2913:. That enables corporations to "socialize their costs" for the primary benefit of shareholders; to socialize a cost is to spread it to society in general. The economic rationale is that it allows anonymous trading in the shares of the corporation by eliminating the corporation's creditors as a stakeholder in such a transaction. Without limited liability, a creditor would probably not allow any share to be sold to a buyer at least as creditworthy as the seller. Limited liability further allows corporations to raise large amounts of finance for their enterprises by combining funds from many owners of stock. Limited liability reduces the amount that a shareholder can lose in a company. That increases the attraction to potential shareholders and so increases both the number of willing shareholders and the amount they are likely to invest. However, some jurisdictions also permit another type of corporation in which shareholders' liability is unlimited, for example the
1878:(c.1202–61). Although the dealings it describes are perhaps more complex than those practiced a century earlier, it essentially deals with a kind of investment and division of profits that for sure would have been made in the twelfth if not also the eleventh century: a four-party partnership that collectively made an investment (of 424,000 strings of cash) in a Chinese trading venture to southeast Asia. Each party's original investment consisted of precious metals like silver and gold and commodities like salt, paper, and monk certificates (and their accruing tax exemption). Yet the value of their individual investments varied considerably, as much as eightfold. Likewise, each party's share of the profits varied greatly, evidently in proportion to its overall share in the total investment. While social and family ties may have shaped the circle of potential coinvestors, they affected little, if at all, an investor's eventual share of the profits, or losses.
2846:(shareholders) from "corporate" losses or liabilities; losses are limited to the number of shares owned. It furthermore creates an inducement to new investors (marketable stocks and future stock issuance). Corporate statutes typically empower corporations to own property, sign binding contracts, and pay taxes in a capacity separate from that of its shareholders, who are sometimes referred to as "members". The corporation is also empowered to borrow money, both conventionally and directly to the public, by issuing interest-bearing bonds. Corporations subsist indefinitely; "death" comes only by absorption (takeover) or bankruptcy. According to
4046:, corporations have certain rights that attach to natural persons. The vast majority of them attach to corporations under state law, especially the law of the state in which the company is incorporated – since the corporations very existence is predicated on the laws of that state. A few rights also attach by federal constitutional and statutory law, but they are few and far between compared to the rights of natural persons. For example, a corporation has the personal right to bring a lawsuit (as well as the capacity to be sued) and, like a natural person, a corporation can be libeled.
2058:
1902:
2988:" because any profits distributed to shareholders will eventually be taxed twice. One solution, followed by as in the case of the Australian and UK tax systems, is for the recipient of the dividend to be entitled to a tax credit to address the fact that the profits represented by the dividend have already been taxed. The company profit being passed on is thus effectively taxed only at the rate of tax paid by the eventual recipient of the dividend.
1894:
3039:
bad year or slow period in the company profits. Closely held companies often have a better relationship with workers. In larger, publicly traded companies, often after only one bad year, the first area to feel the effects is the workforce with layoffs or worker hours, wages or benefits being cut. Again, in a closely held business the shareholders can incur the profit damage rather than passing it to the workers.
3720:. A joint-stock company must be incorporated, has an independent legal personality and limited liability, and is required to have a certain capital upon incorporation. Ordinary joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 30,000 upon incorporation, which was reduced from 100,000 in 2012. Publicly traded joint-stock companies must have a minimum capital of NOK 1 million.
1687:
4193:
3035:
corporation can often voluntarily take a hit to profit with little to no repercussions if it is not a sustained loss. A publicly traded company often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders, thus stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often, that blow is enough to make a small public company fail.
2150:
2023:. The development enhanced the ability of joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors, as they could now easily dispose of their shares. In 1612, it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability. The joint-stock company became a more viable financial structure than previous
51:
3942:. Generically, any business entity that is recognized as distinct from the people who own it (i.e., is not a sole proprietorship or a partnership) is a corporation. This generic label includes entities that are known by such legal labels as 'association', 'organization' and 'limited liability company', as well as corporations proper.
3958:
its own name like buildings, land and equipment. It can also incur liabilities and enter into contracts like franchising and leasing. American corporations can be either profit-making companies or non-profit entities. Tax-exempt non-profit corporations are often called "501(c)3 corporations," after the section of the
2857:...a corporation is an abstraction. It has no mind of its own any more than it has a body of its own; its active and directing will must consequently be sought in the person of somebody who is really the directing mind and will of the corporation, the very ego and centre of the personality of the corporation.
3038:
Often, communities benefit from a closely held company more so than from a public company. A closely held company is far more likely to stay in a single place that has treated it well even if that means going through hard times. Shareholders can incur some of the damage the company may receive from a
2965:
and other data so that creditors who do business with the corporation are able to assess the creditworthiness of the corporation and cannot enforce claims against shareholders. Shareholders, therefore, experience some loss of privacy in return for limited liability. That requirement generally applies
5053:
atum bank USA today published in a way that's the kids and the kids and my kids are in their own state and my daughter is the first time the kids have to have a lot of time no longer a lot more important 666666inches in a way to do and to do vifyfs4ae4s5fhigiofieienkfjsiwyrt5.yyir the kids and their
3957:
stated: "A corporation is an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of the law." A corporation is a legal entity, distinct and separate from the individuals who create and operate it. As a legal entity the corporation can acquire, own, and dispose of property in
3042:
The affairs of publicly traded and closely held corporations are similar in many respects. The main difference in most countries is that publicly traded corporations have the burden of complying with additional securities laws, which (especially in the US) may require additional periodic disclosure
1799:
A joint-stock company is an artificial person; it has legal existence separate from persons composing it. It can sue and can be sued in its own name. It is created by law, established for commercial purposes, and comprises a large number of members. The shares of each member can be purchased, sold,
2950:. (However a corporation can be dissolved by a government authority by putting an end to its existence as a legal entity. That rarely happens unless the company breaks the law, for example, fails to meet annual filing requirements or, in certain circumstances, if the company requests dissolution.)
