156:
414:
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128:. As the economy shrank, national exports, which had reached a peak in the 1440s, fell by half within two decades, and a collapse in the overseas trade of wool caused its price to fall. Wool workers became unemployed, and the general economy suffered as a result. The situation was worsened when the actions of the English government caused the
449:, who argue that the economic recession of the mid-15th century only magnified routine class antagonisms between village communities and the gentry. The idea that even kings could be disciplined or deposed by popular will was a major aspect of English politics in the centuries following the signing of
433:
produced by the
Kentish rebellion led by Jack Cade declared, ""we blame not all the lordys… ne all gentyllmen, ne yowmen, ne all men of law, ne all bysshops, ne all prestys, but all such as may be fownde gylty by just and trew enquiry and by the law." According to Tedj Ghomri, "The Sussex revolts of
269:
attempted without success to persuade the rebels to seek a royal pardon, but Cade reached a settlement with the authorities after he presented the rebels' petitions and was offered a pardon for them in return. The opportunity was taken by over than 3000 people, many of whom had taken no part in the
123:
The Slump was produced by a range of forces. A series of harsh winters in the 1430s had ended with three disastrous harvests. A shortage of coinage and a reduction in credit throughout Europe peaked in the 1460s, caused by an imbalance of payments for imported luxury goods and a reduction in output
209:
and elsewhere in southern
England, and led to a series of insurrections. In January 1450 an uprising was led by a labourer named Thomas Cheyne, who called himself "the hermit Bluebeard", occurred in Kent; the authorities acted swiftly and Cheyne was executed as a traitor. In May 1450, a major
279:"the kyng was a natell fool, and wold ofte tymes holde a staff in his hands with a brid on the ende playing therewith as a fool, and that anoder kyng must be ordeyned to rule the land," (saying that the king was no person able to rule the land.)
437:
Historian David
Rollison has argued that the socially and politically radical statements by the Merfolds support the hypothesis that the uprisings were motivated by longstanding class antagonisms. Rollison follows contentions by
332:. In October, John Merfold declared in an alehouse that the people would rise and "wolde leve no gentilman alive but such as thyme list to have." Throughout October and November, men armed with clubs and bows congregated near
1388:
391:, and fewer still were landless. The rebels demanded that Henry be deposed, all lords and higher clergy be killed, and that 12 of their own number be appointed to rule the land. According to indictments prepared at the time:
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245:
to the rebels during the revolt, he was merciless to Jack Cade and his followers. Cade was hunted down and captured, and died of his injuries whilst being taken to London. His body was
237:, that without peace and prosperity, the year saw many "murders, manslaughters, rapes, robberies, riots, affrays, and other inconveniences greater than before". While Henry VI showed
174:
and his government's policies had contributed to the economic depression, some of the king's subjects in Kent and elsewhere placed all the blame for their economic hardship on Henry.
434:
1450–1451 incited by the
Merfolds had no such faith in the established social order, and threatened to specifically target lords, bishops, priests, and even the king."
1654:
274:
was given permission to seek out the remainder of Cade's followers and bring them to trial. They were later hunted by royal forces and either imprisoned or killed.
197:, suggest that he used his access to the courts and regime to oppress his tenants and advance himself personally. These injustices and what the medieval historian
120:, it affected all Europe. It had a disastrous effect on lords and peasants alike, and England's economy only recovered in the 1470s when prices began to recover.
271:
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85:. They also advocated rule by common people. Minor uprisings spread throughout Sussex until authorities intervened and four yeomen were hanged.
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exactions, weeding, reaping, and collection duties, all of which were ignored or denounced by yeomen and labourers during the uprisings.
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Throughout Sussex, bands beat and pillaged noblemen and clergy, motivated either by class hostility or engaged in petty criminality. At
190:
1568:
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from Sussex during the period often mention tenant poverty, inability to pay fines or taxes, and abandonment or land or livestock.
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Those in Sussex responding to the
Merfolds' declarations were likely motivated by economic and social concerns. These included
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Royal authorities responded swiftly by arresting suspected rebels. Four Sussex men were hanged, and resistance broken.
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declared their desire for a new king, and chastised rebels from Kent for capitulation following Jack Cade's rebellion.
1091:
230:
1089:(1999). "Growth and Recession in the Fifteenth-Century Economy: The Wiltshire Textile Industry and the Countryside".
