79:
483:, which meant that the event could not have taken place near the earth, among the planets, but must have been located much further away, among the 'fixed' stars of the firmament or perhaps even further beyond. In this, he agreed with Tycho Brahe and other recent astronomers. However he reconciled this conclusion with the Aristotelian model by arguing that the apparently new star was not new at all; while permanent, like other stars, it was only occasionally visible for special reasons. He went further, accusing those who argued for a fluid heaven of writing contrary to Holy Writ, and attacking Tycho Brahe for his religious beliefs as well as for his purported scientific errors. Broadening his polemic against all erroneous ideas, he attacked Protestantism, thereby drawing Kepler into his argument. The language and tone of van Heeck's text was most intemperate. He berated the 'babbling new Philosophers' for their 'profane ignorance' and 'stupid ostentation' in departing from Aristotle.
305:. In the course of his medical work, van Heeck became involved in a strange dispute. He treated his patients, who were mostly poor, with great zeal, using simple herbal medicines. For this reason, he came into conflict with the apothecary of Scandriglia, one Casolini Ranieri, who made his living selling medicines with exotic names, more magical than scientific. Ranieri conceived a firm hatred of the foreign doctor, whose work threatened to ruin his lucrative business. One night Ranieri positioned himself on the route where van Heeck habitually passed and attacked him while he was alone. Van Heeck fell from his horse but fended off his attacker with a sword. Still bleeding from his injuries, he was brought before the magistrate. Despite his plea of self-defence, he was imprisoned. The apothecary later died of his wounds, and van Heeck would have been left to rot in prison if he had not been released through the intervention of Prince
32:
156:, he examined the hygiene, diet and amorous habits of the literati. The second part of the work dealt with Ficino's ideas on magic. He discussed the influence of images on the spirit, and the occult virtues of certain plants, approaching his enquiry from the medical point of view rather than from that of the magician. He concluded the treatise with a list of secrets for healing common illnesses by using certain plants, and with a collection of "magic" recipes.
429:
566:
511:, now lost. In 1610, Federico Cesi's father died and this meant that the members of the Accademia could associate more freely. It is perhaps significant that despite this, van Heeck still did not return to his friends in Rome. Although he continued to contribute to the work of the Accademia, this was on a more sporadic basis and the apparent crisis in his nerves diminished his involvement.
323:
educated and famous member of the group, and he clearly took the lead in many of its ventures, though he was the second youngest among them. Like all its members, he adopted a pseudonym ("Illuminato"), an emblem (a quarter-moon illuminated by a triangle from the sun) and the motto "A Patre luminum" ('from the father of lights'). It was van Heeck who chose as the academy's patron saint
391:
kind of roving ambassador, telling educated men in each city about the group's work and publicising its activities to win the sympathy of the powerful and the learned. During his travels, he was attacked by robbers and forced to swallow his membership ring of the
Accademia in order to prevent it from falling into the hands of his attackers.
86:
Johannes van Heeck was one of five children in a family of wealthy merchants. His father was Willem, son of Willem van Heeck, and his mother was
Lutgardt, daughter of Gerrit. Between 1587 and 1591 his father, a Catholic, was one of Deventer's political leaders, elected senator and consul in 1589. For
495:
Van Heeck's correspondence with Cesi in 1604 and 1605 suggest that he was experiencing some kind of crisis of confidence about his relationship with the other Lincei. He wrote at one point of marrying and not returning to Rome, but Cesi prevailed on him to come back. In April 1605 they asked him to
390:
While van Heeck was travelling, Federico Cesi sent him money regularly, to buy rare books on alchemy and the natural sciences, which were then added to his collection the
Accademia dei Lincei. As well as collecting books, objects and rare plants for the Accademia's collections, van Heeck was also a
322:
This close partnership between Cesi, van Heeck and
Stelluti soon led to their founding the Accademia dei Lincei, together with Anastasio de Filiis, on 17 August 1603. There is no doubt that van Heeck played a key role in the conception and organization of the academy. He was the most experienced,
474:
Cesi believed that the
Accademia needed to publish something of scientific significance in order to establish its scholarly credibility, and that a book from van Heeck which reaffirmed orthodox Catholic positions would both remove suspicions about the group's activities and pave the way for his
531:
at the end of his book 'De
Animalibus' indicates that he visited van Heeck in the abbey of Sant'Angelo in Capoccia. Van Heeck appeared to be in the grip of a persecution mania, and told him that the king of Spain was persecuting him and insisting that he marry his daughter. The very last known
486:
Cesi greatly esteemed Kepler, and therefore edited van Heeck's text, removing anything hostile to him or to other astronomers. He also removed much of the defence of the
Aristotelian cosmology, as it was important for the Accademia to align itself to new astronomical discoveries and not become
313:
to get him out of prison and then invited him to his house in Rome. The period when Cesi, van Heeck and
Stelluti lived together after van Heeck's release from prison was one of an intense exchange of ideas and the shaping of plans, which led to the idea of forming a mutual-instruction society.