3034:
and can delegate debt throughout all shareholders. Therefore, shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies, however, can suffer from that advantage. A closely held
4011:
Once incorporated, a corporation has artificial personhood everywhere it may operate, until such time as the corporation may be dissolved. A corporation that operates in one state while being incorporated in another is a "foreign corporation". This label also applies to corporations incorporated
4007:
Corporations are created by filing the requisite documents with a particular state government. The process is called "incorporation", referring to the abstract concept of clothing the entity with a "veil" of artificial personhood (embodying, or "corporating" it, 'corpus' being the Latin word for
3026:
Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make company-changing decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, as there will generally be fewer voting shareholders, and the shareholders would have common
1819:
Provided sales and assets exist within the company, a joint-stock company is effectively a forum for three- party trading: Owners, i.e. shareholders, are seeking financial funds (profits) and offer economic assets, in the form of capital. Employees, contractors and other contracted parties seek
4015:
A corporation is legally a citizen of the state (or other jurisdiction) in which it is incorporated (except when circumstances direct the corporation be classified as a citizen of the state in which it has its head office, or the state in which it does the majority of its business). Corporate
2845:
The existence of a corporation requires a special legal framework and body of law that specifically grants the corporation legal personality, and it typically views a corporation as a fictional person, a legal person, or a moral person (as opposed to a natural person) which shields its owners
1815:
A joint-stock company also differs from other company forms, as it lacks internal ownership (hence its shareholders). This means that although the shareholder(s) in the joint-stock company may also work for the company as employees or by contract, when they act as shareholders they are always
4003:
having to obtain a charter for each one from the state legislature (as was formerly the case in the 19th century). Many states have separate, self-contained laws authorizing the formation and operation of certain specific types of corporations that are wholly independent of the state general
2872:
This 'directing will' is embodied in a corporate Board of
Directors. The legal personality has two economic implications. It grants creditors (as opposed to shareholders or employees) priority over the corporate assets upon liquidation. Second, corporate assets cannot be withdrawn by its
2933:
and structure of the corporation may continue beyond the lifetimes of its shareholders and bondholders. That allows stability and the accumulation of capital, which is thus available for investment in larger and longer-lasting projects than if the corporate assets were subject to
3369:
According to the
Ministry of Economy's Business and Society Registry, SpAs accounted for 71.42% of new businesses in October 2023. SpAs are popular in Chile for their legal structure that offers flexibility and freedoms not found in other business types. Key features include:
5054:
own families than our fathers who are at the same age and have the right of my parents for the children of the world to be in a good place for you have a great deal 4th year 4th year of the world health 222inches and I have a lot more than host to the next generation of
4080:
and over 200 village corporations that were entitled to a settlement of land and cash. In addition to the 12 regional corporations, the legislation permitted a 13th regional corporation without a land settlement for those Alaska
Natives living out of the
3023:, or closely held, so there is no ready market for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies, but the size of such a corporation can be as vast as the largest public corporations.
3133:, identified by "SA" or "Companhia" in the company's name, equivalent to the British public limited company. The "Ltda." is mainly governed by the new Civil Code, enacted in 2002, and the "SA", by Law 6.404, dated December 15, 1976, as amended.
4064:
in 1650. Significantly, Massachusetts itself was a corporate colony at that time – owned and operated by the
Massachusetts Bay Company (until it lost its charter in 1684) – so Harvard College is a corporation created by a corporation.
3824:
which gave a rise of another term "Red directors". Many companies started to be sold at open market and commercialized. Those companies were transformed in joint-stock companies by selling their shares for mutual cooperation and investment.
3043:(with more stringent requirements), stricter corporate governance standards as well as additional procedural obligations in connection with major corporate transactions (for example, mergers) or events (for example, elections of directors).
3366:(often abbreviated "SpA"). They were created in 2007 by Law N° 20.190, and they are the most recent variety of societary types, as they represent a simplified form of corporation – originally conceived for venture capital companies.
3027:
interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market, with capital flow in and out based not only on what the company is doing but also on what the market and even what the competitors, major and minor, are doing.
2873:
shareholders, and assets of the firm cannot be taken by personal creditors of its shareholders. The second feature requires special legislation and a special legal framework, as it cannot be reproduced via standard contract law.
3820:, Ukraine's economy, along with those of the rest of the former Soviet republics, was further liberalized. Along with private entrepreneurship, many state owned companies were privatized, primarily by the former party's
4016:
business law differs dramatically from state to state. Many prospective corporations choose to incorporate in a state whose laws are most favorable to its business interests. Many large corporations are incorporated in
1811:
The shareholders also vote to accept or reject an annual report and audited set of accounts. Individual shareholders can sometimes stand for directorships within the company if a vacancy occurs, but that is uncommon.
3377:
Management and
Administration: SpAs provide various management options, adaptable to partner needs, with easy changes in partnership composition through share trading, supporting agile and customized management
2991:
In other systems, dividends are taxed at a lower rate than other income (for example, in the US), or shareholders are taxed directly on the corporation's profits, while dividends are not taxed (for example,
3980:. Thus, virtually all corporations in the U.S. are incorporated under the laws of a particular state. A major exception to the federal non-participation in the incorporation of private businesses is in
3381:
Single
Shareholder: SpAs can have one shareholder, offering total control to individual entrepreneurs, with shareholder liability limited to their contributions, protecting personal assets in financial
4004:
corporation law. For example, in
California, nonprofit corporations are incorporated under the Nonprofit Corporation Law, and in Illinois, insurers are incorporated under the Illinois Insurance Code.
3054:), which may itself be either a closely held or a public corporation. In some jurisdictions, the subsidiary of a listed public corporation is also defined as a public corporation (for example, in
2102:. Initially, companies incorporated under this Act did not have limited liability, but it became common for companies to include a limited liability clause in their internal rules. In the case of
1897:
The transfer letter from 1288 through which Bishop Peter of Västerås reacquires an eighth of
Tiskasjöberg, Kopparberget. The original can be found at Riksarkivet (National Archive) in Stockholm.
1862:, merchants who operated their businesses using investors' funds, with investor compensation based on profit-sharing, reducing the risk of individual merchants and burdens of interest payment.
3374:
Flexibility and
Simplification: SpAs have a flexible, simplified corporate structure, allowing for a range of commercial activities under one social objective, ideal for diversified ambitions.
3296:
2077:
2050:. Joint-stock companies paid out divisions (dividends) to their shareholders by dividing up the profits of the voyage in the proportion of shares held. Divisions were usually cash, but when
3385:
Legal and Tax
Requirements: SpAs must meet specific legal and tax requirements, including registered addresses and legal representatives, with the option for full or simplified accounting.
3016:
in the United States) whose shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations.
3999:
All states have some kind of "general corporation law" (California, Delaware, Kansas, Nevada and Ohio actually use that exact name) which authorizes the formation of private corporations
2863:
4060:(also known as the Harvard Corporation), is the oldest corporation in the western hemisphere. Founded in 1636, the second of Harvard's two governing boards was incorporated by the
4008:'body'). Only certain corporations, including banks, are chartered. Others simply file their articles of incorporation with the state government as part of a registration process.
