594:"Slade succeeded only on tests that allowed easy trickery, such as producing knots in cords that had their ends tied together and the knot sealed, putting wooden rings on a table leg, and removing coins from sealed boxes. He failed utterly on tests that did not permit deception. He was unable to reverse the spirals of snail shells. He could not link two wooden rings, one of oak, the other of alder. He could not knot an endless ring cut from a bladder, or put a piece of candle inside a closed glass bulb. He failed to change the optical handedness of tartaric dex-tro to levo. These tests would have been easy to pass if Slade 's spirit controls had been able to take an object into the fourth dimension, then return it after making the required manipulations. Such successes would have created marvelous PPOs (permanent paranormal objects), difficult for skeptics to explain. Zöllner wrote an entire book in praise of Slade. Titled
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polarizers and diaphragms) and compared it to the lamp. During nighttime, the lamp was dimmed and compared to bright stars. He estimated the visual magnitude of the Sun to be -26.66, an extraordinary result for the time. Today's accepted value is -26.74. This measure is very difficult, since the flux difference between the Sun and
Capella (one of the bright stars he used) is roughly 50
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in 1878. According to Zöllner some of the experiments were a success. However, critics have suggested that the medium Henry Slade was a fraud who performed trickery in the experiments. Wilhelm Wundt who attended one of the séances, claimed that the conditions and controls were unsatisfactory. He also
296:
In the case of Zöllner's investigations of Slade, not only do we know that Slade was exposed before and after his sessions with Zöllner, but also there is ample reason to raise questions about the adequacy of the investigation. Carrington (1907), Podmore (1963), and Mrs. Sidgwick (1886-87) are among
114:
In 1867 he made the first measurement of the Sun's apparent magnitude, using a particular "telescope / photometer" he designed. The instrument was able to superimpose two images, one from a small telescope and the second from a reference lamp. During daytime he dimmed the image of the Sun (using
257:. This caused a heated controversy. Wundt published a rejoinder to Ulrici, denouncing the experiments and spiritualism as non-scientific. Enraged, Zöllner attacked Wundt and threatened him with a lawsuit. Zöllner went as far as claiming that Wundt was
245:
Slade failed the experiment regarding the interlinking of two wooden rings. Instead, it was discovered that the two rings were passed onto a table leg. This impressed Zöllner but magicians noted that such a feat is easily explainable by trick methods.
800:. Ives Washburn Publisher. p. 342. "Zöllner's experiments, however, rest under the gravest suspicion, since we know that Slade was a notorious trickster, and it is highly probable that Zöllner was duped. I have devoted a lengthy chapter in my
111:, via the invention of a very sensitive spectroscope which he named "Reversionspectroscope". He had shown also that the red-shift was in addition caused by variation in the stars' lights intensities with the help of his "Astrophotometer".
622:"Unfortunately, Zöllner became enraptured by the antics of the medium Dr. Henry Slade. Slade, a master prestidigitator and slate writer, was exposed by Professor Lankester as well as by Henry Sidgwick, Edmund Gurney, and W. B. Carpenter."
305:
also exposed the tricks of Slade with diagrams and commented that "Zöllner did some good work in spectrum analysis, but he was supremely ignorant of conjuring methods. As a consequence he was badly taken in, I'm afraid, by Henry Slade."
598:(1878), it was partly translated into English in 1880 by spiritualist Charles Carleton Massey. The book is a classic of childlike gullibility by a scientist incapable of devising adequate controls for testing paranormal powers."
122:
This work was pivotal for astrophysics - leading to the discovery that star's brightness varies wildly among different stars, and also that the Sun is brighter than the vast majority of nearby stars.
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277:, an inventor of magical apparatus, strongly suspected that Slade had cheated. In the case of sealed slates, he suggested they could have easily been opened by a thin wire.
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from sealed boxes and the interlinking of two wooden rings. These experiments occurred in
November and December 1877 at Zöllner's home in Leipzig. He invited the scientists
892:
Results of a
Personal Investigation into the 'Physical Phenomena' of Spiritualism. With Some Critical Remarks on the Evidence for the Genuineness of Such Phenomena
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364:
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may explain spiritualism. Zöllner attempted to demonstrate that spirits are four-dimensional and set up his own séance experiments with the medium
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to a detailed analysis of these tests, and therein showed how they might have been due to fraud, and how they could be duplicated by such means."
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288:(1907) revealed fraudulent methods (with diagrams of the rope tricks) that Slade may have utilized in the experiments. Psychologist
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in
England. Zöllner wanted a physical scientific explanation for the phenomena and came to the conclusion that
150:) and named in Zöllner's honour. Also several other plant species, have been named in his honour including;
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brought
Zollner's experiments to the attention of scientists in Germany by describing them in an
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found the German grammatical errors on the slates suspicious as Slade was an
English speaker.
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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a number of critics who have uncovered flaws and loopholes in Zöllner's sittings with Slade.
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Spiritualism as a
Scientific Question: An Open Letter to Professor Hermann Ulrici, of Halle
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436:(in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin.
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271:, claimed that Zöllner had an "unsound mind" at the time of the experiments.
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107:'s theory on the effect of motion of the color of stars, and the resulting
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where lines that are parallel appear diagonal. He also successfully proved
368:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 1002.
