejKoymasky.com
227:Michal Goleniewski
162:Conservative Party
46:who spied for the
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1545:Portland spy ring
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1360:Edward Lee Howard
1097:Elizabeth Bentley
948:978-1-4532-0692-8
831:(Subscription or
211:Anatoliy Golitsyn
111:Roman Catholicism
1939:
1846:Stig Wennerström
1791:Walter Krivitsky
1656:Edith Tudor-Hart
1586:Michael Bettaney
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1482:Illegals Program
1430:George Trofimoff
1400:Earl Edwin Pitts
1177:William Malisoff
1152:David Greenglass
1080:1940s and before
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236:Savile Row suits
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158:Tam Galbraith
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131:homosexuality
128:
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123:Naval Attaché
117:Spying career
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89:
86:. During the
85:
81:
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69:
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57:
53:
49:
45:
44:civil servant
42:
38:
30:
24:
19:
1841:Arne Treholt
1816:Ignace Reiss
1758:Ryūzō Sejima
1748:SanzĹŤ Nosaka
1704:Elena Miller
1661:John Vassall
1660:
1636:Goronwy Rees
1591:George Blake
1573:Konon Molody
1558:Morris Cohen
1480:
1461:Anna Chapman
1380:Robert Lipka
1370:Karl Koecher
1320:Aldrich Ames
1282:Maria Wicher
1222:Vincent Reno
1217:Lee Pressman
1202:Victor Perlo
1197:William Perl
1187:Boris Morros
1182:Hede Massing
1172:George Koval
1122:Morris Cohen
1102:Earl Browder
1023:. Retrieved
999:. Retrieved
965:
934:
917:
894:
885:
858:
846:The Guardian
844:
814:
799:. Retrieved
793:
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767:
744:. Retrieved
739:
730:
721:The Observer
719:
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681:
672:
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623:. Abingdon:
620:
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534:. Abingdon:
531:
525:
516:
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496:
490:
481:
472:
460:. Retrieved
456:the original
451:
442:
433:
378:broadcast a
374:In 1980 the
373:
358:
352:
332:
327:George Mikes
315:Rex Winsbury
310:
308:
289:
260:
248:Colin Jordan
240:
219:Yuri Nosenko
208:
198:
195:Rebecca West
193:
177:
135:
120:
100:
73:
48:Soviet Union
36:
35:
18:
1872:1996 deaths
1867:1924 births
1826:Herman Simm
1811:Alfred Redl
1767:Elsewhere /
1666:Arthur Wynn
1606:Klaus Fuchs
1596:David Crook
1520:Guy Burgess
1449:Post-Soviet
1340:Jack Dunlap
1315:Rudolf Abel
1287:Nathan Witt
1262:Harold Ware
1237:Saville Sax
1167:Donald Hiss
1137:Klaus Fuchs
1107:Boris Bukov
801:4 September
746:8 September
286:Later years
56:Soviet Navy
1861:Categories
1553:Lona Cohen
1535:Kim Philby
1410:Myra Soble
1405:Jack Soble
1147:Harry Gold
1132:Noel Field
1117:Lona Cohen
921:. London:
904:028398130X
861:. London:
835:required.)
654:Bloomsbury
652:. London:
520:West 1981.
402:References
369:salutation
343:Gray's Inn
323:James Bond
70:Early life
1719:Fred Rose
1626:John Peet
1563:Ethel Gee
1207:J. Peters
1092:Joel Barr
1072:In the US
933:(1981) .
888:. London.
783:. London.
772:. London.
769:The Times
724:. London.
704:. London.
625:Routledge
589:Telegraph
536:Routledge
501:. London.
498:The Times
407:Citations
380:docudrama
296:Maidstone
263:Macmillan
223:microdots
179:The Times
174:torpedoes
150:Admiralty
146:blackmail
142:honeytrap
107:converted
96:Admiralty
60:Macmillan
52:blackmail
1689:Sam Carr
1307:Cold War
1087:John Abt
915:(1963).
857:(1984).
390:See also
267:Cold War
215:defected
205:Exposure
189:Red Navy
103:Anglican
76:chaplain
1496:In the
1025:8 March
1001:8 March
939:Penguin
759:Sources
462:14 June
41:British
1681:Canada
972:
945:
901:
869:
829:
660:
631:
567:
542:
300:Durham
273:. The
127:Moscow
1730:Japan
170:radar
1027:2019
1003:2019
970:ISBN
943:ISBN
899:ISBN
867:ISBN
803:2016
748:2015
658:ISBN
629:ISBN
565:ISBN
540:ISBN
464:2007
321:and
298:and
160:, a
1728:In
1679:In
821:doi
376:BBC
256:MI5
191:."
138:KGB
109:to
78:at
1863::
1498:UK
1018:.
1014:.
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579:^
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415:^
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875:.
827:.
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750:.
666:.
637:.
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466:.
25:.
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