447:, Zimmermann did intensive language studies and translations. In 1857, under the guidance of Zimmermann, a local fetish priest at Abokobi, Paulo Mohenu converted to Christianity which was considered a great achievement at the time. He also had dreams of building a German community as a way to solve the social problems of Germany by emigration to Africa to farm on the vast swathes of virgin or fallow lands at Abokobi. Between 1858 and 1859, Johannes Zimmerman was transferred back to Christiansborg to replace another missionary who had died in the preceding year.
443:, following the riots against the British poll tax ordinance, Zimmermann was forced to move with his family, his students, and some members of the Christian community to the more interior Abokobi, about 15 miles (24 kilometres) from Accra, where, with the assistance of another missionary, August Steinhauser, he set up a small Christian community—a step from the European characterized lifestyle to the original African life. Before the evacuation, Zimmermann and his family had sought refuge at the Methodist mission house in Accra. At
724:. Thompson and Mulgrave however got divorced six years later. Zimmermann and Mulgrave made the Gold Coast their home. Five of their six children lived to adulthood: two daughters and three sons. His dream of creating a German-African settlement in Abokobi never materialised although his descendants still live in Ghana. Furthermore, his own children and youngest brother, Christoph also married African spouses, indicating that his family was acclimated to the indigenous environment.
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September 1876, where he died at the end of the same year, on 13 of
December 1876 at the age of fifty-one. Catherine, his wife, returned to the Gold Coast in the spring of 1877 and lived at Christiansborg until her death, fourteen years later, in 1891. For the last months of his life, he stayed in Gerlingen. It was his ultimate wish to be brought into the house of his fathers. His last words were: "
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490:". The tribal chieftain, King Odonkor Azu, is open-minded and supportive of the Christian mission. As a sign of his friendship with Zimmermann, the Krobo paramount chief instructed his subjects to carve a stool from a special piece of wood. The chief's son, Tei, moved in with the Zimmermann family. The king anointed Johannes Zimmermann, “Teitsɛ” meaning the "father of the king's son Tei".
467:, who entrusted one of his sons, Tei, to them to be educated and brought up as a Christian. In 1859, he was transferred to Odumase-Krobo to open a new mission station there and where he lays the foundation for his work on the Gold Coast. As he had visited the place before, he did not face many challenges. He was accompanied by two of his former pupils,
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529:(1744–1803), whose views on the life cycle of communities and on the equality of different cultures was opposed to the historical conception of the Enlightenment, which considered Western civilization as superior to other cultures and as the ideal and goal toward which other cultures did or should aspire”
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Zimmerman's legacy is tied to his mission work in
Kroboland where he is held in high esteem. He forged links with the locals and was seen as a "bridge between people and cultures", built on strong foundations. Johannes Zimmermann's areas of operations, the Manya-Krobo and Yilo-Krobo Traditional Areas
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It is unbelievable how people in Ghana talk nowadays still full of respect and gratitude to
Johannes Zimmermann and his beneficial life's work. Whoever we met - not only the members of the hosting church, also political personalities - pay tribute to the good deeds which Zimmermann did from 1850 to
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came to
Gerlingen. He is one of the well-known tribal chieftains of Ghana. Together with inhabitants of Gerlingen he unveiled the commemorative plaque for Zimmermann in front of Petruskirche (St. Peter's Church) and presented the "Zimmermann chair" as a gift to the town of Gerlingen. In 1989, Nene
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divorced woman who was teaching in the girls' school at
Christiansborg. The Basel Mission Society was shocked by this marriage because Zimmermann had not asked for permission from the Home Committee. Facing possible dismissal from the Basel Mission for marrying a divorced African woman, Zimmermann
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When
Zimmermann stepped then into the pulpit of the old venerable church, then this whole house of God was filled with sitting and standing people. While he did his farewell speech, he was often interrupted by the sobbing of the parish, and when he spoke to the persons of his age and former mates,
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He has put up his house ... into the middle of the village ... The house is like a hut, covered with steppe grass. But the white coating from muschelkalk, the dark-brown shutters from solid wood of the
African oak, the light glass windows and the galleries around the building tell someone who
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At the end of 1869, ten years after
Zimmermann's arrival in Odumase, the Christian parish had grown to about a hundred members. The mission house was open to everyone living in Manya-Krobo and neighbouring villages. Overall, Johannes Zimmermann worked for 12 years in the kingdom of Manya-Krobo.