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35:
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A Science for the Soul: Occultism and the
Genesis of the German Modern
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70:. He wrote numerous papers on photometry and spectrum analysis in
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The
Elusive Quarry: A Scientific Appraisal of Psychical Research
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William
Crookes (1832-1919) and the Commercialization of Science
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634:
The Fourth Dimension: A Guided Tour of the Higher Universes
82:
Berichte der k. sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften
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237:
The experiments were recorded by Zöllner in a book titled
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The Unexpected Hanging and Other Mathematical Diversions
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Scientific and Philosophical Perspectives in Neuroethics
906:
Der sogenannte Spititismus eine wissenschaftliche Frage
911:
Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik
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Ehr.Bayer | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
708:
The Origins of the Modern Concept of "Neuroscience"
86:
Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Photometrie des Himmels
560:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 3-12.
612:Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions from Within
425:Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen
66:From 1872 he held the chair of astrophysics at
710:. In James J. Giordano, Bert Gordijn. (2010).
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8:
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537:. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 217-218.
92:, Leipzig, 1865, 8vo), and a curious book,
843:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 70-75.
766:. The Open Court Publishing Company. p. 24
714:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 44-48.
533:Turner, J. C; Griend, P van de. (1996).
784:. Herbert B. Turner & Co. pp. 19-47
334:
869:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
781:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
286:The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
194:in 1875 when he visited the scientist
84:, two works on celestial photometry (
7:
430:Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names
214:, tying knots on string, recovering
690:. C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 111-112.
636:. Illustrated by David Povilaitis.
190:Zöllner first became interested in
802:Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism
731:"The Slade-Zoellner Investigation"
584:The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal
14:
632:Rucker, Rudolf (September 1985).
34: – 25 April 1882,
342:
320:(English edition, translated by
385:. Courier Corporation. p. 385.
96:(Leipzig, 1872, 3rd ed. 1883).
896:Society for Psychical Research
748:. Popular Science. pp. 721-732
745:The Psychology of Spiritualism
360:Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich
1:
872:. Herbert B. Turner & Co.
90:Photometrische Untersuchungen
28:Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner
23:Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner
881:Fact and Fable in Psychology
820:. Prometheus Books. p. 209.
798:The Story of Psychic Science
614:. Prometheus Books. p. 233.
586:. Prometheus Books. p. 703.
535:History and Science of Knots
517:. Prometheus Books. p. 156.
94:Ueber die Natur der Cometen
996:
556:Treitel, Corinna. (2004).
489:Plants of the World Online
742:Jastrow, Joseph. (1889).
706:Kohls, N; Benedikter, R.
514:The Fringe of the Unknown
422:Burkhardt, Lotte (2022).
234:to some of the sittings.
109:shift of absorption lines
88:, Berlin, 1861, 4to, and
888:Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick
884:. Macmillan and Company.
186:Henry Slade with Zöllner
688:Beware Familiar Spirits
365:Encyclopædia Britannica
267:, the secretary of the
265:George Stuart Fullerton
129:is named in his honor.
46:. He was also an early
970:German astrophysicists
596:Transcendental Physics
483:Alstroemeria zoellneri
383:A History of Astronomy
317:Transcendental Physics
239:Transcendental Physics
204:four-dimensional space
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165:Chenopodium zoellneri
153:Alstroemeria zoellneri
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48:psychical investigator
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894:. Proceedings of the
763:The Old and New Magic
733:. Seybert Commission.
661:Brock, William Hodson
509:Camp, Lyon Sprague De
280:Psychical researcher
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171:Pseudolucia zoellneri
136:published a genus of
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16:German astrophysicist
975:German spiritualists
794:Carrington, Hereward
776:Carrington, Hereward
220:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
864:Hereward Carrington
667:. Ashgate. p. 174.
442:10.3372/epolist2022
282:Hereward Carrington
159:Baccharis zoellneri
640:. pp. 53–55.
379:Pannekoek, Antonie
269:Seybert Commission
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132:In 1934, botanist
99:He discovered the
68:Leipzig University
59:
30:(8 November 1834,
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980:Parapsychologists
720:978-0-521-87855-5
620:978-1-57392-094-0
451:978-3-946292-41-8
391:978-0-486-65994-7
261:by evil spirits.
228:Wilhelm Scheibner
125:The lunar crater
105:Christian Doppler
44:optical illusions
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310:Publications
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965:1882 deaths
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494:20 December
465:January 27,
292:has noted:
208:Henry Slade
72:Poggendorff
954:Categories
920:. (1879).
904:. (1879).
878:. (1901).
866:. (1907).
839:. (1991).
816:. (1989).
814:Hyman, Ray
796:. (1931).
778:. (1907).
760:. (1906).
686:. (1938).
663:. (2008).
610:. (1996).
582:. (1996).
511:. (1983).
401:. (2015).
381:. (1990).
329:References
143:Zoellneria
898:4: 45-74.
460:246307410
290:Ray Hyman
259:possessed
249:In 1879,
62:Biography
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324:, 1880)
200:physics
127:Zöllner
119:times.
117:billion
77:Annalen
36:Leipzig
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32:Berlin
941:Works
456:S2CID
434:(pdf)
428:[
216:coins
202:of a
138:fungi
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