434:
33:
213:
572:
262:
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111:
89:. Within assigned areas, these functional subunits gather information; compare and evaluate legislative alternatives; identify policy problems and propose solutions; select, determine, and report measures for full chamber consideration; monitor executive branch performance (oversight); and investigate allegations of wrongdoing. The investigatory functions have always been a key role. In the tabling and wording of new law, procedures such as the House
965:
102:, written in 1961, American scholar George B. Galloway (1898–1967) wrote: "In practice, Congress functions not as a unified institution, but as a collection of semi-autonomous committees that seldom act in unison." Galloway went on to cite committee autonomy as a factor interfering with the adoption of a coherent legislative program. Such autonomy remains a characteristic feature of the committee system in Congress today.
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237:
flexibility, as if one committee proved unresponsive, another could be established in its place. The Senate could also forgo committee referral for actions on legislation or presidential nominations. These early committees generally consisted of three members for routine business and five members for more important issues. The largest committee established during the
1104:, vol. 7, sect. 1007, gives a short history of the discharge rules from early times to 1935. In 1910 the House established the first known discharge rule since the Civil War. In 1924 the House passed the rule requiring Congressmen's signatures on discharge petitions, and the required number of signatories was 150. . Today's rule is identical to that of 1935.
1417:
1393:
1885:
286:. According to La Follette, he "had immediate visions of cleaning up the whole Potomac River front. Then found that in all its history, the committee had never had a bill referred to it for consideration, and had never held a meeting." In 1920, the Congressional Directory listed nearly 80 committees, including the
1113:
The "21-day rule" applied to the Rules
Committee alone; this rule was in force during 1949–1951, and 1965–1967, and it allowed the chairman of the legislative committee involved to bypass the Rules Committee and report a bill directly to the House floor, provided that three weeks had passed without a
453:
Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration by their respective chambers. They also have oversight responsibility to monitor agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions, and in some cases in areas
146:, a temporary committee established in 1993 to conduct a policy and historical analysis of the committee system, determined that while the 1946 Act was instrumental in streamlining the committee system, it did fail to limit the number of subcommittees allowed on any one committee. Today, Rules in the
597:
are formed by most committees to share specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committee. Subcommittees are responsible to, and work within the guidelines established by, their parent committees. In particular, standing committees usually create subcommittees with legislative jurisdiction
349:
The appointment of Senate committee members is formally made by the whole Senate, and the whole House formally appoints House committee members, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on
236:
committee was established April 7, 1789, to draw up Senate rules of procedure. In those early days, the Senate operated with temporary select committees, which were responsive to the entire Senate, with the full Senate selecting their jurisdiction and membership. This system provided a great deal of
81:
once wrote, "it is not far from the truth to say that
Congress in session is Congress on public exhibition, whilst Congress in its committee rooms is Congress at work." It is not expected that a member of Congress be an expert on all matters and subject areas that come before Congress. Congressional
269:
By 1906, the Senate maintained 66 standing and select committees—eight more committees than members of the majority party. The large number of committees and the manner of assigning their chairmanships suggests that many of them existed solely to provide office space in those days before the Senate
118:
In 1932, a reform movement temporarily reduced the number of signatures required on discharge petitions in the U.S. House of
Representatives from a constitutional majority of 218 down to 145, i.e., from one-half to one-third of the House membership. This reform was abolished in a 1935 counterattack
480:
are established generally by a separate resolution of the chamber, sometimes to conduct investigations and studies, and, on other occasions, also to consider measures. Often, select committees examine emerging issues that do not fit clearly within existing standing committee jurisdictions, or that
258:
Office, "the significance of the change from temporary to permanent committees was perhaps little realized at the time." With the growing responsibilities of the Senate, the committees gradually grew to be the key policy-making bodies of the Senate, instead of merely technical aids to the chamber.