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293:
On 26 July 1450—a fortnight after Cade's death—or possibly earlier, John and
William Merfold, who were "small scale
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1193:
1618:
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96:. They are considered demonstrative of underlying class and social conflicts in England during the 15th century.
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of 1381, expressed some faith in existing social harmony and the King's willingness to support their cause. One
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and displayed around the kingdom. Following the rebellion, there were further uprisings against the government.
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The collapse in public trust was deeply unsettling to the nobility. A complaint was made by members in the
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186:
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1418:
1251:
Mate, Mavis (1992). "The economic and social roots of medieval popular rebellion: Sussex in 1450-1451".
442:
78:
17:
413:
931:"Popular Unrest and the Rise of a Labour Class-Consciousness in Late Medieval England (1300's-1500's)"
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in Sussex, and in some settlements within Kent. Most were young, and their number included
1006:
Bohna, Montgomery (2003). "Armed Force and Civic
Legitimacy in Jack Cade's Revolt, 1450".
32:
177:
For artisans or labourers who had previously known greater prosperity, even small fines,
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37:
305:, stated in a public market that the king was a "natural fool" and should be deposed:
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125:
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Trade and
Economic Developments 1450–1550: The Experience of Kent, Surrey and Sussex
222:. The rebels were able to take the capital before their defeat at the hands of the
219:
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has described as the "systematic abuse of power in the king's name" were worst in
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Progress and
Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller
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93:
1229:
City of the Sun: Development and
Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West
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148:. Regions critical to English trade were devastated and with the loss of
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1306:"Class, Community and Popular Rebellion in the Making of Modern England"
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In August, William Howell of Sutton encouraged men from the towns of
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Henry VI began the first of his mental breakdowns three years later.
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31:
328:'s day," 27 August. In September 40 men prepared for war came to
233:, and recorded in 1450 in the proceedings of Parliament within a
202:
89:
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952:
950:
1059:(1978). "The Great Bullion Famine of the Fifteenth Century".
112:. The decline was most acute between 1440 and 1480. Known in
417:
A version of Magna Carta of 1217, produced between 1437 and
351:
they objected to dues collected by the local clergy, and at
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The rebels were offered free royal pardons by the king; the
181:, and customary emblems of authority became intolerable. In
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387:. Indictments show that few were agricultural laborers or
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of London, which forced them to disperse and return home.
88:
The actions of the Merfolds followed a major rebellion in
36:
Medieval English labourers depicted in the title page to
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as lollards and heretics, to hold everything in common.
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marched towards London, forcing the king to retreat to
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Crown, Government and People in the Fifteenth Century
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100:Background: social unrest in 15th-century England
69:in 1451 for publicly inciting the killing of the
1398:Medieval and Early Modern European peasant wars
393:
277:
140:market because of conflict between England and
1151:. In Britnell, Richard; Hatcher, John (eds.).
1149:"The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century"
65:, England, in the mid 15th-century. Both were
1382:
1204:The Jack Cade Rebellion of 1450: a sourcebook
8:
1126:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
371:week in the spring of 1451, men gathered at
1389:
1375:
1367:
467:Rebels might also have been influenced by
1155:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1120:Harvey, I. M. W. (2004). "Cade, John ".
471:preachers, five of whom were executed in
320:to join him in rebellion, and asked that
104:For 150 years after the beginning of the
1318:(67). Oxford University Press: 220–232.
1043:. Vol. 2. New York: J.S. Voorhies.
956:
400:The King's Prosecution, Indictment, 1451
18:John and William Merfold's uprising
1123:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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747:
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558:
546:
503:
484:
425:Most peasant rebellions, including the
108:in 1348–1349, England's population and
1655:Popular revolt in late-medieval Europe
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1065:(79). Oxford University Press: 3–54.
1037:Burrill, Alexander Mansfield (1859).
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684:
672:
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648:
636:
522:
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409:Significance of the brothers' actions
7:
1469:Funen and Jutland Peasant rebellions
1179:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1099:(1). Oxford University Press: 1–26.
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889:
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445:and the 15th-century English jurist
324:and their men join him after "Seynt
1479:John and William Merfold's uprising
1419:Rebellions of Basil the Copper Hand
582:
27:Leaders of a 1451 English rebellion
1609:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan
1429:Peasant revolt in Flanders 1323–28
136:English exports. England lost its
25:
1040:A New Law Dictionary and Glossary
355:, to high land rents. Rebels at
1645:People of the Wars of the Roses
1559:Croatian–Slovene Peasant Revolt
1539:Peasant's Rebellion in Telemark
1232:. New York: Algora Publishing.