459:. This held that the stars were remote, fixed in their positions and unchanging, while movement and variance were associated with the planets, closer to the Earth. An unusual event in the sky might take place close to the earth, and could therefore be explained within the standard
192:
In these he described the characteristics of various fruits, herbs and vegetables, their regions of origin, the time of their flowering, ways of preparing them and their specific medicinal use. He wrote on the basis of first-hand observation, supported by ancient sources, notably
98:
Johannes received a humanist education, studying Latin, Greek, theology, astronomy and astrology, and making an exact observation of the comet that appeared in 1591, which he described in one of his later treatises as a bad omen for a life full of bitterness and pain. Under
139:
as a guest of Count Gelosi, with whom he maintained a connection throughout his life, and on whose estate was the villa known as the "museum deauratum" where many of his manuscripts were composed. Here he wrote works of a moral literary character, such as his 1596
338:
There has been speculation that the connections between the
Accademia's members were not confined to the intellectual sphere, and, specifically in the case of the relationship between Federico Cesi and Johannes van Heeck, that they were probably sexual in nature.
277:, extended in scope beyond the original, with the ambitious subtitle 'Liber de Mirabilibus Creaturarum Dei' (Book of the Marvels of God's Creation'). In this work, van Heeck dealt with a number of contemporary concerns of natural science, such as
487:
entrenched in defending
Aristotle. He then had the pamphlet published without the lynx emblem of the Accademia on its frontispiece. Van Heeck was furious at these editorial changes, which had been undertaken without his knowledge or permission.
475:
return to Rome. Van Heeck's theses however posed a number of problems. He critiqued twelve positions put forward by other astronomers on the origins and location of supernovae. Claiming to use the measurement techniques developed by
78:
532:
reference to him is in a minute from the 24 March 1616 meeting of the Accademia dei Lincei, which records that he was temporarily excluded from meetings until he was once again of sound mind. Nothing further is known about him.
526:
Nothing more is known about him until 26 July 1614, when he made a fleeting appearance in Rome, accompanied by Stelluti, for an academic conference on the Greek and Latin languages. A note, probably from 1615, by the Linceian
334:
disciplines' – indicating thereby that like the Swiss physician, they believed that empirical observation was essential for developing an understanding of the world, rather than reliance on established scholarly authorities.
402:, an enlightened and generous man who was interested in the research of the Accademia dei Lincei. Rudolf's court was a major international centre for scholars and researchers in many fields, and he owned one of the largest
518:
to join in his place. This helped the Accademia to re-establish itself and gave it greatly enhanced respectability after the mistrust it had experienced in its earlier years. The next person to join after Della Porta was
496:
prepare a new book attacking heresy, which was perhaps more suited to his interests at the time. In October 1605 he returned to Italy, but went to Rome only briefly in 1606 before leaving Italy again.
204:, obtaining his doctor's degree in 1601. During this period, his writing focused on logic, theology and metaphysics. Among the more significant of his works while he studied at university were:
440:
In October 1604, a new star was seen. By night, it was the brightest star in the sky, and it was visible during the day as well for more than three weeks, before eventually dimming. Both
50:
c.1620), (also known as Johann Heck, Joannes Eck, Johannes Heckius, Johannes Eckius and Giovanni Ecchio) was a Dutch physician, naturalist, alchemist and astrologer. Together with Prince
632:
Discorso di L. Delle Colombe. Nel quale si dimostra, che la nuova Stella apparita l'ottobre passato 1604 nel Sagittario non è Cometa, ne Stella generata, o creata di nuovo, ne apparente
351:
was so concerned about the activities of the Accademia dei Lincei and what he considered the nefarious influence of van Heeck over his son that he denounced him to the
549:
451:
The critical question for all three writers was whether the new phenomenon could be explained within the generally-accepted model of the universe, known as the
31:
355:. This effectively broke the four friends up, and van Heeck was obliged to leave Rome, embarking on a tour of numerous European countries. He went first to
103:
rule, the position of his family became more precarious in Deventer and eventually his parents decided to send him to Italy to continue his education.