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There is a street in
Gerlingen named in his honour, the Johannes Zimmermann StraĂźe. The Johannes Zimmermann Memorial Presbyterian Churches were erected in his memory at both Abokobi and Odumase, Krobo. There is a well in Odumase (Ghana) that Johannes Zimmermann had built and is still in use. A
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Failing health and exhaustion made him leave for Europe to recuperate for a year. On his return, he lived and worked at
Abokobi until 1876, when he returned to Christiansborg. Shortly after this, he fell ill again, and returned to his hometown, Gerlingen with his wife, Catherine via Basel in
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are located in southeastern Ghana covering 750 square kilometres with a population of approximately 250, 000 inhabitants. What started with Zimmermann has been continued with cultural exchange over the years: There is an alliance between Kroboland and Gerlingen with delegations. The
515:, both in the catechist seminary as well as in the boys' school, he emphasised the teaching of the vernacular, Ga language. From the very beginning, Zimmermann started collecting Ga words and terms, later to be published in his dictionary. Within the Christian ministry and
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slave traders who had kidnapped her. They brought her onto a slave ship from Africa to Jamaica. Near the coast of Jamaica, the ship got in distress and sank. Catherine Mulgrave was however rescued from the wreckage. She recalled her mother calling her by the Angolan name
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A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra or Ga Language and Some Specimens of it from the Mount of the Natives, Stuttgart, 1858, revised edition published as A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra or Ga Language and a Vocabulary of the Same with an Appendix on the Adanme Dialect, 2
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and wrote a Ga dictionary and grammar book. Mostly an oral language before the mid-nineteenth century, the Ga language assumed a written form as a result of his literary work. Zimmerman's work built upon the single introductory grammatical treatise written by the
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As punishment, the Home Committee, suspended Zimmermann, stripping him of his rights to travel home to Europe every year on furlough, effectively making him a local missionary on the Gold Coast for the next twenty-two years. Mulgrave was born in
312:. Born into a family of farmers, he was the oldest of five children. Deeply religious, Zimmermann's pietistic family had compulsory "devotional hours" several times a week. His grandfather owned a restaurant, which became a meeting place for the
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He noted that in spite of demographic and linguistic differences, rural German and the traditional Gold Coast cultures were analogous with regards to communal lifestyles, farming and craftsmanship, adding that
429:”. His options were imminent death or an immediate return home". Choosing a more unorthodox alternative for a European missionary at the time, he sought treatment at the shrine of a native healer or
2095:"The Pietist Impulse of Christianity (Princeton Theological Monograph Series Book 155) by Christian T. Collins Winn,Christopher Gehrz,G. William Carlson,Eric Holst / KissLibrary: Affordable Ebooks"
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422:– a stark reminder of a distant dark past. The sight of these landmarks influences Zimmermann's theology leading him to speak against slavery and exploitation for the rest of his life.
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communities from Gerlingen and surrounding villages. As a pupil, Johannes Zimmermann's views were shaped by the apocalyptic zeal of a troubled religious period. While still a boy, the
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because he was drawn to a call to become missionary on the Gold Coast. On 9 December 1849, Johannes Zimmermann was ordained by the missionary superintendent, the Rev. Kapf in
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769:, the Rev. Albert L. Kwansa visited Gerlingen to search for information about background, youth and surrounding of the missionary Johannes Zimmermann, who in nowadays
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invited the then Mayor of Gerlingen, Sellner together with a delegation to his golden jubilee celebration of enstoolment and ascension to the throne in Ghana.
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training school in Basel, Switzerland as a mission assistant. In 1843, the young couple emigrated to the Gold Coast with a group of Jamaican missionaries from
598:) “A Dictionary, English, Tshi (Asante), Akra; Tshi (Chwee) Comprising as Dialects: Akan and Fante; Accra connected with Adangme; Gold Coast, West Africa,”
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1876 and which are still in use to see. Seen from the angle that he had to deal with the conceivable most difficult conditions, it's all the more admirable
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781:, Wilhelm Eberhard travelled with an official delegation to Zimmermann's sphere of activity in Ghana. Later on in his retirement, Mayor Eberhard stated, "
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Carlson, William G.; Gehrz, Christopher; Winn, Christian T. Collins; Holst, Eric; Collins, Gehrz; Christopher, Carlson; William, G. (25 October 2012).