2984:
In many countries, corporate profits are taxed at a corporate tax rate, and dividends paid to shareholders are taxed at a separate rate. Such a system is sometimes referred to as "
3712:. A special and by far less common form of joint-stock companies, intended for companies with a large number of shareholders, is the publicly traded joint-stock companies, called
3344:
in 1670, and became a Canadian charter by amendment in 1970 when it moved its corporate headquarters from London to Canada. Federally recognized corporations are regulated by the
2116:
provided for limited liability for all joint-stock companies provided, among other things, that they included the word "limited" in their company name. The landmark case of
1773:(shareholders are liable for the company's debts only to the value of the money they have invested in the company). Therefore, joint-stock companies are commonly known as
4375:. Lopez, Robert S. (Robert Sabatino), 1910-1985., Raymond, Irving W. (Irving Woodworth), 1898-1964., Constable, Olivia Remie. New York: Columbia University Press. 2001.
1717:
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outside of the United States. Foreign corporations must usually register with the secretary of state's office in each state to lawfully conduct business in that state.
2054:
was low and detrimental to the survival of the company, divisions were either postponed or paid out in remaining cargo, which could be sold by shareholders for profit.
4072:, for example, follows the model of New York State corporate law. In addition to typical corporations in the United States, the federal government, in 1971 passed the
3082:
2699:
600:
1808:
Ownership refers to a large number of privileges. The company is managed on behalf of the shareholders by a board of directors, elected at an annual general meeting.
3389:
These attributes make SpAs an attractive choice for entrepreneurs and small businesses in Chile, offering a balance of flexibility, control, and legal protection.
2657:
558:
2909:
for the corporation's debts and obligations. As a result, their losses cannot exceed the amount that they contributed to the corporation as dues or payment for
2415:
1820:
compensation and offer labor for this. Utilisers, ie customers, clients and other stakeholders, seek products and services, and offer financial funds for this.
316:
1961:
3945:
Only a company that has been formally incorporated according to the laws of a particular state is called a "corporation." A corporation was defined in the
3805:
were state owned and private entrepreneurship was strictly prohibited and criminally prosecuted. Following the Gorbachev initiated broad spectrum reforms (
1941:
were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the mills the society owned, making it probably the first company of its kind in history. The
3993:
3421:
2095:, with large numbers of members. Nevertheless, membership of such associations was usually for a short term so their nature was constantly changing.
4284:
4057:
3515:
2612:
513:
1854:, the earliest form of joint stock company with an active partner and one or two passive investors. By the Song dynasty this had expanded into the
3328:
have corporate statutes, and thus a corporation may be incorporated either provincially or federally. Many older corporations in Canada stem from
2821:
722:
3561:
and public limited company, having two categories of shareholders, some with and some without limited liability, and is rarely used in practice.
2946:
times, when land donated to the Church (a corporation) would not generate the feudal fees that a lord could claim upon a landholder's death: see
4031:, which does not require disclosure of share ownership. Many states, particularly smaller ones, have modeled their corporate statutes after the
3842:
In 2009 further reforms were introduced and open joint-stock companies were forced to be restructured as public joint-stock company (Ukrainian:
1867:
1823:
The shareholders are usually not liable for any of the company debts that extend beyond the company's ability to pay up to the amount of them.
3920:, which is an office held by an individual natural person (the incumbent), but which has a continuing legal entity separate from that person.
4133:
2850:
2516:
2325:
1710:
786:
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226:
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405:
349:
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2046:, which is evidenced by investment in companies like the East India Company, which used the financing model to manage their trade on the
4073:
3030:
However, publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more
2386:
1800:
and transferred without the consent of other members. Its capital is divided into transferable shares, suitable for large undertakings.
287:
4319:
3954:
2174:
1910:
1414:
75:
5084:
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4583:
Fawcett, Sir Charles (1937). "The Striped Flag of the East India Company, and its connexion with the American 'Stars and Stripes'".
4380:
4265:
4240:
3219:
2453:
1271:
354:
3902:("Limited" or "Ltd"). Private limited companies can either be limited by shares or by guarantee. Other corporate forms include the
5064:
4565:
John F. Padgett, Walter W. Powell. The Emergence of Organizations and Markets. (Princeton University Press, 2012. Oct 14, 2012).
3346:
2530:
2431:
1703:
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431:
332:
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4020:, for example, without being physically located there because that state has very favorable corporate tax and disclosure laws.
3973:
3817:
2914:
2118:
4211:
3117:, identified by "Ltda." or "Limitada" after the company's name, equivalent to the British limited liability company, and (ii)
4570:
4482:
4032:
2970:
jurisdictions, except for publicly traded corporations (for which financial disclosure is required for investor protection).
2113:
2099:
4139:
3989:
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Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. An early form of joint-stock company was the medieval
1691:
1436:
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257:
191:
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As in the rest former Soviet republics (predominantly Russia) in Ukraine were created following commercial companies:
2814:
2727:
2204:
2080:, and it was limited because of the government's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted.
1837:
1544:
1431:
1381:
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105:
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In many jurisdictions, corporations whose shareholders benefit from limited liability are required to publish annual
4741:
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4404:
4157:
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3889:
2423:
2199:
2184:
2088:
1574:
324:
100:
85:
4127:
4111:
3259:
3243:
3195:
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1750:(certificates of ownership). Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects to the
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673:
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267:
95:
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Consequently, registration and incorporation of companies, without specific legislation, was introduced by the
2069:
2016:
1866:
The operation of these joint investment partnerships can be examined in a mathematical problem included in the
1762:
1594:
1569:
1305:
1015:
949:
919:
568:
435:
110:
70:
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has documented a stock transfer for an eighth of the company (or more specifically, the mountain in which the
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3333:
3255:
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2297:
1938:
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existed to bridge the gap between for-profit companies and non-governmental and non-profit organizations.
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4661:... they have become a superb instrument for the capitalization of gain and the socialization of cost.
4017:
3933:
3913:
Some corporations, both public and private sector, are formed by Royal Charter or Act of Parliament.
3870:
3778:
form of the private limited company is called товариство з обмеженою відповідальністю (ТОВ or ТзОВ).