463:
model. However, if it took place beyond the planets, this indicated that the stars, contrary to what was commonly believed, could not be fixed in a '
1340:
1330:
907:
824:
David Freedberg, The Eye of the Lynx: Galileo, His Friends, and the Beginnings of Modern Natural History, University of Chicago Press,2003 p.196
1016:
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91:
took the city in 1591, Willem van Heeck was fined 150 guilders for being a leader of the Catholic party and a collaborator of the hated
1212:
Robert Westman, The Copernican Question: Prognostication, Skepticism, and Celestial Order, University of California Press, 2011 p.385
716:
444:
and Kepler published their accounts of the new star in 1606. Van Heeck was ready to publish before them, sending his manuscript of
380:
541:
514:
One of the Accademia's original founders, Anastasio de Filiis, had died in 1608 and Cesi invited the elderly and highly esteemed
1166:
W.G.L. Randles, The Unmaking of the Medieval Christian Cosmos, 1500–1760: From Solid Heavens to Boundless Æther, Routledge 2016
896:
David F Noble, A World Without Women: The Christian Clerical Culture of Western Science, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2013
1232:
1177:
1093:
943:
Flavia Bruni & Andrew Pettegree, Lost Books: Reconstructing the Print World of Pre-Industrial Europe, Brill, 2016 p.388
571:('On the Destruction of the World and the Mania of Heretics, which in This Age of the World is Greatest in the Netherlands')
1335:
961:
Stillman Drake, Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Toronto Press, 1999 vol.1 p.132
858:
Stillman Drake, Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Toronto Press, 1999 vol.1 p.130
849:
Stillman Drake, Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Toronto Press, 1999 vol.1 p.131
617:
His many observations on his travels are held today in the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Montpellier under the title
399:
330:
Van Heeck referred to the Accademia as 'the most sagacious investigators of the secrets of nature, and dedicated to the
515:
1310:
752:
Scott, Andrew C (2001). "Federico Cesi and his field studies on the origin of fossils between 1610 and 1630".
952:
Michel Conan, Baroque Garden Cultures: Emulation, Sublimation, Subversion, Dumbarton Oaks, vol.25 2005 p.126
403:
274:
887:
Philip Ball, Curiosity: How Science Became Interested in Everything, University of Chicago Press, 2013 p.66
800:
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Philip Ball, Curiosity: How Science Became Interested in Everything, University of Chicago Press, 2013 p.64
441:
327:, the apostle of arcane visions. He also drafted its articles of association and devised its ceremonial.
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201:
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47:
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63:
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Marc Deramaix, Les Académies dans l'Europe humaniste: idéaux et pratiques, Librairie Droz, 2008 p.80
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Frank N. Egerton, Roots of Ecology: Antiquity to Haeckel, University of California Press, 2012 p.45
282:
55:
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310:
149:
92:
59:
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555:('Discourse on the Plague, From Whence It Came Why It Lasted So Many Years in The Netherlands')
1306:
scan of the original manuscript in cipher of van Heeck's “Itineris de septentrionales fructus”
769:
410:
until the latter's death in 1601, and at the time of van Heeck's arrival, was still patron to
352:
88:
25:
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Dottorato in Storia, Filosofia e Didattica delle Scienze, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Cagliari
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Dottorato in Storia, Filosofia e Didattica delle Scienze, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Cagliari
1101:
Dottorato in Storia, Filosofia e Didattica delle Scienze, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Cagliari
761:
467:'. Astronomers (still working with the unaided naked eye at this time) took measurements of
456:
324:
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De mundi pernicie et haereticorum insania, quae in hac mundi senecta apud Belgas maxima est
428:
1233:"Aspetti e Momenti del Dibattito Astronomica nella Prima Accademia dei Lincei (1603-1616)"
1178:"Aspetti e Momenti del Dibattito Astronomica nella Prima Accademia dei Lincei (1603-1616)"
1094:"Aspetti e Momenti del Dibattito Astronomica nella Prima Accademia dei Lincei (1603-1616)"
520:
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153:
67:
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558:
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383:. Later he crossed the Alps and went to England, Norway, France, Poland, Germany and
306:
302:
51:
1268:
908:"Knowledge, Freedom, and Brotherly Love: Homosociality and the Accademia dei Lincei"
1305:
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1131:"Distance : A History of Parallax and Brief Introduction to Standard Candles"
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With financial backing from a supportive bishop, he then studied medicine at the
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Disputatio de peste et quare praecipue grassatur tot ab hinc annis in Belgio
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dedicated to understanding of the natural world through scientific enquiry.