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Sebald, Peter (1994). "Christian Jacob Protten Africanus (1715-1769) - erster Missionar einer deutschen Missionsgesellschaft in Schwarzafrika".
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1981:
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and 500 hymns (300 of which were his own compositions) into the GĂŁ language, and also penned several poems. According to scholars, he was
1646:
Simonsen, Gunvor (April 2015). "Belonging in Africa: Frederik Svane and Christian Protten on the Gold Coast in the Eighteenth Century".
473:“maximize utilization of mineral resources, progressive agriculture, increasing export of goods, to improve people's living conditions.”
1454:
The New Testament (Ga translation), 2nd edition, London, 1872, new revised edition 1889, corrected reprint 1908, corrected reprint 1911
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2014:
1957:
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Barnes, James H.; Erb, Peter C. (2011). Winn, Christian T. Collins; Carlson, G. William; Gehrz, Christopher; Holst, Eric (eds.).
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in carpentry and also started occupational training to become a baker. After he finished his apprenticeship, he went on foot to
2280:"Johannes Zimmermann Library (ACI) – A reference library serving ACI's academic and pastoral programmes and research projects"
1905:
Lindberg, Carter (13 September 2013). "The Pietist Impulse in Christianity ed. by Christian T. Collins Winn et al. (review)".
2004:
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471:, and Christian Obuobi, and worked in the Krobo area until 1872. His plans included setting up a Euro-African settlement to
2189:
2125:""Obstinate" Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf"
463:, 50 miles (80 km) northeast of the Ghanaian capital, Accra, where they were warmly welcomed by the paramount chief,
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612:"A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra or Ga Language and a Vocabulary of the Same with an Appendix on the Adanme Dialect,"
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Upon his arrival on the Gold Coast in 1850, Johannes Zimmermann, then twenty-five years old, was first stationed in
478:"Africa needs Germans. We are a continental people who traditionally earn a living by farming and the old crafts"
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In 1852, he started and taught at the small catechist seminary, the Basel Mission Seminary in Christiansborg,
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fervour motivated him to become a missionary in Africa after leaving school. After school, he joined a trade
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2nd edition, London, 1872, new revised edition 1889, corrected reprint 1908, corrected reprint 1911. London
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608:“A Grammatical Sketch of the Akra or Ga Language and Some Specimens of it from the Mount of the Natives,”
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with the aim of training as a missionary. On 17 of August 1844, Johannes Zimmermann arrived in
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Johannes Zimmermann was born on 2 March 1825 on KirchstraĂźe 5 (5 Church Street) in the town of
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2010:
1953:
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Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana
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433:. He regained his health quickly and became fully acclimatized to the domestic environment.
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A few months after his arrival, Zimmermann fell ill with a tropical ailment, then dubbed, “
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Missionary Bohner recounted in his diary after a visit to Rebmann in Odumase, Kroboland: "
281:
1781:"Dimensionen der Erziehung und Bildung; Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Margret Kraul"
368:. According to the German church historian, Paul Steiner, in his Zimmermann biography, "
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1751:
Dimensionen der Erziehung und Bildung: Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Margret Kraul
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1061:
The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). Volume One
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1934:
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Geschichte der Basler Mission, 1815-1915, ("History of the Basel Mission, 1815-1915")
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2003:
Collins Winn, Christian T.; William Carlson, G.; Gehrz, Christopher (July 2011).
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commemorative plaque at the church in Gerlingen, St. Peter's Evangelical Church (
664:"I am marrying Africa...well, the African liana has climbed the German oak tree."
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Hoffmann-Ocon, Andreas; Koch, Katja; Schmidtke, Adrian; Kraul, Margret (2005).
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very much honoured in the oral tradition of Kroboland's history. In 1972, the
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1169:. Accra (originally published in Basel, 1895): Waterville Publishing House.
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1783:. Hoffmann-Ocon, Andreas, Koch, Katja, Schmidtke, Adrian, Kraul, Margret.
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was erected in 1976 for Johannes Zimmermann. The reference library of the
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Zimmermann's greatest contribution to the Gold Coast was in the field of
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Pioneers of the Faith: Biographical Studies from Ghanaian Church History
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577:“The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Romans (Ga translation).”