3673:
3640:(持分会社), a form for smaller enterprises, are becoming increasingly common. Between 2002 and 2008, the
3578:
3315:
2962:
2757:
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still provide the possibility of registering joint-stock companies without limited liability. In the
1751:
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1293:
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Almost every recognized type of organization carries out some economic activities (for example, the
3801:. Due to specifics of the Soviet economy, all enterprises in the Soviet republic as the rest of the
4973:
Fisher, F. J. (1933). "Some experiments in company organization in the early seventeenth century".
4816:
4173:
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passed before the introduction of general corporation law. The oldest corporation in Canada is the
2947:
2902:
2732:
2486:
2458:
2312:
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2057:
2047:
1997:
1785:
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4312:
A Brief History of Entrepreneurship: The Pioneers, Profiteers, and Racketeers Who Shaped Our World
3254:) that can be traded in a free market or stock exchanges in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (listed in
4990:
4961:
4538:
4530:
4398:
4053:
3895:
3782:
3775:
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3503:
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2189:
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1957:
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1391:
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1223:
1188:
879:
553:
473:
446:
126:
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4507:
3008:, which means that the company's shares are traded on a public stock exchange (for example, the
4715:
1901:
5042:
4849:
4716:"www.crhovrs.org - Centralni registar hartija od vrijednosti, akcionarsko društvo, Banja Luka"
4650:
4566:
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Many nations have modeled their own corporate laws on American business law. Corporate law in
3985:
3907:
3329:
3211:
3169:
2935:
2918:
2712:
2582:
2470:
2345:
2307:
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1276:
1183:
1153:
1090:
884:
613:
483:
371:
246:
208:
203:
5024:
Lobban, M. (1996). "Corporate identity and limited liability in France and England 1825–67".
2061:
The flag of the East India Company, which is speculated to have influenced the design of the
4982:
4953:
4592:
4522:
4198:
4043:
3917:
3630:
3532:
3173:
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691:
678:
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523:
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3869:
Minimum amount of share capital is 1,250 minimum wages (as of 1 January 2017 ₴4,000,000 or
4643:
4508:"Mercantilism as Strategic Trade Policy: The Anglo-Dutch Rivalry for the East India Trade"
4121:
4116:
4100:
4082:
4049:
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3636:
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3031:
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1965:
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894:
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341:
166:
5004:
Joint-Stock Enterprise in France 1807–1867: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation
4103:). Other organizations that may carry out activities that are generally considered to be
2122:
established that a company with legal liability, not being a partnership, had a distinct
2083:
As a result of the rapid expansion of capital-intensive enterprises in the course of the
1816:
exterior to the company, which may help keep ownership business-oriented and impersonal.
5013:
4077:
3398:
3051:
2032:
2027:
or state-regulated companies. The first joint-stock companies to be implemented in the
1789:
1649:
1178:
1173:
1100:
1095:
1085:
939:
914:
889:
1925:, although it was usually employed for a single commercial expedition. Around 1350 in
1893:
5073:
4178:
3939:
3497:
3337:
3081:
corporations are registered and regulated by the Commonwealth Government through the
2993:
2979:
2840:
2642:
2524:
2491:
2141:
2073:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1792:
and in other countries that have adopted its model of company law, they are known as
1758:
1739:
1624:
1060:
907:
543:
425:
392:
42:
4542:
4596:
4206:
4069:
3802:
2602:
2592:
2112:
held that such clauses bound people who have notice of them. Four years later, the
1847:
1843:
1203:
1080:
1070:
782:
503:
493:
17:
4944:
Ekelund, R.B.; Tollison, R.D. (1980). "Mercantilist origins of the corporation".
4672:
3813:
and permission for organization of public economic entities called cooperatives.
4168:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3493:
2939:
2898:
2738:
2275:
2260:
2255:
2092:
2009:
1993:
1875:
1774:
1743:
1659:
1198:
839:
824:
819:
639:
176:
161:
156:
4926:
4188:
4076:(ANCSA), which authorized the creation of 12 regional native corporations for
3602:
3047:
2967:
2795:
2561:
2511:
752:
696:
462:
412:
4431:
3677:(a/s, A/S or AS), whereas a private, 'limited liability company' is called a
3671:, which uses a model similar to Germany, a public stock company is called an
4905:
4451:
4390:
3078:
3055:
1914:
1133:
1035:
1028:
4853:
1686:
4370:
3681:(SIA). State-owned variants of these companies add an initial capital V (
3628:) is used to refer to business corporations. The predominant form is the
3436:
3325:
3271:
2943:
2767:
2028:
2020:
2005:
1930:
1922:
1842:
The earliest records of joint-stock companies appear in China during the
969:
924:
668:
3750:
there are two types of companies with limited liability: (i) "S.L.", or
2087:
in Europe and the United States, many businesses came to be operated as
1746:. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by their
4994:
4965:
4534:
4372:
Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world : illustrative documents
4024:
3798:
3489:
3485:
2245:
1956:
In more recent history, the earliest joint-stock company recognized in
804:
146:
3976:
can only create corporate entities pursuant to relevant powers in the
4028:
3966:
3965:
In some states, such as Colorado, a corporation may represent itself
3668:
3321:
3098:
3013:
2930:
2910:
1996:
on December 31, 1600 with the intention of establishing trade on the
1950:
1942:
1926:
4986:
4957:
3634:(株式会社), used by public corporations as well as smaller enterprises.
4526:
3512:(or corporations in US/Can) in the English-speaking world, and the
3222:(Federation of BiH and RS entity level) as a legal entity that has
3004:
The institution most often referenced by the word "corporation" is
2149:
1980:
was granted in 1555. The most notable joint-stock company from the
50:
4420:"Opinion | The Self-Destruction of the 1 Percent (Published 2012)"
3747:
3570:
3359:
2056:
2024:
1946:
1900:
1892:
1761:, the existence of a joint-stock company is often synonymous with
1607:
769:
5015:
The Development of the Business Corporation in England, 1800–1867
3981:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
2905:, shareholders of a modern business corporation have "limited"
1858:, a large pool of shareholders with management in the hands of
4931:(vols. 1–2 ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4817:"La Sociedad por Acciones o SpA, Características y Requisitos"
4035:, one of many model sets of law prepared and published by the
3109:), but the two most common ones commercially speaking are (i)
2408:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
1213:
309:
Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales)
4792:"Informe de creación de empresas y cooperativas octubre 2023"
3988:, banks may receive charters from the federal government as
2126:
that was separate from that of its individual shareholders.