241:
had eleven members, and was created to determine salaries of the president and vice president. Also in the first session, the entire membership of the Senate was divided into two large committees, with half the senators on the committee to prepare legislation establishing the federal judiciary and
97:
The growth in autonomy and overlap of committees has fragmented the power of the Senate and of the House. This dispersion of power may, at times, weaken the legislative branch relative to the other two branches of the federal government, the executive and the judiciary. In his often cited article
93:
process (the process of bringing a bill onto the floor without a committee report or mandatory consent from its leadership) are so laborious and technical that committees, today, dominate the draftsmanship and honing of the detail of many bills laid before
Congress. Of the 73 discharge petitions
76:
that handles a specific duty (rather than the general duties of
Congress). Committee membership enables members to develop specialized knowledge of the matters under their jurisdiction. As "little legislatures", the committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues suitable for
331:
to handle the bulk of legislative issues. In response to the House's need for more detailed advice on certain issues, more specific committees with broader authority were established. One of the first—a three-member committee "to prepare and report an estimate of supplies ... and of nett
340:
over concerns of giving the new department too much authority over revenue proposals. The House felt it would be better equipped if it established a committee to handle the matter. This first
Committee on Ways and Means had 11 members and existed for just two months. It later became a standing
257:
Committees exist largely unchanged today, while the duties of the others have evolved into successor committees. With the advent of this new system, committees are able to handle long-term studies and investigations, in addition to regular legislative duties. According to the Senate
Historical
177:
Congress has convened several other temporary review committees to analyze and make recommendations on ways to reform and improve the committee system. For example, the
Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 led to further reforms to open Congress to further public visibility, strengthen its
481:
cut across jurisdictional boundaries. A select committee may be permanent or temporary (all current select committees in the House and Senate are considered permanent committees). Instead of select, the Senate sometimes uses the term special committee (as in the
Special Committee on Aging).
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353:
In the Senate, each party is allocated seats on committees generally in proportion to its overall strength in the Senate as a whole. Membership on most House committees are also in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House as a whole, with two major exceptions: on the
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2300:
402:
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Between 1994 and 2014, overall committee staffing was reduced by 35 percent. The number of hearings held in the House declined from 6,000 hearings per year in the 1970s, to about 4,000 hearings in 1994, and to just over 2,000 hearings in 2014. Commentators from both
2285:
178:
decision-making capacities, and augment minority rights. The 1970 Act provided for recorded teller votes in the House's
Committee of the Whole; allowed minority party committee members to call their own witnesses during a day of hearings; established the
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392:
An analysis of U.S. House of Representative committee request letters from the 92nd, 93rd, 97th, 98th, 100th, and 101st Congresses showed that the most common justifications raised by members seeking a committee assignment were prior
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to provide budget authority for federal agencies and programs. The Budget Committees establish aggregate levels for total spending and revenue that serve as guidelines for the work of the authorizing and appropriating panels.
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1397:
863:
3495:
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1614:
833:
143:
2903:
2258:
2159:
1684:
1629:
898:
823:
808:
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138:
committees from 33 to 15. Jurisdictions of all committees were codified by rule in their respective chambers, which helped consolidate or eliminate many existing committees and minimize jurisdictional conflicts.
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1923:
2910:
2880:
1848:
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163:
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Most standing committees recommend funding levels—authorizations—for government operations and for new and existing programs. A few have other functions. For example, the Appropriations Committees recommend
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2174:
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1241:
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541:
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602:
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oversees the functions of the Government Printing Office and general printing procedures of the federal government. The chairmanship of joint committees usually alternates between the House and Senate.
397:
experience, geography, and electoral considerations, in that order. About 80 percent of justifications in the letters fell into one of these three categories. Members who request an assignment to the
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3918:
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1879:
1711:
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1644:
848:
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1828:
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1783:
3913:
2704:
2579:
2500:
2295:
1929:
1679:
893:
598:
to consider and report bills. They may assign their subcommittees such specific tasks as the initial consideration of measures and oversight of laws and programs in the subcommittees' areas.
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1745:
623:
283:
3908:
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3182:
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2456:
2451:
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2411:
2406:
2401:
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1939:
1934:
433:
287:
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2818:
2738:
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2361:
2356:
2351:
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2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2169:
2031:
633:
1689:
903:
179:
1451:
3485:
3212:
2567:
1853:
1813:
1729:
936:
878:
771:
726:
513:
386:
4072:
3539:
3427:
3412:
3155:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2726:
2036:
1918:
1904:
1788:
1570:
701:
696:
490:
3866:
2823:
2784:
2774:
2242:
2217:
1798:
1659:
858:
711:
250:
32:
500:
are permanent panels that include members from both chambers, which generally conduct studies or perform housekeeping tasks rather than consider measures. For instance, the
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3891:
3458:
2754:
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1823:
1808:
946:
941:
741:
721:
521:
517:
4434:
3512:
3035:
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290:. By May 27, 1920, the Russell Senate Office Building had opened, and with all Senate members assigned private office space, the Senate quietly abolished 42 committees.