1569:Peasants' War in Upper Austria
1504:Slovene peasant revolt of 1515
284:John and William Merfold,
1:
1289:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press.
1201:Kaufman, Alexander L (2020).
1009:The English Historical Review
418:
210:rebellion by the men of Kent
162:depicted on the mural on the
1599:Dalecarlian Rebellion (1743)
1464:Transylvanian peasant revolt
1140:UK public library membership
185:, surviving records such as
1665:15th-century English people
1564:Ivan Bolotnikov's Rebellion
1529:Skipper Clement's Rebellion
1449:Peasants' Revolt in England
1434:St. George's Night Uprising
1207:. Lanham: Lexington Books.
1092:The Economic History Review
1681:
987:Archer, Rowena E. (1995).
193:from 1449 to 1450 against
152:the wine trade collapsed.
1584:Swiss peasant war of 1653
1574:Kostka-Napierski Uprising
1484:Carinthian Peasant Revolt
1404:
1350:Simons, Eric N. (1963).
1311:History Workshop Journal
1304:Rollison, David (2009).
1226:Martin, Michael (2017).
263:Archbishop of Canterbury
257:Uprisings of autumn 1450
195:William, Duke of Suffolk
1489:Friulian Revolt of 1511
1345:(subscription required)
1283:Mate, Mavis E. (2006).
1278:(subscription required)
1253:Economic History Review
1105:10.1111/1468-0289.00116
1022:10.1093/ehr/118.477.563
205:, but also occurred in
1619:Saxon Peasants' Revolt
1579:Morning Star Rebellion
1524:Palatine Peasants' War
1519:Dalecarlian Rebellions
1147:Hatcher, John (2002).
422:
408:
403:
281:
167:
110:economy were depressed
47:
1660:People from Salehurst
1589:Stenka Razin Uprising
1474:Jack Cade's rebellion
1194:registration required
1176:The Wars of the Roses
1132:10.1093/ref:odnb/4292
416:
385:skilled craft workers
160:Jack Cade's Rebellion
158:
35:
1624:Peasants' War (1798)
1604:Pugachev's Rebellion
1514:German Peasants' War
241:by issuing official
43:A Dream of John Ball
1071:10.1093/past/79.1.3
974:, pp. 670–672.
959:, pp. 220–232.
919:, pp. 663–664.
904:, pp. 347–348.
892:, pp. 666–669.
873:, pp. 665–667.
861:, pp. 664–665.
172:Henry VI of England
124:of the continent's
1509:Arumer Zwarte Hoop
1424:Uprising of Ivaylo
1354:. London: Muller.
1324:10.1093/hwj/dbn077
1062:Past & Present
447:Sir John Fortescue
423:
272:Duke of Buckingham
235:Roll of Parliament
168:
48:
1632:
1631:
1594:Bulavin Rebellion
1296:978-1-84383-189-1
1239:978-16289-4-279-8
1214:978-14985-5-029-1
1186:978-0-300-11423-2
1162:978-0-521-52273-1
1138:(Subscription or
998:978-0-7509-0588-6
699:, pp. 54–55.
663:, pp. 39–40.
624:, pp. 18–19.
340:, and throughout
216:Kenilworth Castle
146:Hundred Years War
16:(Redirected from
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1459:Cabochien Revolt
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440:social historian
427:Peasants' Revolt
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130:Hanseatic League
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1259:(4): 661–676.
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872:
867:
864:
860:
855:
853:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
824:
821:
817:
812:
809:
806:, p. xv.
805:
800:
797:
793:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
744:
741:
737:
732:
729:
726:, p. 33.
725:
720:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
693:
690:
687:, p. 40.
686:
681:
678:
675:, p. 39.
674:
669:
666:
662:
657:
654:
651:, p. 52.
650:
645:
642:
639:, p. 53.
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
618:
615:
612:, p. 18.
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
591:
588:
585:, p. 12.
584:
579:
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
555:
552:
548:
543:
540:
537:, p. 22.
536:
531:
528:
525:, p. 50.
524:
519:
516:
513:, p. 49.