4906:"Judge Boyette rules on corporate rights to self-represent"
3877:
3336:; though its business has always been based in Canada, its
3210:
The specified form of organization means that the company (
3000:
Closely held corporations and publicly traded corporations
4645:
One from Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization
3535:
recognizes three types of company limited by shares: the
3938:
Several types of conventional corporations exist in the
3860:
3848:
3791:
3601:. Non-profit corporations may be established under the
3284:
3276:
2042:
Transferable shares aim to achieve positive returns on
1964:, founded in 1551 with 240 shareholders. It became the
4928:
Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations
4349:"Dutch student finds world's oldest share certificate"
3500:
recognize two forms of company limited by shares: the
4285:"Advantages and Disadvantages of Joint Stock Company"
3573:, both the state and local public entities under the
3180:
3150:
4279:
4277:
3085:. Corporations law has been largely codified in the
2864:
Lennard's Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd
3992:, subjecting them to the regulation of the federal
3962:that addresses the tax exemption for many of them.
3553:, or S.r.l.), and the publicly traded partnership (
2000:. The charter effectively granted the newly formed
5041:(22nd ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
5012:
5006:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
4642:
4260:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 117.
3101:there are many different types of legal entities (
4521:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1296–1314.
3898:. The most common type of company is the private
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3083:Australian Securities and Investments Commission
4911:Volume 3 Issue 6. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
4314:. Columbia University Press. pp. 110–113.
3878:National Securities and Stock Market Commission
3652:
3617:
3594:
3301:
2855:
1864:
3704:In Norway, a joint-stock company is called an
3646:
3611:
3588:
3557:, or S.a.p.a.). The latter is a hybrid of the
2416:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
1850:. The Tang dynasty saw the development of the
317:Scottish charitable incorporated organisation
3854:) or private joint-stock company (Ukrainian:
3401:form of the public limited company is called
2815:
2019:issued shares that were made tradable on the
1711:
716:
8:
3513:
3501:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
1962:Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands
4892:"Company and business formation in Ukraine"
4649:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p. 140.
4258:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 1
4107:exist under the laws of various countries:
3429:
3419:
3411:
3403:
5065:The History of the Corporate Business Firm
5019:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4256:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).
4235:(2nd ed.). Butterworths. p. 26.
3880:is the main stock market state authority.
3019:However, the majority of corporations are
2822:
2808:
2332:
2128:
1953:resource was available) as early as 1288.
1718:
1704:
734:
723:
709:
233:
29:
4772:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile
4027:or asset protection often incorporate in
3994:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
5039:Mayson, French & Ryan on Company Law
4904:Brachfeld, Aaron, USDA (February 2012).
4062:Great and General Court of Massachusetts
4058:President and Fellows of Harvard College
3781:Several types of joint stock companies (
3417:) and its private counterpart is called
2882:
1968:, which had a monopoly on trade between
1868:Mathematical treatise in nine sections (
4223:
2553:
2478:
2397:
2335:
2140:
1883:Joseph P. McDermott and Shiba Yoshinobu
737:
454:
379:
298:
236:
41:
4842:Cross-Border Mergers in Europe, Vol. 1
4396:
4334:
3996:rather than state banking regulators.
3362:form of joint-stock company is called
2517:Limited liability limited partnership
2432:Industrial and provident society
418:Limited liability limited partnership
333:Industrial and provident society
4134:Limited liability limited partnership
3516:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
2614:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
515:Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung
27:Business entity owned by shareholders
7:
4981:(2). Blackwell Publishing: 177–194.
4952:(2). The RAND Corporation: 715–720.
4152:Low-profit limited liability company
3969:in courts of law in some situations
3894:Most companies are regulated by the
3324:both the federal government and the
3274:, a joint-stock company is called a
3046:A closely held corporation may be a
2917:in two provinces of Canada, and the
4506:Irwin, Douglas A. (December 1991).
4074:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3916:A special type of corporation is a
3585:) are considered to be corporations
3145:, a joint-stock company is called:
4938:The Cambridge History of China 5-2
4742:"SASE: Organization of the Market"
4675:Cases and Materials on Company Law
3809:), there was introduced a term of
3679:sabiedrība ar ierobežotu atbildību
2876:The regulations most favorable to
25:
5037:Mayson, S.W; et al. (2005).
4870:Register of Enterprises of Latvia
4866:"Limited liability company (SIA)"
4690:"Securities Registry in the FBiH"
4418:Freeland, Chrystia (2012-10-13).
4085:at the time of passage of ANCSA.
3555:società in accomandita per azioni
3551:società a responsabilità limitata
1738:in which shares of the company's
1692:Business and economics portal
4673:Hicks, A., and Goo, S.H. (2008)
4625:A leading case in common law is
4515:The Journal of Political Economy
4191:
3850:Publichne Aktsionerne Tovarystvo
3685:- 'state'), as in VAS and VSIA.
3347:Canada Business Corporations Act
2659:Société à responsabilité limitée
2148:
2119:Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd
1769:separate from shareholders) and
1685:
560:Société à responsabilité limitée
49:
3862:Pryvatne Aktsionerne Tovarystvo
3818:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3581:, made in the 19th century and
3459:spoločnosť s ručením obmedzeným
2915:unlimited liability corporation
4597:10.1080/00253359.1937.10657258
4452:"Raise Capital | euronext.com"
4347:Dunkley, Jamie (11 Sep 2010).
4033:Model Business Corporation Act
3856:Приватне Акціонерне Товариство
3844:Публічне Акціонерне Товариство
3520:(GmbH), similar to the modern
2929:Another advantage is that the
2114:Joint Stock Companies Act 1856
2100:Joint Stock Companies Act 1844
2015:Soon afterwards, in 1602, the
1935:Société des Moulins du Bazacle
1:
4140:Limited liability partnership
4052:, an undergraduate school of
3422:společnost s ručením omezeným
2942:. That was also important in
2002:Honourable East India Company
1347:management information system
998:Chief human resources officer
4628:Salomon v. Salomon & Co.
4614:The Anatomy of Corporate Law
4233:The Law of Private Companies
4231:Courtney, Thomas B. (2002).