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3387:
2549:
2527:
2069:
1985:
1913:
1803:
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1624:
1619:
924:
873:
818:
813:
716:
378:
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to enforce those rules. Other committees were created as needed, on a temporary basis, to review specific issues for the full House. The House relied primarily on the
159:
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1858:
1843:
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1768:
1717:
1705:
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931:
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803:
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686:
681:
509:
398:
382:
333:
254:
207:
155:
151:
3778:
3507:
2997:
2179:
1900:
1818:
736:
130:, the first and most ambitious restructuring of the standing committee system since the committee system was first developed. The 1946 act reduced the number of
3305:
2959:
2614:
540:
Apart from conference committees, most joint committees are permanent. But temporary joint committees have been created to address specific issues (such as the
37:
245:
This system proved ineffective, so in 1816 the Senate adopted a formal system of 11 standing committees with five members each. Three of those committees, the
3840:
3093:
2915:
2488:
1763:
1634:
1464:
676:
4219:
3835:
3551:
3432:
3150:
3103:
2697:
2099:
1975:
1970:
1778:
1755:
1606:
691:
529:
471:
426:
298:
4001:
3699:
3340:
1260:
537:. Conference committees draft compromises between the positions of the two chambers, which are then submitted to the full House and Senate for approval.
328:
302:
225:
2779:
123:. Thus the era of the Great Depression marks the last across-the-board change, albeit a short-lived one, in the autonomy of House standing committees.
3140:
3066:
2619:
2507:
2232:
1654:
853:
246:
657:. Senate rules fix the maximum size for many of its committees, while the House determines the size and makeup of each committee every new Congress.
4405:
4349:
3689:
3655:
3437:
2992:
2987:
2802:
2237:
2026:
1964:
828:
593:
337:
167:
86:
3546:
3422:
3315:
3192:
2982:
1793:
1596:
912:
706:
627:
549:
359:
4140:
4044:
3947:
3350:
3275:
2649:
2195:
2089:
1833:
997:
883:
792:
751:
650:
639:
607:
584:
355:
147:
131:
127:
3820:
3805:
3732:
3473:
3335:
3125:
2212:
2200:
1297:
4379:
4121:
3810:
2062:
1075:
Source on discharge petitions since 1997: Beginning with the 105th Congress, the House Clerk lists discharge petitions per Congress at its
4384:
4011:
3815:
3727:
3679:
3502:
3397:
3073:
2483:
557:
459:
446:
49:
3768:
3014:
2006:
4163:
4017:
3773:
3260:
2769:
2719:
2222:
1179:
4317:
4292:
4031:
3830:
3650:
3463:
2207:
1499:
187:
94:
submitted to the full House from 1995 through 2007, only one was successful in securing a definitive yea-or-nay vote for a bill.
1550:
323:
was appointed on April 2, 1789, to "prepare and report such standing rules and orders of proceeding" as well as the duties of a
4312:
4049:
4038:
3991:
3704:
2584:
2119:
2055:
4276:
4257:
4240:
3954:
3942:
3825:
3753:
1980:
1156:
1062:
553:
438:
271:
183:
1053:
1023:
4322:
4177:
4106:
3620:
3320:
3078:
3004:
2759:
2714:
1279:
1226:
496:
82:
committees provide valuable informational services to Congress by investigating and reporting about specialized subjects.
4359:
4344:
4302:
4297:
4184:
4127:
3876:
3737:
3667:
3288:
3088:
3083:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2113:
2109:
2105:
533:
is an ad hoc joint committee formed to resolve differences between similar but competing House and Senate versions of a
4262:
4087:
3971:
3684:
3009:
2731:
2594:
501:
85:
Congress divides its legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks among approximately 200 committees and
61:
4307:
4092:
3019:
2680:
1248:
571:
238:
212:
1200:
56:
4369:
4082:
3986:
2001:
1475:
275:
198:
have expressed concern regarding the loss of committee capacity to research and develop legislative initiatives.
