340:
influential) firms. Rather they were to pay their way. Though they never did, this market oriented government logic, combined with a market free monopoly system was first formed by van
Vollenhoven's administration. Clozel had helped create a board to coordinate colonial exports for the war effort which produced results at the expense of famine, revolt and huge flight of populations away from French colonies. Van Vollenhoven didn't change this approach so much as soften it. Under his rule the French demanded less, and did so through appointed African "chiefs". This was a model of how the French would operate after the war.
452:). Captain van Vollenhoven was "observing, upright, without helmet, amid the ripe corn," when a bullet struck his skull. He had the power to get himself up and staggered to the first aid post. He died at the age of 41 while being transported to the field hospital of his division. He is buried in Montgobert not far from the village of Longpont.
428:, a move resisted by van Vollenhoven. With the Governor General unwilling to put the plan into practice, the government threatened to appoint Diange a co-equal Governor General of Military Affairs. Angry and this coup, worried for the stability of the colony, and jealous of the success of Diange, van Vollenhoven resigned.
456:
754 men killed and wounded. Both the regiment and
Captain van Vollenhoven received further citations for their achievements during the battle, and it is these that are inscribed on his monument. On 22 July 1918 the French 38th Division (of which the RICM were a part) was relieved by the British 34th Division.
455:
There now stands a monument there to the RICM, marking their furthest point of advance on 19 July 1918. Over three days of fighting the regiment captured 825 prisoners, 24 pieces of artillery and 120 machineguns. Their own losses however were considerable - in advancing seven kilometres the RICM lost
214:
In May 1917 van
Vollenhoven returned to his Civil duties as Governor General of French West Africa - this at the age of 40. His tenure as Governor General had an importance which belies its brevity. It marked a change in both the philosophy and tactics of colonial rule in French West Africa, brought
205:
In his first period at the front he was wounded numerous times and received numerous citations for valour. After being wounded in Arras on 25 September 1915, he remained in hospital for 7 months. In April 1916 he is appointed as Chief of the
General Staff of the 6th Brigade 6me Brigade Chasseurs au
148:
to train as a colonial administrator, where he later taught. After his military service in the 1st regiment of
Zouaves, he left the army as a reserve sergeant in 1902. By 1903 he was appointed Secretary General of the Ministry of Colonies, and director of finance in 1905. From there he was made
439:
Launching their attack from the Forest of Retz on the morning of 18 July 1918 the RICM had taken
Longpont within 45 minutes of the commencement at 04:35 hours. Two hours later having secured the village the Regiment had advanced a further 4 kilometres and seized Mont RambĆuf. By midday on 19 July
384:
put into place many of the elements of indirect and tiered authority first outlined under van
Vollenhoven. In this revised colonial system, those Africans outside the urban centers and western Senegal were offered greater freedoms which (in promise) offered the full French citizenship of the
339:
had pushed out the smaller French trading firms. Historians have analysed the post-war colonial system in the AOF as monopolistic, extractive, and mercantilist. France's West
African colonies now longer existed as part of a great diplomatic rivalry, or to serve the interests of specific (if
389:, and starting with van Vollenhoven's circular on 15 August 1917 "reestablishing" chieftaincies throughout AOF, Africans were increasingly subject to African intermediaries appointed by the French. During the war, with the risk of revolt fresh in the government's mind,
401:. This was not a reflection just of van Vollenhoven's regard for his African subjects, but rather a feeling that African cultures were at base un-assimilatable; a French reflection of the British concept of the "
465:
440:
Parcy had fallen - their objective achieved the regiment secured their line that evening. It was during this final assault on Parcy that van
Vollenhoven was fatally wounded leading his men into the attack at
1107:
416:
But at the time, these changes were quickly reversed. By the end of the year he was engaged in a major disagreement with the French
Government over the recruitment of African soldiers.
223:
Van Vollenhoven was recruited to return to West Africa in the midst of crisis both there and in the Metropole. The war was going poorly for the French in Europe. The Governors General
331:
Economically, Van Vollenhoven used the colonial state system to enter into centralised trade and production agreements with the largest French companies. This had been the norm in
1102:
360:
policy of his predecessors. This change had both positive and negative aspects for Africans living under French rule, but it was to become the empire's guiding principle until
1082:
1092:
1038:
1112:
231:(1915) were under pressure to produce both resources and colonial troops for the war effort. The year 1915 was punctuated by a number of revolts in rural
198:
373:
144:, then a French colony, and this is where he grew up, eventually studying law. He took French citizenship in 1899 at the age of 22, and entered the
1087:
1117:
1097:
958:
307:
who complied with the rigorous demands of those seeking French Citizenship from the outside, would be able to exercise French rights. Even then,
31:
764:
975:
674:
For the economic toll World War I took on French-controlled Africa, see pp.350-358 of Andrew Dunlop Roberts, J. D. Fage, Roland Oliver.
638:
pp. 54-84, though focusing on van Vollenhoven's protege's Carde and Delafosse, naming their new ideology "Colonial Humanism". Reviewed at
206:
Pied.). He serves on the staff for over a year, until mid-May 1917. Alsace, in the Somme, and in Champagne. He is wounded again in 1917.
315:, and his help to Van Vollenhoven in recruiting thousands of Africans to fight in World War I, won legal and voting rights were to the
1122:
413:
system until 1944â56, the model under which later Governors General in French Africa worked was changed by van Vollenhoven's reforms.