3832:National Joint-stock company
3050:of another corporation (its
2541:Massachusetts business trust
2008:on all English trade in the
1341:Enterprise resource planning
1169:Financial statement analysis
442:Massachusetts business trust
4844:edited by Dirk Van Gerven,
3955:United States Supreme Court
3930:United States corporate law
3861:
3849:
3792:
3653:
3618:
3595:
3393:Czech Republic and Slovakia
3285:
3277:
3181:
3151:
2728:Piercing the corporate veil
2424:Community interest company
2399:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
2387:Economic interest grouping
2089:unincorporated associations
1838:Economy of the Song dynasty
1827:Early joint-stock companies
629:Piercing the corporate veil
325:Community interest company
300:UK / Ireland / Commonwealth
288:Economic interest grouping
5101:
4846:Cambridge University Press
4212:Public–private partnership
4158:Not-for-profit corporation
4092:
3927:
3890:United Kingdom company law
3887:
3838:Closed Joint-stock company
3739:
3692:
3478:
3313:
3070:
2977:
2838:
2497:Limited liability company
1835:
1742:can be bought and sold by
398:Limited liability company
5026:Anglo-American Law Review
4946:Bell Journal of Economics
4128:Limited liability company
3855:
3843:
3786:
3647:
3612:
3589:
3475:German-speaking countries
3340:was issued in England by
3302:
3295:
3260:Banja Luka Stock Exchange
2708:Internal affairs doctrine
2703:and estoppel corporations
1003:Chief information officer
835:Limited liability company
609:Internal affairs doctrine
604:and estoppel corporations
5085:Types of business entity
4163:Open joint-stock company
4095:Types of business entity
4037:American Bar Association
3906:("plc") and the private
3835:Open Joint-stock company
3730:Open joint-stock company
3642:intermediary corporation
3510:public limited companies
2132:This article is part of
2021:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2017:Dutch East India Company
1905:One of the oldest known
1016:Chief technology officer
950:Mergers and acquisitions
920:Constitutional documents
745:Management of a business
33:This article is part of
5002:Freedman, C.E. (1979).
4975:Economic History Review
4677:Oxford University Press
4602:(subscription required)
4476:""Shareholder Lawsuit""
4289:economicsdiscussion.net
4089:Other business entities
3758:), and (ii) "S.A.", or
3547:private limited company
3522:private limited company
3439:equivalents are called
3256:Sarajevo Stock Exchange
3010:New York Stock Exchange
2921:in the United Kingdom.
2378:Societas unius personae
2240:General corporate forms
1939:Bazacle Milling Company
1076:Environmental economics
1056:International economics
1007:Chief marketing officer
993:Chief financial officer
988:Chief operating officer
984:Chief executive officer
945:International trade law
739:Business administration
279:Societas unius personae
141:General corporate forms
4573:, 9781400845552 p. 227
4403:: CS1 maint: others (
4112:Consumers' cooperative
3951:Chief Justice Marshall
3947:Dartmouth College case
3904:public limited company
3793:Aktsionerne Tovarystvo
3764:public limited company
3537:public limited company
3514:
3502:
3466:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3430:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3278:aktsionerno druzhestvo
3252:хартија од вриједности
3240:hartija od vrijednosti
3218:) is organized on the
3143:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3137:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
2966:in Europe, but not in
2870:
2690:Business judgment rule
2110:Court of the Exchequer
2065:
1988:, which was granted a
1918:
1898:
1886:
1645:International business
1630:Business judgment rule
975:Chief business officer
875:Annual general meeting
855:State-owned enterprise
845:Privately held company
591:Business judgment rule
4936:Chafee, John (2015),
4023:Companies set up for
3960:Internal Revenue Code
3787:Акціонерне Товариство
3695:Naamloze vennootschap
3364:Sociedad por Acciones
3087:Corporations Act 2001
3073:Corporations Act 2001
2634:Naamloze vennootschap
2624:Kabushiki gaisha
2441:Limited company
2085:Industrial Revolution
2068:However, in general,
2060:
1904:
1896:
1836:Further information:
1321:Customer relationship
1257:Business intelligence
1219:Financial institution
1194:International finance
1144:Cash conversion cycle
1051:Development economics
1012:Chief product officer
760:Management accounting
535:Naamloze vennootschap
525:Kabushiki gaisha
342:Limited company
4925:Davis, J.S. (1917).
4585:The Mariner's Mirror
3934:Delaware corporation
3334:Hudson's Bay Company
3316:Canadian corporation
3297:Акционерно дружество
2963:financial statements
2957:Financial disclosure
2758:Beneficial ownership
2695:Corporate governance
2531:Delaware corporation
2358:Societas cooperativa
1262:Business development
1106:Economic development
868:Corporate governance
765:Financial accounting
659:Beneficial ownership
596:Corporate governance
432:Delaware corporation
259:Societas cooperativa
5011:Hunt, B.C. (1936).
4310:Joe Carlen (2013).
4174:Sole proprietorship
4146:Limited partnership
3714:allmennaksjeselskap
3559:limited partnership
3508:(AG), analogous to
3226:(Bosnian/Croatian:
3200:акционарско друштво
3186:(often abbreviated
3182:akcionarsko društvo
3156:(often abbreviated
2948:Statute of Mortmain
2926:Perpetual lifetime
2903:sole proprietorship
2773:Corporate registers
2733:Rochdale Principles
2487:Benefit corporation
2313:Sole proprietorship
2048:Indian subcontinent
1998:Indian subcontinent
1933:, 96 shares of the
1794:unlimited companies
1752:continued existence
1732:joint-stock company
1672:Business statistics
1655:International trade
1640:Business operations
1336:Electronic business
1241:Types of management
1129:Financial statement
1111:Economic statistics
979:Chief brand officer
935:Corporate liability
850:Sole proprietorship
830:Joint-stock company
674:Corporate registers
634:Rochdale Principles
388:Benefit corporation
214:Sole proprietorship
18:Joint Stock Company
4823:. 13 February 2024
4798:. 28 November 2023
4641:Hock, Dee (2005).