1481:
Guide to the Records of the U.S. House of Representatives at the National Archives, 1789-1989 (Record Group 233)
1480:
1470:
3662:
2522:
2517:
2512:
1432:
1408:
646:. Four joint committees operate with members from both houses on matters of mutual jurisdiction and oversight.
4225:
1402:
449:(FEMA) administrator R. David Paulson was answering questions before the committee about the 2009 budget.
17:
4212:
4156:
3966:
3576:
3407:
3265:
3255:
3045:
2972:
2589:
261:
120:
77:
legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses of action to their parent body.
4198:
4116:
3959:
2078:
1516:
301:). These select committees, however, are permanent in nature and are treated as standing committees under
73:
4064:
3207:
3120:
3115:
1530:
3280:
401:
tend to have a greater military presence in their district, while members requesting assignment to the
4268:
4024:
3881:
3672:
3582:
3519:
3402:
2977:
2641:
2094:
1230:
970:
654:
643:
611:
233:
217:
171:
135:
1521:
389:. The chairpersons and ranking members in each committee are also elected by the political parties.
4374:
3981:
3932:
3694:
3645:
3330:
3197:
1485:
1184:
534:
1304:
265:
Governor La Follette of Wisconsin addressing the Chautauqua assembly in Decatur, Illinois in 1905.
110:
4364:
4054:
3392:
3310:
3250:
3130:
2134:
1555:
992:
545:
294:
90:
373:. Four Senate committees instead refer to the ranking minority member as vice chairperson: the
4134:
4098:
4077:
3534:
3270:
3217:
3177:
3162:
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242:
the other half on the committee to define the punishment of crimes against the United States.
221:
3896:
3295:
3145:
2964:
1551:
Committee Assignment Process in the U.S. Senate: Democratic and Republican Party Procedures
653:
generally have more members, due to its larger size, as compared to the smaller 100-member
4111:
3061:
2969:
1543:
1267:
1057:
1027:
984:
430:
are permanent panels identified as such in chamber rules (House Rule X, Senate Rule XXV).
1261:
H. Doc. 100-244, The Committee on Ways and Means a Bicentennial History 1789-1989, page 3
4205:
3377:
3300:
3227:
2624:
1151:
1015:
370:
78:
48:
in 2007 hearing opening statements during a confirmation hearing for a position in the
1428:
the Final Report of the Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress, December 1993
978:
4428:
3529:
3355:
3135:
1175:
1504:
1486:
Chapter 23. Records of the Joint Committees of Congress 1789-1968 (Record Group 128)
4400:
3624:
3524:
3172:
3167:
1509:
1147:
1076:
406:
1476:
Guide to the Records of the U.S. Senate at the National Archives (Record Group 46)
182:; and enhanced the research capabilities of two legislative support agencies: the
1050:
1019:
417:
There are three main types of committees—standing, select or special, and joint.
150:
generally limit each full committee to five subcommittees, with the exception of
3373:
3325:
3232:
3187:
1426:
366:
195:
114:
The second committee room upstairs in Congress Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
45:
1886:
Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
1283:
284:
Committee to Investigate the Condition of the Potomac River Front at Washington
960:
394:
41:
3596:
3202:
405:
generally tend to come from sparsely populated areas with more land held in
279:
288:
Committee on the Disposition of Useless Papers in the Executive Departments
3589:
3040:
2047:
1515:"An Overview of the Development of U.S. Congressional Committees". 2008.