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The following publications are some of Zimmermann's literary works:
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which was eventually absorbed into its counterpart at Akropong, the
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The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Romans (Ga translation)
1011:"Zimmermann, Johannes – Life and work – Johannes-Rebmann-Stiftung"
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Academic staff of the Presbyterian College of Education, Akropong
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but raised in Jamaica after being rescued as a six-year old from
486:, the hub of the Kingdom Manya-Krobo where he saw himself as an "
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In 1855, Zimmerman and the Rev. C. W. Locher traveled as far as
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2182:"Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb 1827-1895 Basel Mission, Ghana"
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Zimmermann, J., Christaller, J. G. & Locher, C. W. (1894).
2151:"Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb 1827-1895 Basel Mission Ghana"
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Johannes Zimmermann built his mission house in the village of
2246:. 29 March 2017. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017
398:, where he taught at the all boys' middle boarding school,
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then even the tough, rough farm youth cried like children
525:“deeply influenced by the sociohistorical theories of
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After the 1854 bombardment of Christiansborg by the
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Mustard Seed: The Growth of the Church in Kroboland
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332:to begin his six-year missionary training at the
2264:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
414:was the presence of the former slave forts, the
2214:Knispel, Martin and Kwakye, Nana Opare (2006).
1948:Winn, Christian T. Collins, ed. (1 July 2011).
620:, Christaller, J. G. and Locher, C. W. (1894).
610:Stuttgart, 1858, revised edition published as
292:languages, and published a century earlier in
8:
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1167:History of the Gold Coast and Asante, 2nd ed
735:Water of life! Oh, how much I want to drink.
567:“The Acts of the Apostles (Ga translation).”
1754:(in German). Universitätsverlag Göttingen.
1534:The Old Testament (Ga translation), rev. ed
1508:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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708:. Mulgrave had earlier been married to the
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653:In June 1851, Johannes Zimmermann married
340:). At the seminary, he began studying the
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1378:The Acts of the Apostles (Ga translation)
680:” as a child and was adopted by the then
16:German missionary, linguist and clergyman
511:literature. In his work in education at
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1103:Odjidja, E. M. L., (compiler) (1973).
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805:Evangelische Petrusgemeinde Gerlingen)
547:“The Four Gospels in the Ga Language.”
2035:"The Pietist Impulse in Christianity"
1974:"The Pietist Impulse in Christianity"
1952:. Eugene, Ore: Wipf & Stock Pub.
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1092:. Accra: Waterville Publishing House.
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632:“The Old Testament (Ga translation),”
587:“The New Testament (Ga translation),”
503:Contributions to Ga-Dangme literature
7:
2105:from the original on 3 December 2018
1729:from the original on 14 October 2018
1604:from the original on 14 October 2018
1573:from the original on 14 October 2018
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696:followed by teacher training at the
557:“An English-Accra or Ga Dictionary.”
254:Basel Evangelical Missionary Society
183:Basel Evangelical Missionary Society
2006:The Pietist Impulse in Christianity
1950:The Pietist Impulse in Christianity
1874:The Pietist Impulse in Christianity
1848:The Pietist Impulse in Christianity
1831:from the original on 30 March 2017.
1263:The Four Gospels in the Ga Language
592:Christaller, J. G., Locher, C. W.,
2346:Gold Coast (British colony) people
2218:. Accra: Akuapem Presbytery Press.
2065:"The Pietist Impulse: Benediction"
1787:from the original on 10 June 2018.
1768:from the original on 10 June 2018.
1090:A History of Christianity in Ghana
14:
2290:from the original on 3 April 2018
2023:from the original on 5 June 2018.
1301:An English-Accra or Ga Dictionary
817:Zimmermann Presbyterian Cemetery,
811:in Akropong, Ghana was named the
408:Presbyterian College of Education
2351:Protestant missionaries in Ghana
2192:from the original on 15 May 2018
2161:from the original on 15 May 2018
2075:from the original on 5 June 2018
1984:from the original on 5 June 2018
1015:www.johannes-rebmann-stiftung.de
752:Zimmermann Presbyterian Cemetery
21:Johannes Zimmermann (politician)
2009:. Wipf & Stock Publishers.
622:“English-Tschi-Akra Dictionary”
2341:German Protestant missionaries
1907:The Catholic Historical Review
1691:A History of Moravian Missions
1:
2326:Clergy from Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
2129:www.internationalbulletin.org
1876:. James Clarke & Co Ltd.