4424:The New York Times
4054:Harvard University
3974:federal government
3949:of 1819, in which
3896:Companies Act 2006
3742:S.A. (corporation)
3608:The term "company"
3575:Local Autonomy Act
3545:, or S.p.A.), the
3542:società per azioni
3504:Aktiengesellschaft
3481:Aktiengesellschaft
3443:akciová spoločnosť
3405:akciová společnost
3330:Acts of Parliament
3113:sociedade limitada
2974:Corporate taxation
2894:Limited liability
2574:Aktiengesellschaft
2546:Nevada corporation
2066:
1986:East India Company
1919:
1917:, dated 9 Sep 1606
1907:stock certificates
1899:
1870:Shu-shu chiu-chang
1635:Consumer behaviour
1437:Product life-cycle
1224:Capital management
1189:Managerial finance
880:Board of directors
475:Aktiengesellschaft
447:Nevada corporation
4909:Meadowlark Herald
4722:. www.crhovrs.org
4612:Hansmann et al.,
4351:. Telegraph.co.uk
3986:National Bank Act
3978:U.S. Constitution
3908:unlimited company
3752:Sociedad Limitada
3674:akciju sabiedrība
3232:vrijednosni papir
3196:Cyrillic alphabet
3170:Croatian language
3121:sociedade anônima
2954:
2953:
2919:unlimited company
2832:
2831:
2713:Limited liability
2675:
2674:
2584:Ansvarlig selskap
2471:Unlimited company
2308:Shelf corporation
2303:Shell corporation
2291:Limited liability
2124:legal personality
2105:Hallett v Dowdall
1994:Queen Elizabeth I
1779:limited companies
1771:limited liability
1767:legal personality
1728:
1727:
1615:Business analysis
1184:Corporate finance
1154:Capital budgeting
1091:Knowledge economy
885:Supervisory board
733:
732:
614:Limited liability
576:
575:
485:Ansvarlig selskap
372:Unlimited company
209:Shelf corporation
204:Shell corporation
192:Limited liability
16:(Redirected from
5092:
5052:
5033:
5020:
5018:
5007:
4998:
4969:
4940:
4932:
4912:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4890:Thor, Anatoliy.
4887:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4862:
4856:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4686:
4680:
4670:
4664:
4663:
4648:
4638:
4632:
4623:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4580:
4574:
4563:
4548:
4546:
4512:
4503:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4487:
4481:. Archived from
4480:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4456:www.euronext.com
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4415:
4409:
4408:
4402:
4394:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4325:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4228:
4201:
4199:Companies portal
4196:
4195:
4194:
4044:juristic persons
3918:corporation sole
3864:
3857:
3852:
3845:
3795:
3788:
3760:Sociedad Anónima
3716:and abbreviated
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3631:Kabushiki gaisha
3623:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3600:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3519:
3507:
3469:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3433:
3425:
3415:
3407:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3288:
3280:
3184:
3174:Serbian language
3166:Bosnian language
3154:
3152:dioničko društvo
3131:
3123:
3115:
3107:
2883:
2868:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2778:Registered agent
2723:Drag-along right
2663:
2648:
2638:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2588:
2578:
2568:
2537:
2520:
2500:
2444:
2435:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2400:
2390:
2382:
2372:
2368:Societas privata
2362:
2352:
2333:
2152:
2129:
2072:was possible by
2063:Grand Union Flag
2037:Plymouth Company
1909:, issued by the
1884:
1754:of the company.
1720:
1713:
1706:
1690:
1689:
1667:Business process
1209:Financial market
1046:Labour economics
1041:Public economics
800:Corporation sole
735:
725:
718:
711:
679:Registered agent
624:Drag-along right
564:
549:
539:
529:
519:
509:
499:
489:
479:
469:
438:
421:
401:
345:
336:
328:
320:
312:
301:
291:
283:
273:
269:Societas privata
263:
253:
234:
53:
30:
21:
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4987:10.2307/2590601
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4958:10.2307/3003390
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4935:
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4919:Further reading
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4117:Holding company
4097:
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4083:State of Alaska
4056:, formally the
4050:Harvard College
3936:
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3900:limited company
3892:
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3006:publicly traded
3002:
2986:double taxation
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2848:Lord Chancellor
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2837:
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2763:Civil procedure
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2718:Tag-along right
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2318:
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2298:Private limited
2266:Holding company
2241:
2233:
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2214:
2160:
2159:By jurisdiction
2052:working capital
2004:a fifteen-year
1966:Muscovy Company
1891:
1885:
1882:
1876:Ch'in Chiu-shao
1840:
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1765:(possession of
1736:business entity
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1159:Commercial bank
1149:Insider dealing
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1116:
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1066:Planned economy
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963:Corporate title
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930:Corporate crime
910:
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895:Audit committee
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815:Holding company
795:Corporate group
790:
783:Business entity
775:
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684:
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60:By jurisdiction
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4591:(4): 449–476.
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3888:Main article:
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3884:United Kingdom
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3816:Following the
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3208:
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3071:Main article:
3068:
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1874:(1247 ed.) of
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4821:DeNegocios.cl
4818:
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4773:
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4760:
4748:. www.sase.ba
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4488:on 2016-03-05
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3940:United States
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3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:Corporate tax
2973:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2956:
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2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:incorporation
2874:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2841:Corporate law
2835:Corporate law
2834:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
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2786:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2752:Related areas
2749:
2748:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2625:
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2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2569:
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2558:
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2528:
2526:
2525:S corporation
2523:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2492:C corporation
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:United States
2477:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2436:
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2309:
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2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
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2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2208:
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2205:United States
2203:
2201:
2198:
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2178:
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2173:
2171:
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2166:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2151:
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2143:
2142:Corporate law
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
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2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:royal charter
2071:
2070:incorporation
2064:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:royal charter
1987:
1983:
1982:British Isles
1979:
1978:royal charter
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1879:
1877:
1873:
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1861:
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1853:
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1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:jurisdictions
1782:
1780:
1776:
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1764:
1763:incorporation
1760:
1759:corporate law
1755:
1753:
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1745:
1741:
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1733:
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1714:
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1702:
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1625:Business plan
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1621:
1618:
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1556:
1555:Communication
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1523:
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1515:administrator
1513:
1512:
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1486:
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1397:administrator
1395:
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1306:Configuration
1304:
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1061:Mixed economy
1059:
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918:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:Corporate law
904:
903:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
869:
864:
863:
856:
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846:
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680:
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675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
653:Related areas
650:
649:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
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605:
603:
599:
597:
594:
592:
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588:
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426:S corporation
424:
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403:
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394:
393:C corporation
391:
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385:
384:
383:
380:United States
378:
373:
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358:
356:
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351:
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323:
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313:
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305:
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292:
286:
284:
280:
276:
274:
270:
266:
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254:
249:
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242:
239:
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215:
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210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
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193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
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170:
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163:
160:
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106:United States
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43:Corporate law
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4874:. Retrieved
4872:. 2021-07-30
4869:
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4825:. Retrieved
4820:
4811:
4800:. Retrieved
4795:
4786:
4775:. Retrieved
4771:
4762:
4750:. Retrieved
4745:
4736:
4724:. Retrieved
4719:
4710:
4698:. Retrieved
4696:. www.rvp.ba
4693:
4684:
4674:
4668:
4660:
4644:
4636:
4626:
4621:
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4588:
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4518:
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4501:
4490:. Retrieved
4483:the original
4470:
4459:. Retrieved
4455:
4446:
4435:. Retrieved
4423:
4413:
4371:
4365:
4353:. Retrieved
4342:
4330:
4311:
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4288:
4257:
4251:
4232:
4226:
4207:Aktieselskab
4104:
4098:
4070:Saudi Arabia
4067:
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3803:Soviet Union
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3706:aksjeselskap
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3062:By countries
3045:
3041:
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2996:in the US).