1205:
1114:
rule being reported for floor debate on the bill. See James A. Robinson,
3110:
1347:
3976:
3571:
332:
produce of the impost"—was established on April 29, 1789. The
4171:
First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln
1494:
3453:
1372:
Committee Assignment Politics in the U.S. House of Representatives
570:
432:
358:, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats; and on the
336:
followed on July 24, 1789, during a debate on the creation of the
260:
211:
109:
55:
31:
27:
Legislative working groups of the United States federal government
315:
List of current United States House of Representatives committees
3222:
365:
In each committee, a member of the majority party serves as its
3618:
2941:
2132:
2051:
1559:
4150:
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States
60:
The Senate Armed Services Committee hearing testimony in the
508:
As of June 17, 2017, there were four joint committees: the
220:
passed a joint resolution in 1955 authorizing Army General
2943:
Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media
624:
List of United States House of Representatives committees
1471:
Committee Resource Guide: Committees of the U.S. Senate
568:
Other committees are also used in the modern Congress.
1150:, They are also the high command of the united states
634:
List of defunct United States congressional committees
274:. There were so many committees that freshman Senator
1381:(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1961), pp. 99–100.
369:, while a member of the minority party serves as its
4073:
List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
1298:"Rules – Committee on Standards of Official Conduct"
491:
List of United States congressional joint committees
341:
committee in 1801, a position it still holds today.
4393:
4335:
4285:
4250:
4239:
4063:
4000:
3931:
3849:
3798:
3791:
3746:
3720:
3713:
3636:
3564:
3472:
3446:
3364:
3243:
3054:
3028:
2952:
2863:
2811:
2795:
2747:
2658:
2640:
2633:
2607:
2560:
2476:
2469:
2309:
2251:
2188:
2152:
2145:
2019:
1994:
1957:
1948:
1899:
1872:
1754:
1743:
1698:
1605:
1594:
642:, there are 20 permanent committees, and 21 in the
270:acquired its first permanent office building, the
1118:(New York: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1963), pp. 70, 87;
4192:George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door
3759:Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations
1092:(New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1961), pp. 99–100.
208:List of current United States Senate committees
144:Joint Committee on the Organization of Congress
293:Today the Senate operates with 21 committees (
126:The modern committee structure stems from the
2063:
1571:
1046:
1044:
18:Joint Committee of the United States Congress
8:
1465:National Archives and Records Administration
4220:Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way
1148:Committee System Rules Changes in the House
362:, each party has an equal number of seats.
134:committees from 48 to 19 and the number of
4247:
3795:
3717:
3633:
3615:
3478:
2949:
2938:
2637:
2473:
2149:
2142:
2129:
2070:
2056:
2048:
1954:
1751:
1670:Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
1602:
1578:
1564:
1556:
1495:Committees in the House of Representatives
1404:the United States Senate Committee History
1022:", 1885, quoted in the JCOC Final Report.
869:Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
226:General of the Armies of the United States
166:(6). There are no limits on the number of
4440:Terminology of the United States Congress
1520:
928:(ad hoc, resolves disagreement to a bill)
884:International Narcotics Control (Special)
542:Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
454:that cut across committee jurisdictions.
72:is a legislative sub-organization in the
4435:Committees of the United States Congress
4406:United States Capitol cornerstone laying
659:
3173:Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)
1379:History of the House of Representatives
1090:History of the House of Representatives
1008:
628:List of United States Senate committees
550:Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies
445:and meets regularly. In this instance,
387:Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
100:History of the House of Representatives
2650:Caucuses of the United States Congress
1588:United States congressional committees
1539:
1528:
1500:Committees in the United States Senate
998:Regular order (United States Congress)
864:Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
128:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
1665:Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
1640:Commerce, Science, and Transportation
1374:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2006).
1370:Scott A. Frisch & Sean Q. Kelly,
180:Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs
7:
1615:Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
1170:
1168:
1166:
834:Commerce, Science and Transportation
2281:Expelled, censured, and reprimanded
1685:Small Business and Entrepreneurship
1630:Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
1229:, Senate Historical Minute Essays,
899:Small Business and Entrepreneurship
824:Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
809:Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry
447:Federal Emergency Management Agency
1986:Security and Cooperation in Europe
379:Senate Committee on Indian Affairs
375:Senate Committee on Appropriations
216:After committee deliberation, the
25:
4164:Progress of Civilization Pediment
4018:Congressional Pictorial Directory
2871:By length of service historically
1849:Transportation and Infrastructure
1505:Rules and Precedents of the House
1348:"Committees of the U.S. Congress"
1199:Bartlett, Bruce (April 4, 2017).