1492:English-Tschi-Akra Dictionary
813:"Johannes Zimmermann Library"
19:For Estonian politician, see
2361:Teachers at Osu Salem School
1059:Ofosu-Appiah, L. H. (1997).
815:in his honour. A graveyard,
809:Akrofi-Christaller Institute
767:Presbyterian Church of Ghana
352:, about 30 km south of
260:, who translated the entire
2366:German missionary linguists
2331:German expatriates in Ghana
1719:"Christian Jakobus Protten"
2382:
1194:Schlater, Wilhelm (1916).
786:." In 1976, the king from
410:. His first impression of
348:, a town in the middle of
18:
1660:10.1017/S0165115315000145
1594:"Christian Jacob Protten"
1563:"Christian Jacob Protten"
1088:Debrunner, H. W. (1967).
758:was named in his memory.
716:who had been educated in
284:missionary and educator,
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192:
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1179:: CS1 maint: location (
1165:Reindorf, C. C. (1966).
819:was named in his memory
692:who educated her at the
300:Early life and education
1978:James Clarke and Co Ltd
1851:. Casemate Publishers.
1748:Kraul, Margret (2005).
1625:Kolonien und Missionen.
1532:Zimmermann, J. (1907).
1452:Zimmermann, J. (1860).
1414:Zimmermann, J. (1859).
1376:Zimmermann, J. (1858).
1337:Zimmermann, J. (1885).
1299:Zimmermann, J. (1858).
1261:Zimmermann, J. (1855).
1136:Odonkor, S. S. (1971).
527:Johann Gottfried Herder
469:Carl Christian Reindorf
286:Christian Jacob Protten
1689:Hutton, J. E. (1923).
1627:(in German): 109–121.
1138:The Rise of the Krobos
662:remarked in defiance,
650:
334:Basel Mission Seminary
116:Basel Mission Seminary
2069:The Pietist Schoolman
1919:10.1353/cat.2013.0138
1811:Sill, Ulrike (2010).
1725:. 15 September 1715.
737:" He was buried in a
714:George Peter Thompson
646:
416:Christiansborg Castle
338:Basler Missionseminar
2284:library.acighana.org
2180:Ofosu-Appiah, L. H.
1223:Smith, Noel (1966).
876:"Johannes Zimmerman"
745:Legacy and memorials
728:Later life and death
694:Female Refuge School
519:, he translated the
390:, now the suburb of
2336:German philologists
1021:on 24 November 2017
682:Governor of Jamaica
488:ambassador of Jesus
230:Johannes Zimmermann
49:Johannes Zimmermann
37:Johannes Zimmermann
2071:. 19 August 2011.
2039:www.oxbowbooks.com
1592:Dreydoppel, Otto.
761:In 1970, the then
655:Catherine Mulgrave
651:
648:Catherine Mulgrave
614:2 Vols. Stuttgart
326:Basel, Switzerland
205:9 December, 1849,
160:Catherine Mulgrave
1063:. Ethiopia-Ghana.
797:Azzu Mate Kole II
792:Azzu Mate Kole II
400:Salem School, Osu
350:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
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2233:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2149:Bediako, Kwame.
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2041:. Archived from
2031:
2025:
2024:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1808:
1789:
1788:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1723:geni_family_tree
1715:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1495:
1487:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1449:
1434:
1433:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1381:
1373:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1199:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1017:. Archived from
1007:
896:
895:
893:
891:
872:
710:Americo-Liberian
698:Mico Institution
686:Earl of Mulgrave
634:rev. ed. London
459:in the state of
288:, in the Ga and
272:of southeastern
270:Ga-Dangme people
86:
83:13 December 1876
64:
62:
47:
28:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2220:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2099:kisslibrary.com
2093:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2076:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1825:
1810:
1809:
1792:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1538:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1496:
1489:
1488:
1475:
1458:
1451:
1450:
1437:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1399:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1344:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1246:
1229:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1171:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1142:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1109:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1065:
1058:
1057:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1009:
1008:
899:
889:
887:
874:
873:
830:
825:
747:
730:
641:
536:
505:
453:
384:
382:Osu and Abokobi
379:
302:
151:
97:
88:
84:
75:
66:
60:
58:
50:
38:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2301:
2271:
2235:
2203:
2172:
2141:
2116:
2086:
2056:
2045:on 5 June 2018
2026:
2015:
1995:
1965:
1958:
1940:
1913:(3): 582–583.