773:
144:, as well as medical, magical and astrological topics. Among these was his
503:, where he had apparently gone to see the famous Mexican herbarium in the
504:
480:
468:
448:('Discussion of the New Star') to Federico Cesi in Rome in January 1605.
364:
240:
43:
1311:
article on deciphering van Heeck's “Itineris de septentrionales fructus”
990:"Kepler's Supernova: Huge 17th-Century Star Explosion Comes into Focus"
471:
to determine whether an object was near the earth or far away from it.
384:
136:
128:
120:
35:
Frontespiece of 'De Nova Stella Disputatio' by Johannes van Heeck, 1605
507:. He probably practised medicine there, and wrote a treatise entitled
697:
Opere di F. Paolo Sarpi, Servita, Vol. 1 J. Mulleri, 1761 pp.7&87
500:
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another treatise on astronomy with numerous diagrams drawn by himself
163:
there are four undated manuscripts dealing with plants and medicine:
124:
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604:) and the other was described as an official of the Archbishop of
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30:
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After several months on the road, he eventually found a place in
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Liber de Regimine Sanitatis Eorum Qui Studio Litterarum Incumbunt
1017:"Cold case: The unsolved mystery of what lit Kepler's supernova"
717:"The Library of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei e Corsiniana"
360:
132:
209:
Homines et Alia Animalia Prodigiosa Variarum Ignotarum Regionum
231:
On the Movement of the Planets Through the Signs of the Zodiac
1221:
J. L. Heilbron, Galileo, Oxford University Press, 2012 p.176
934:
J. L. Heilbron, Galileo, Oxford University Press, 2012 p.175
479:, he concluded that the supernova of 1604 showed no sign of
432:
Kepler's illustration of the 1604 supernova in the foot of
1269:"Accademia dei Lincei – Protagonisti -Anastasio de Filiis"
674:"Accademia dei Lincei – Protagonisti – Johannes van Heeck"
596:; one was assigned to refute the arguments put forward by
347:
In the spring of 1604, Prince Cesi's father the Duke of
267:), written for doctors and for all who 'love philosophy'
869:
Curiosity: How Science Became Interested in Everything
227:
De Planetarum Radiationibus in Singulis Zodiaci Signis
509:
Politeia Catholica de Bono et Malo cum Civil Antidote
1067:"On the New Star in the Foot of the Serpent Handler"
588:
There were two older Giovanni Ecchios, mentioned in
62:, he was one of the four founding members of the
301:, part of the domain of Duke Giovanni Antonio
8:
223:(1598), a summary of astronomical knowledge
218:
176:('Treatise on the Roots of Various Herbs')
174:Tractatus de Radicibus Herbarum Diversarum
87:this reason, when Protestant forces under
801:"ECK, Joannes in "Dizionario Biografico""
883:
881:
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871:, University of Chicago Press, 2013 p.65
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285:views, against which he argued strongly.
261:Cura Coelestis quae Inferorum Appellatur
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406:ever assembled. He had been patron to
560:Itineraris de septentrionales fructus
7:
563:('Fruits of a Journey in the North')
188:('Treatise on Herbs and Vegetables')
619:Fructus itineris ad Septentrionales
271:Super Plinii II Historias Naturales
630:Delle Colombe's book was entitled
289:He practised as a doctor first in
14:
974:. 13 January 2011. Archived from
381:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
186:Tractatus de Herbis et Holeribus
594:History of the Council of Trent
1341:Members of the Lincean Academy
1331:17th-century Dutch naturalists
837:, Roma, Salviucci, 1883, p. 6.