767:Transportation and Infrastructure
579:works under the direction of the
383:Senate Select Committee on Ethics
282:was assigned chairmanship of the
164:Transportation and Infrastructure
4032:Official Congressional Directory
3651:Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)
1420: This article incorporates
1415:
1396: This article incorporates
1391:
1280:"Committee on Rules - A History"
977:
963:
913:complete list with subcommittees
793:complete list with subcommittees
3841:Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper
2688:Arab and Middle Eastern members
2585:Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group
2120:Lists of United States Congress
1712:International Narcotics Control
1450:, chapter seven, subsection on
1337:Frisch & Kelly, pp. 108-09.
1328:Frisch & Kelly, pp. 143-45.
1227:Senate Eliminates 42 Committees
1138:29 (January 29, 1971): 257–258.
1132:Congressional Quarterly Almanac
747:Oversight and Government Reform
732:Intelligence (Permanent Select)
38:Senate Armed Services Committee
3943:Congressional Research Service
3690:Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)
2693:Asian Pacific American members
1839:Science, Space, and Technology
1157:Congressional Research Service
1063:Congressional Research Service
757:Science, Space, and Technology
581:Energy and Commerce committees
439:House Appropriations Committee
399:House Armed Services Committee
345:Committee assignment procedure
272:Russell Senate Office Building
184:Congressional Research Service
1:
4178:Surrender of General Burgoyne
3535:Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)
2698:Asian Pacific American Caucus
2291:Lost re-election in a primary
1231:U.S. Senate Historical Office
148:U.S. House of Representatives
4185:Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
4128:The Apotheosis of Washington
3862:Chief Administrative Officer
3700:Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)
2037:Select or special committees
1829:Oversight and Accountability
1650:Environment and Public Works
1645:Energy and Natural Resources
1510:Standing Rules of the Senate
849:Environment and Public Works
839:Energy and Natural Resources
577:Oversight and Investigations
467:Select or special committees
4350:Health and Fitness Facility
4142:Declaration of Independence
2911:Killed or wounded in office
2732:Congressional Jewish Caucus
2705:Hispanic and Latino members
2027:Congressional subcommittees
1784:Education and the Workforce
1266:September 23, 2008, at the
1251:, 1st sess., April 2, 1789.
1201:"How Congress Used to Work"
909:
789:
502:Joint Committee on Printing
334:Committee on Ways and Means
62:Hart Senate Office Building
4456:
3764:Interparliamentary Affairs
3685:Congr. Budget Office (CBO)
3321:Riddick's Senate Procedure
2748:Gender and sexual identity
1965:Capitol Historical Society
1180:"Why is Congress so Dumb?"
1026:December 27, 2006, at the
672:
631:
621:
587:, and met in January 2002.
488:
460:appropriations legislation
312:
205:
4370:Old Supreme Court Chamber
4083:Congressional Prayer Room
3632:
3614:
3530:Congress Hall (1790–1800)
3481:
2948:
2937:
2876:Current members by wealth
2301:Elected but did not serve
2141:
2128:
2085:
1448:Treatise on Twelve Lights
1130:, 92 Congress 1, p. H69;
1116:The House Rules Committee
1051:Committee Types and Roles
1038:English (2003), pp. 46–47
663:House of Representatives
188:General Accounting Office
3663:Architect of the Capitol
3525:Federal Hall (1789–1790)
2666:African-American members
2090:House of Representatives
1680:Rules and Administration
1433:United States Government
1409:United States Government
1126:, 89 Congress 1, p. 21;
1122:, 81 Congress 1, p. 10;
1020:Congressional Government
894:Rules and Administration
651:House of Representatives
640:House of Representatives
608:House of Representatives
403:House Interior Committee
350:the basis of seniority.
4213:Washington at Princeton
4157:Apotheosis of Democracy
3577:Congressional Quarterly
3266:Executive communication
3256:Blue slip (U.S. Senate)
3213:Suspension of the rules
2739:Native American members
2165:By shortness of service
70:congressional committee
4380:Webster Page Residence
4355:House Recording Studio
4199:Revolutionary War Door
3960:Register of Copyrights
3541:Biographical Directory
3010:"Necessary and Proper"
2550:Policy Committee Chair
2528:Policy Committee Chair
2079:United States Congress
1538:Cite journal requires
1422:public domain material
1398:public domain material
603:Committee of the Whole
588:
450:
360:House Ethics Committee
329:Committee of the Whole
266:
229:
115:
74:United States Congress
65:
53:
3705:Technology Assessment
3126:Dear Colleague letter
3121:Continuing resolution
3116:Concurrent resolution
2595:Republican Conference
2535:Republican Conference
2496:President pro tempore
2228:Born outside the U.S.