1897:
1882:
1864:
1857:
1834:
1824:978-9004188884
1823:
1790:
1771:
1760:
1740:
1710:
1681:
1638:
1615:
1584:
1553:
1515:
1473:
1435:
1397:
1359:
1320:
1282:
1244:
1215:
1186:
1157:
1128:
1095:
1080:
1032:
897:
827:
826:
824:
821:
746:
743:
729:
726:
688:and his wife,
640:
637:
636:
635:
628:Zimmermann, J.
625:
618:Zimmermann, J.
615:
604:Zimmermann, J.
601:
594:Zimmermann, J.
590:
583:Zimmermann, J.
580:
573:Zimmermann, J.
570:
563:Zimmermann, J.
560:
553:Zimmermann, J.
550:
543:Zimmermann, J.
535:
534:Selected works
532:
513:Christiansborg
504:
501:
452:
449:
388:Christiansborg
383:
380:
378:
375:
322:apprenticeship
301:
298:
225:
224:
221:
220:
214:
210:
209:
203:
199:
198:
194:
193:
190:
189:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
164:
163:
157:
153:
152:
150:
149:
144:
139:
133:
131:
127:
126:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
89:
87:(aged 51)
81:
77:
76:
67:
56:
52:
51:
48:
40:
39:
36:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2016:9781498253437
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1996:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1959:9781606083277
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1883:9780227680001
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1858:9780227680001
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1761:9783938616000
1757:
1753:
1752:
1744:
1741:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1711:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1654:(1): 91–115.
1653:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1616:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1561:Smith, Noel.
1557:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1455:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1341:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
898:
885:
881:
877:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
829:
822:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
800:
798:
793:
789:
785:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
744:
742:
741:in Gerlingen
740:
736:
727:
725:
723:
719:
718:Basel Mission
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
690:Lady Mulgrave
687:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
660:
659:Afro-Jamaican
656:
649:
645:
639:Personal life
638:
633:
629:
626:
623:
619:
616:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
595:
591:
588:
584:
581:
578:
574:
571:
568:
564:
561:
558:
554:
551:
548:
544:
541:
540:
539:
533:
531:
530:
528:
522:
518:
514:
510:
502:
500:
498:
491:
489:
485:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
448:
446:
442:
439:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
376:
374:
372:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:ethnolinguist
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
222:
218:
217:Basel Minster
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
158:
154:
148:
145:
143:
142:Ethnolinguist
140:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
92:
82:
78:
74:
70:
57:
53:
46:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
2292:. Retrieved
2283:
2274:
2248:. Retrieved
2238:
2215:
2194:. Retrieved
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2098:
2089:
2077:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:the original
2038:
2029:
2005:
1998:
1986:. Retrieved
1977:
1968:
1949:
1943:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1892:j.ctt1cgfbkp
1873:
1867:
1847:
1813:
1774:
1750:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1722:
1713:
1690:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1641:
1624:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1597:
1587:
1575:. Retrieved
1566:
1556:
1533:
1491:
1453:
1415:
1377:
1342:. Stuttgart.
1338:
1303:. Stuttgart.
1300:
1262:
1224:
1218:
1195:
1189:
1166:
1160:
1137:
1131:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1060:
1023:. Retrieved
1019:the original
1014:
888:. Retrieved
879:
816:
812:
804:
801:
782:
760:
748:
734:
731:
697:
693:
677:
663:
652:
631:
627:
621:
617:
611:
607:
603:
597:
593:
586:
582:
576:
572:
566:
562:
556:
552:
546:
542:
537:
524:
506:
495:
492:
487:
481:
477:
472:
454:
440:
437:
435:
427:Africa fever
426:
424:
385:
369:
337:
303:
279:Euro-African
229:
228:
213:Consecration
85:(1876-12-13)
65:2 March 1825
33:The Reverend
25:
2321:1876 deaths
2316:1825 births
2250:24 November
2244:"Osu Salem"
1025:24 November
890:24 November
788:Manya Krobo
763:Synod Clerk
465:Odonkor Azu
420:Ussher Fort
342:GĂŁ language
296:, in 1764.