2990:
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2960:
2940:distribution
2889:Description
2875:
2871:
2862:
2856:
2844:
2737:
2700:
2658:
2643:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2604:Aksjeselskap
2603:
2594:Aktieselskab
2593:
2583:
2573:
2562:
2449:by guarantee
2377:
2367:
2357:
2346:
2270:
2251:Conglomerate
2195:South Africa
2117:
2103:
2097:
2093:partnerships
2091:or extended
2082:
2067:
2041:
2014:
2001:
1955:
1934:
1920:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1841:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:
1798:
1783:
1775:corporations
1756:
1744:shareholders
1731:
1729:
1545:Architecture
1539:Organization
1505:Supply chain
1331:Earned value
1204:Stock market
1081:Open economy
1071:Econometrics
829:
810:Conglomerate
638:
601:
559:
544:
534:
524:
514:
505:Aksjeselskap
504:
495:Aktieselskab
494:
484:
474:
463:
350:by guarantee
278:
268:
258:
247:
171:
152:Conglomerate
96:South Africa
4827:13 February
4768:"Ley 20190"
4746:www.sase.ba
4335:Chafee 2015
4295:21 February
4169:Partnership
3811:khozraschet
3807:perestroika
3797:) exist in
3754:(a private
3689:Netherlands
3494:Switzerland
3378:structures.
3234:; Serbian:
3216:state-owned
2936:dissolution
2899:partnership
2886:Regulation
2739:Ultra vires
2459:proprietary
2276:Partnership
2271:Joint-stock
2261:Corporation
2256:Cooperative
2078:private act
2010:East Indies
1913:chamber of
1734:(JSC) is a
1660:Trade route
1575:Engineering
1570:Development
1422:Performance
1365:development
1326:Distributed
1199:Liquidation
840:Partnership
825:Corporation
820:Cooperative
640:Ultra vires
360:proprietary
177:Partnership
172:Joint-stock
162:Corporation
157:Cooperative
5074:Categories
4876:2023-10-18
4848:, pg. 148
4802:2024-02-13
4777:2024-02-13
4694:www.rvp.ba
4571:1400845556
4492:2016-03-02
4461:2023-06-28
4437:2021-01-13
4355:1 November
4218:References
3928:See also:
3873:148,000).
3693:See also:
3603:Civil Code
3105:sociedades
3048:subsidiary
2968:common law
2796:Law portal
2644:Osakeyhtiö
2563:Aktiebolag
2512:Series LLC
1804:Advantages
1527:Technology
1409:Operations
1289:Commercial
1282:innovation
1272:Capability
1164:Derivative
753:Accounting
697:Law portal
545:Osakeyhtiö
464:Aktiebolag
413:Series LLC
4854:495475469
4679:Chapter 4
4432:0362-4331
4399:cite book
3783:Ukrainian
3776:Ukrainian
3435:). Their
3326:provinces
3292:Bulgarian
3129:companhia
3079:Australia
3067:Australia
3056:Australia
2907:liability
2897:Unlike a
2880:include:
2684:Doctrines
2454:by shares
2170:Australia
2031:were the
1915:Enkhuizen
1860:jingshang
1595:Structure
1580:Hierarchy
1500:Strategic
1387:Materials
1377:Knowledge
1354:Financial
1294:Marketing
1139:Factoring
1134:Insurance
1036:Commodity
1029:Economics
585:Doctrines
355:by shares
71:Australia
4547:at 1299.
4543:17937216
4391:48438544
4185:See also
4105:business
4018:Delaware
3876:Ukraine
3732:(OJSC).
3272:Bulgaria
3266:Bulgaria
3244:Cyrillic
3198: :
3168:and the
2944:medieval
2860:—
2768:Contract
2701:De facto
2533: /
2347:Societas
2165:Anguilla
2134:a series
2035:and the
2029:Americas
2006:monopoly
1984:was the
1960:was the
1945:company
1931:Toulouse
1923:commenda
1881:—
1585:Patterns
1565:Conflict
1550:Behavior
1490:Security
1467:Resource
1452:Property
1415:services
1372:Incident
1311:Conflict
1267:Capacity
970:Chairman
925:Contract
669:Contract
602:De facto
434: /
248:Societas
66:Anguilla
35:a series
4995:2590601
4966:3003390
4616:, pg 7.
4535:2937731
4025:privacy
4001:without
3982:banking
3953:of the
3799:Ukraine
3770:Ukraine
3624:or (企業
3490:Austria
3486:Germany
3360:Chilean
3228:dionica
3212:private
2851:Haldane
2668:more...
2286:Limited
2281:General
2246:Company
2226:Germany
2210:Vietnam
1976:, when
1974:England
1958:England
1943:Swedish
1560:Culture
1510:Systems
1495:Service
1474:
1462:Records
1457:Quality
1447:Project
1442:Product
1432:Process
1411:
1392:Network
1361:
1343:
1316:Content
1123:Finance
805:Company
569:more...
187:Limited
182:General
147:Company
127:Germany
111:Vietnam
5045:
5032:: 397.
4993:
4964:
4852:
4653:
4631:AC 22.
4569:
4541:
4533:
4430:
4389:
4379:
4318:
4264:
4239:
4165:(OJSC)
4136:(LLLP)
4101:family
4029:Nevada
3967:pro se
3724:Russia
3700:Norway
3683:valsts
3669:Latvia
3663:Latvia
3619:kaisha
3467:s.r.o.
3455:) and
3437:Slovak
3431:s.r.o.
3322:Canada
3310:Canada
3248:акција
3236:akcija
3224:shares
3099:Brazil
3093:Brazil
3014:Nasdaq
2931:assets
2911:shares
2867:AC 705
2662:(SARL)
2637:(N.V.)
2627:(K.K.)
2617:(GmbH)
2565:
2554:Others
2519:(LLLP)
2464:public
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4511:(PDF)
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