2002:Democracy Partnership
1446:Robert Struble, Jr.,
879:Intelligence (Select)
610:, but not the modern
575:This subcommittee on
574:
436:
356:House Rules Committee
264:
215:
121:intra-House oligarchy
113:
59:
50:Department of Defense
35:
4269:Mountains and Clouds
4025:Congressional Record
3882:Floor Services Chief
3769:Law Revision Counsel
3520:Continental Congress
3015:Power of enforcement
2978:Contempt of Congress
2881:From multiple states
2834:Mormon (LDS) members
2642:Congressional caucus
2286:Served a single term
2218:Expelled or censured
2160:By length of service
1924:Inaugural Ceremonies
1814:House Administration
1452:"Committee Autonomy"
1377:George B. Galloway,
1178:(January 11, 2019).
1134:, 1967, pp. 180–81;
1120:Congressional Record
1088:George B. Galloway,
971:United States portal
727:House Administration
644:United States Senate
530:conference committee
154:(12 subcommittees),
4293:Building Commission
3774:Legislative Counsel
3695:Library of Congress
3656:Comptroller General
3646:Congressional staff
3331:Senatorial courtesy
2720:Hispanic Conference
2135:Members and leaders
1981:Cyberspace Solarium
1789:Energy and Commerce
1185:The Washington Post
1160:, January 25, 2007,
1102:Cannon's Precedents
702:Energy and Commerce
697:Education and Labor
427:Standing committees
421:Standing committees
413:Types of committees
338:Treasury Department
4365:Old Senate Chamber
4231:VP Bust Collection
4055:United States Code
3987:Jefferson Building
3680:Cap. Guide Service
3547:Divided government
3464:Seal of the Senate
3428:Select and special
3393:Discharge petition
3346:Tie-breaking votes
3311:Recess appointment
3251:Advice and consent
3131:Discharge petition
3074:Appropriation bill
2983:Declaration of war
2175:Non-voting members
2032:Defunct committees
1976:COVID-19 Oversight
1882:(permanent select)
1799:Financial Services
1726:(permanent select)
1714:(permanent caucus)
1176:Pascrell, Bill Jr.
1056:2010-04-23 at the
993:Discharge petition
712:Financial Services
649:Committees in the
618:Current committees
589:
546:American Civil War
477:special committees
451:
443:standing committee
276:Robert La Follette
267:
230:
116:
91:discharge petition
66:
54:
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4135:Statue of Freedom
4099:Statue of Freedom
4078:Brumidi Corridors
4050:Statutes at Large
4004:Publishing Office
3927:
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3560:
3559:
3508:election disputes
3496:speaker elections
3459:Mace of the House
3306:Presiding Officer
3271:Executive session
3218:Unanimous consent
3178:Multiple referral
3163:Lame-duck session
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2859:
2858:
2659:Ethnic and racial
2603:
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2590:Democratic Caucus
2513:Democratic Caucus
2465:
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2045:
2044:
2015:
2014:
1895:
1894:
1854:Veterans' Affairs
1824:Natural Resources
1809:Homeland Security
1739:
1738:
1690:Veterans' Affairs
1660:Foreign Relations
1286:on July 30, 2008.