1:
766:10.1016/S0160-9327(00)01372-7
545:Aloisius Zannettus, Rome 1605
82:The siege of Deventer in 1591
46:2 February 1579 – presumably
642:Kepler's book was entitled
213:Of Humans and Other Animals
135:. He stayed for a while in
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543:De nova stella disputatio.
421:
152:('The Threefold Life') of
15:
446:De Nova Stella Disputatio
275:Pliny's 'Natural History'
182:('Treatise on Herbs') and
1231:Barbara Caredda (2008).
1176:Barbara Caredda (2008).
1092:Barbara Caredda (2008).
516:Giambattista della Porta
398:at the court of Emperor
16:Not to be confused with
972:"Rudolph II and Prague"
404:cabinets of curiosities
1273:Lincei-celebrazioni.it
1046:Bibdig.museogalileo.it
915:Innovation.ucdavis.edu
678:Lincei-celebrazioni.it
442:Lodovico delle Colombe
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170:('Treatise on Fruits')
168:De Fructibus Tractatus
148:in which, inspired by
111:Van Heeck traveled to
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36:
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418:The supernova of 1604
202:University of Perugia
81:
34:
1336:Natural philosophers
1242:: 61. Archived from
1187:: 50. Archived from
1103:: 53. Archived from
436:(the serpent-bearer)
318:Accademia dei Lincei
64:Accademia dei Lincei
608:at the same Council
297:in the province of
220:De mundiali machina
180:Tractatus de Herbis
56:Anastasio de Filiis
1249:on 3 November 2018
1194:on 3 November 2018
1110:on 3 November 2018
833:Domenico Carutti,
733:on 31 October 2018
499:In 1608 he was in
453:Aristotelian model
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424:Kepler's Supernova
311:Francesco Stelluti
273:, a commentary on
150:De Vita Libri Tres
93:Philip II of Spain
84:
60:Francesco Stelluti
48:Sant'Angelo Romano
40:Johannes van Heeck
37:
529:Theophilus MĂĽller
353:Roman Inquisition
343:Travels in Europe
281:theory and other
89:Maurice of Nassau
74:Family background
26:Jan van den Hecke
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375:, where he met
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247:angina pectoris
154:Marsilio Ficino
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68:learned society
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1129:B.J. Guillot.
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1071:Galileo.ou.edu
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52:Federico Cesi
49:
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1244:the original
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1189:the original
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461:cosmological
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412:Johan Kepler
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293:and then in
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107:Early career
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66:, the first
39:
38:
22:Jan van Eyck
1326:1579 births
805:Treccani.it
590:Paolo Sarpi
477:Tycho Brahe
408:Tycho Brahe
349:Acquasparta
309:, who sent
295:Scandriglia
255:On Fainting
195:Dioscorides
161:De Regimine
142:Epigrammata
1320:Categories
1278:30 October
1143:30 October
1077:30 October
1051:30 October
1026:30 October
1000:30 October
920:30 October
810:30 October
737:30 October
683:30 October
653:References
602:Johann Eck
491:Later life
422:See also:
367:, then to
332:Paracelsan
283:Copernican
279:geocentric
251:De Syncope
159:Following
18:Johann Eck
1138:Bgfax.com
994:Space.com
754:Endeavour
724:Lincei.it
600:(this is
465:firmament
434:Ophiuchus
400:Rudolf II
249:entitled
101:Calvinist
774:11725311
505:Escorial
481:parallax
469:parallax
365:Florence
241:apoplexy
44:Deventer
455:or the
385:Bohemia
137:Spoleto
129:Bologna
121:Ferrara
1253:2 July
1198:2 July
1114:2 July
772:
501:Madrid
396:Prague
303:Orsini
291:Maenza
125:Venice
1247:(PDF)
1236:(PDF)
1192:(PDF)
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1134:(PDF)
1108:(PDF)
1097:(PDF)
911:(PDF)
731:(PDF)
720:(PDF)
606:Trier
576:Notes
373:Turin
369:Milan
357:Siena
299:Rieti
117:Parma
113:Milan
24:, or
1280:2018
1255:2017
1200:2017
1145:2018
1116:2017
1079:2018
1053:2018
1028:2018
1002:2018
922:2018
812:2018
770:PMID
739:2018
685:2018
371:and
363:and
361:Pisa
133:Rome
131:and
58:and
762:doi
592:'s
42:, (
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