266:Ga language
258:Switzerland
246:philologist
130:Occupations
124:Switzerland
102:Nationality
2310:Categories
2294:31 October
1733:14 October
1648:Itinerario
1608:14 October
1577:14 October
823:References
673:Portuguese
559:Stuttgart
497:lives here
366:Gold Coast
362:missionary
346:Herrenberg
294:Copenhagen
242:translator
234:missionary
207:Herrenberg
202:Ordination
147:Missionary
61:1825-03-02
2224:cite book
1935:161528778
1927:1534-0708
1817:. BRILL.
1699:cite book
1693:. London.
1676:162672218
1668:0165-1153
1633:610701345
1542:cite book
1536:. London.
1500:cite book
1462:cite book
1456:. London.
1424:cite book
1418:. London.
1386:cite book
1380:. London.
1348:cite book
1309:cite book
1271:cite book
1265:. London.
1233:cite book
1204:cite book
1175:cite book
1146:cite book
1113:cite book
1069:cite book
779:Gerlingen
739:graveyard
517:catechism
509:Ga-Dangme
451:Kroboland
354:Stuttgart
318:pietistic
314:pietistic
306:Gerlingen
264:into the
238:clergyman
162:(m. 1851)
137:Clergyman
112:Education
91:Gerlingen
69:Gerlingen
2288:Archived
2260:cite web
2190:Archived
2186:dacb.org
2159:Archived
2155:dacb.org
2103:Archived
2073:Archived
2021:Archived
1982:Archived
1829:Archived
1785:Archived
1766:Archived
1727:Archived
1602:Archived
1598:dacb.org
1571:Archived
1567:dacb.org
1494:. Basel.
1227:. Accra.
1198:. Basel.
1107:. Accra.
884:Archived
880:dacb.org
722:Kingston
702:Kingston
630:(1907).
606:(1885).
585:(1860).
575:(1859).
565:(1858).
555:(1858).
545:(1855).
438:H. M. S.
282:Moravian
167:Children
1140:. Tema.
790:, Nene
765:of the
706:Jamaica
579:London
569:London
549:London
484:Odumase
457:Odumase
445:Abokobi
441:Scourge
364:on the
358:Germany
310:Germany
268:of the
252:of the
95:Germany
73:Germany
2196:16 May
2165:16 May
2134:19 May
2109:5 June
2079:5 June
2049:5 June
2013:
1988:5 June
1956:
1933:
1925:
1890:
1880:
1855:
1821:
1758:
1674:
1666:
1631:
669:Angola
624:Basel
600:Basel
431:shaman
219:, 1849
197:Orders
179:Church
156:Spouse
106:German
1931:S2CID
1888:JSTOR
1672:S2CID
775:Mayor
771:Ghana
756:Accra
657:, an
596:(1874
521:Bible
461:Krobo
412:Accra
396:Accra
330:Basel
290:Fante
274:Ghana
262:Bible
120:Basel
2296:2018
2266:link
2252:2017
2230:link
2198:2018
2167:2018
2136:2018
2111:2018
2081:2018
2051:2018
2011:ISBN
1990:2018
1954:ISBN
1923:ISSN
1878:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1756:ISBN
1735:2018
1705:link
1664:ISSN
1629:OCLC
1610:2018
1579:2018
1548:link
1510:link
1506:link
1468:link
1430:link
1392:link
1354:link
1340:Vols
1315:link
1277:link
1239:link
1210:link
1181:link
1152:link
1123:link
1119:link
1075:link
1027:2017
892:2017
678:Gewe
418:and
248:and
80:Died
55:Born
1915:doi
1656:doi
777:of
754:in
700:in
499:."
404:Osu
394:in
392:Osu
373:."
356:in
256:of
2312::
2286:.
2282:.
2262:}}
2258:{{
2226:}}
2222:{{
2206:^
2188:.
2184:.
2157:.
2153:.
2127:.
2101:.
2097:.
2067:.
2037:.
2019:.
1980:.
1976:.
1929:.
1921:.
1911:99
1909:.
1886:.
1837:^
1827:.
1793:^
1764:.
1721:.
1701:}}
1697:{{
1670:.
1662:.
1652:39
1650:.
1600:.
1596:.
1569:.
1565:.
1544:}}
1540:{{
1518:^
1502:}}
1498:{{
1476:^
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