1206:POLITICO Magazine
954:
953:
916:
904:Veterans' Affairs
859:Foreign Relations
796:
772:Veterans' Affairs
742:Natural Resources
722:Homeland Security
558:vice-presidential
251:Foreign Relations
222:Douglas MacArthur
202:Senate committees
16:(Redirected from
4447:
4248:
4065:Capitol Building
4039:U.S. Gov. Manual
3992:Madison Building
3955:Copyright Office
3919:Sergeant at Arms
3877:Floor Operations
3796:
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3634:
3616:
3479:
3296:Morning business
3183:House procedures
3146:Joint resolution
2950:
2939:
2819:Buddhist members
2638:
2474:
2296:Switched parties
2243:Switched parties
2180:Unseated members
2170:Youngest members
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1967:(advisory group)
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497:Joint committees
485:Joint committees
325:Sergeant-at-Arms
309:House committees
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3621:Capitol Complex
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3552:Party divisions
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3244:Senate-specific
3239:
3094:Closed sessions
3062:Act of Congress
3050:
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3020:Taxing/spending
2944:
2925:
2916:Party switchers
2885:Died in office
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2760:Equality Caucus
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2715:Hispanic Caucus
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1441:Further reading
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1310:on July 7, 2010
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985:Politics portal
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804:Aging (Special)
717:Foreign Affairs
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321:House committee
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1454:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1413:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1289:
1271:
1253:
1234:
1219:
1191:
1162:
1152:110th Congress
1140:
1106:
1094:
1081:
1068:
1040:
1031:
1016:Woodrow Wilson
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
988:
974:
958:
955:
952:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
919:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
874:Indian Affairs
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
819:Armed Services
816:
814:Appropriations
811:
806:
799:
787:
786:
779:
777:Ways and Means
774:
769:
764:
762:Small Business
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:Armed Services
684:
682:Appropriations
679:
671:
670:
667:
664:
619:
616:
615:
614:
599:
565:
562:
489:Main article:
486:
483:
468:
465:
422:
419:
414:
411:
371:ranking member
346:
343:
310:
307:
203:
200:
156:Armed Services
152:Appropriations
107:
104:
79:Woodrow Wilson
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4452:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4407:
4404:
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4399:
4398:
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4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
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4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
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4246:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
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4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4196:
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4182:
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4159:
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4147:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4117:Statuary Hall
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
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4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Poet Laureate
3970:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:Reading Clerk
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
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3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
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3848:
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3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3754:Congr. Ethics
3752:
3751:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3706:
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3698:
3696:
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3691:
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3649:
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3635:
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3626:
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3617:
3613:
3599:
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3575:
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3570:
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3563:
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3528:
3526:
3523:
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3518:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3486:House history
3484:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3439:
3438:Subcommittees
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:List (Senate)
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3356:Treaty Clause
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:Joint session
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Enrolled bill
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2936:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:Hindu members
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2785:current House
2783:
2781:
2780:Issues Caucus
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2620:Apportionment
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112: →
2111:
2108: ←
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:Joint session
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1750:
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1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
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1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1244:House Journal
1238:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1003:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
980:
975:
972:
961:
956:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
920:
918:
914:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
798:
794:
785:
784:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
673:
668:
665:
662:
661:
658:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
635:
629:
625:
617:
613:
609:
606:—used by the
605:
604:
600:
596:
595:
594:Subcommittees
591:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
569:
563:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
532:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
499:
498:
492:
484:
482:
479:
478:
474:
466:
464:
461:
455:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
351:
344:
342:
339:
335:
330:
326:
322:
316:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
243:
240:
235:
227:
223:
219:
214:
209:
201:
199:
197:
196:major parties
191:
189:
185:
181:
175:
173:
169:
168:subcommittees
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
112:
105:
103:
101:
95:
92:
88:
87:subcommittees
83:
80:
75:
71:
63:
58:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
4401:Capitol Hill
4267:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4133:
4126:
4097:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
3625:Capitol Hill
3595:
3588:
3581:
3540:
3418:List (House)
3413:List (Joint)
3383:Of the Whole
3365:
3289:
3282:
3281:Jefferson's
3168:Magic minute
2921:Slave owners
2904:2000–present
2850:Sikh members
2848:
2755:LGBT members
2681:Black Caucus
2457:118th (2023)
2452:117th (2021)
2447:116th (2019)
2442:115th (2017)
2437:114th (2015)
2432:113th (2013)
2427:112th (2011)
2422:111th (2009)
2417:110th (2007)
2412:109th (2005)
2407:108th (2003)
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2377:102nd (1991)
2372:101st (1989)
2367:100th (1987)
2007:Human Rights
1914:(Conference)
1880:Intelligence
1730:Intelligence
1587:
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