512:
507:
504:
498:
488:
485:
478:
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470:
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378:
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358:
354:
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349:Robertsbridge
345:
343:
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338:Robertsbridge
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
290:
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280:
275:
273:
268:
265:and Cardinal
264:
256:
254:
252:
249:before being
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
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208:
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199:A. J. Pollard
196:
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164:Old Kent Road
161:
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127:
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107:
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52:
45:
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30:
19:
1351:
1315:
1309:
1285:
1256:
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1228:
1203:
1175:
1152:
1121:
1096:
1090:
1060:
1039:
1013:
1007:
988:
937:. Retrieved
924:
897:
866:
842:, p. 4.
835:
828:Burrill 1859
823:
811:
799:
770:
750:, p. 4.
748:Kaufman 2020
743:
738:, p. 9.
731:
719:
692:
680:
668:
656:
644:
617:
597:, p. 1.
590:
578:
571:Hatcher 2002
566:
559:Hatcher 2002
554:
547:Hatcher 2002
542:
530:
518:
506:
487:
466:
455:
436:
424:
404:
394:
366:
346:
307:
292:
285:
282:
278:
260:
247:put on trial
228:
220:Warwickshire
176:
169:
126:silver mines
122:
103:
87:
61:brothers in
54:
50:
49:
41:
29:
1494:Poor Conrad
902:Martin 2017
804:Archer 1995
775:Simons 1963
763:Harvey 2004
462:Court rolls
458:seigneurial
451:Magna Carta
373:Rotherfield
303:East Sussex
295:victuallers
191:impeachment
183:East Anglia
118:Great Slump
106:Black Death
1639:Categories
1614:Great Fear
1554:Cudgel War
1142:required.)
1087:Hare, J.N.
939:28 January
840:Hicks 2010
736:Hicks 2010
724:Hicks 2010
712:Bohna 2003
697:Hicks 2010
685:Hicks 2010
673:Hicks 2010
661:Hicks 2010
649:Hicks 2010
637:Hicks 2010
523:Hicks 2010
511:Hicks 2010
499:References
389:husbandmen
353:Eastbourne
330:Eastbourne
326:Bartolomew
322:constables
310:Chichester
286:Indictment
79:deposition
1544:Dacke War
1439:Jacquerie
1414:Stellinga
1360:954282716
1340:153626128
1057:Day, John
1049:557539039
972:Mate 1992
917:Mate 1992
890:Mate 1992
871:Mate 1992
859:Mate 1992
816:Mate 2006
792:Mate 1992
622:Hare 1999
610:Hare 1999
595:Mate 2006
535:Hare 1999
473:Tenterden
453:in 1215.
443:Andy Wood
431:manifesto
299:Salehurst
267:John Kemp
251:quartered
170:Although
166:in London
94:Jack Cade
1534:Opryshky
1409:Bagaudae
1332:40646222
1173:(2010).
583:Day 1978
398:—
377:Mayfield
357:Hastings
318:Steyning
239:clemency
187:articles
142:Burgundy
83:Henry VI
81:of King
77:and the
73:and the
71:nobility
67:indicted
1454:Harelle
1273:2597413
1113:2598529
1030:3489286
981:Sources
469:Lollard
381:Burwash
367:During
342:Wealden
334:Horsham
314:Bramber
297:" from
243:pardons
224:militia
179:chevage
150:Gascony
138:Flemish
134:embargo
116:as the
114:England
1358:
1338:
1330:
1293:
1271:
1236:
1211:
1183:
1159:
1136:
1111:
1079:650246
1077:
1047:
1028:
995:
379:, and
369:Easter
363:Defeat
316:, and
288:(1451)
207:Sussex
75:clergy
63:Sussex
59:yeomen
46:(1888)
1336:S2CID
1328:JSTOR
1269:JSTOR
1109:JSTOR
1075:JSTOR
1026:JSTOR
934:(PDF)
479:Notes
421:1450.
57:were
1356:OCLC
1291:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1045:OCLC
993:ISBN
941:2022
203:Kent
90:Kent
53:and
51:John
1320:doi
1261:doi
1128:doi
1101:doi
1067:doi
1018:doi
1014:118
301:in
218:in
189:of
132:to
40:'s
1641::
1334:.
1326:.
1316:67
1314:.
1308:.
1267:.
1257:45
1255:.
1107:.
1097:52
1095:.
1073:.
1024:.
1012:.
964:^
949:^
909:^
878:^
847:^
782:^
755:^
704:^
629:^
602:^
419:c.
375:,
344:.
336:,
312:,
1390:e
1383:t
1376:v
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1196:)
1192:(
1189:.
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1134:.
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1103::
1081:.
1069::
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1020::
1001:.
943:.
765:.
20:)
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