827:
806:
785:
683:
635:
612:
558:
707:
311:
were subject to customary and arbitrary law if they stepped outside the Four Communes. The protracted battle by Senegalese Deputy
405:" and a reflection of his boyhood as a European colonist in Algeria. While such arbitrary demands returned under his replacement
586:
For Blaise Diagne, see G. Wesley Johnson. "The Ascendancy of Blaise Diagne and the Beginning of African Politics in Senegal" in
296:
had feared abandoning their rights to face local courts, and never begun the often arduous process of becoming French citizens.
192:
In April 1915 he got his chance, having been relieved of his Civil duties he entered the African colonial forces of the RICM (
357:
251:
of West Africa: those area's where the population was governed not by French citizenship law but by the decree system of the
292:) were granted full voting rights while maintaining legal protections offered by local customary law. Prior to this, most
953:
971:
376:) inspired some of the most proficient administrative dissidents pushing for French decolonisation. Governors General
129:
536:
Echenberg, Myron J.: "Paying the Blood Tax: Military Conscription in French West Africa, 1914–1929" in the
299:
In 1908, most African voters in Saint-Louis had been removed from the rolls by Governor General Ponty, and in the
228:
1011:
406:
398:
332:
150:
424:'s War Cabinet, and the French government felt that with his help, they could again begin recruiting African
839:
James E. Genova. "Conflicted missionaries: power and identity in French West Africa during the 1930s". in
482:
236:
369:
189:
After 1914 van Vollenhoven had an enormous desire to return to Europe and fight for his adopted country.
703:"Maurice Delafosse. Entre orientalisme et ethnographie : l'itinéraire d'un africaniste (1870-1926)"
224:
397:
was used more sparingly, and greater oversight was forced on the previously unmonitored rule of French
320:
890:
La vie ardente de van Vollenhoven, gouverneur général de l'AOF. Un grand colonial et un grand Français
272:
to recruit for the military, with the promise of an extension of democracy after the war. In 1916 the
1077:
1072:
445:
277:
85:
880:
La vie lucide et passionnée de Joost van Vollenhoven grand administrateur colonial, soldat héroïque
639:
1001:
726:
512:
507:
421:
232:
178:
991:
145:
255:. Instead he offered inducements to those Africans who held nominal French citizenship in the
823:
802:
781:
760:
679:
654:
631:
608:
554:
549:
Michael Crowder. "The French Suppression of the 1916–1917 Revolt in Dahomeyan Borgu" in
365:
947:
910:
Joost van Vollenhoven : 1877–1918 : portret van een Frans koloniaal ambtenaar
1042:
742:
For a laudatory account of Van Vollenhoven, see: Robert Delavignette, Charles-Andre Julien.
716:
628:
The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonial Humanism between the Two World Wars
517:
202:). Initially a sergeant, he was almost immediately promoted to position of Sous Lieutenant.
170:
436:
On 28 Jan 1918 he rejoined his old regiment as Captain of the 1st Company of the first Bn.
239:
and growing direct taxation of Africans who had no voice in the governing of the colonies.
128:) was a Dutch-born French soldier and colonial administrator. Van Vollenhoven died in the
571:
L'Appel a l'Afrique. Contributions et Reactions a l'Effort de guerre en A.O.F. (1914-1919)
215:
on by crises and revolts which preceded him, and completed by post-war Governors General.
381:
757:
A Mission to Civilize: The Republican Idea of Empire in France and West Africa 1895-1930
1029:
1016:
361:
261:
in modern Senegal. Here he induced African leaders such as the elected representative
121:
30:
1066:
730:
417:
353:
312:
262:
257:
62:
702:
1052:
402:
390:
269:
174:
468:
is located on departmental highway No. 2 (between Villers-CotterĂȘts and Longpont).
410:
386:
252:
140:
Joost van Vollenhoven was Dutch by birth. His parents had commercial interests in
967:
935:
Multatuli en congé. Documents officiels inédits publiés par Joost van Vollenhoven
377:
721:
441:
117:
48:
394:
912:, Amsterdam, Historisch Seminarium van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1991
289:
285:
266:
490:
479:
named for Joost van Vollenhoven in 1940 was renamed after independence
476:
162:
141:
166:
385:
Assimilation model. The rest of the population were subject to the
494:
472:
449:
281:
125:
89:
66:
177:. Later he, like Roume, would be named and Governor-General of
161:
His most important early postings were as acting governor of
169:(1907). Moved to Asia, he became acting Governor-General of
173:
from January 1914 to 7 April 1915, when he was replaced by
16:
Dutch-French soldier and colonial administrator (1877â1918)
860:
Une ùme de chef. Le Gouverneur général J. van Vollenhoven
573:: "Review: French West Africa in the First World War" in
276:(those Africans born in the theoretically free cities of
348:
Philosophically, van Vollenhoven was a proponent of the
746:. "Introduction" by Robert Delavignette. Paris (1946).
661:(Editions Sociales, Paris, 1971); English translation,
788:. pp 15-153, on both van Vollenhoven and Delavignette
778:
Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion
588:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
868:
Y. Cazaux, « Joost van Vollenhoven », dans
820:
The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective
380:(also a deputy to Van Vollenhoven) and his successor
103:
95:
81:
73:
55:
37:
21:
937:, Amsterdam, Maas & Van Suchtelen, 1909, 89 p.
1108:French military personnel killed in World War I
968:Newspaper clippings about Joost van Vollenhoven
759:. Stanford: Stanford University Press (1998),
630:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press(2005 ).
247:Van Vollenhoven suspended conscription in the
8:
1103:French colonial governors and administrators
590:, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul., 1966), pp. 235-253.
980:
744:Les Constructeurs de la France d'outre-mer
29:
18:
799:Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880-1995
720:
569:John Hargreaves' Review of Marc Michel's
194:RĂ©giment d'infanterie coloniale du Maroc
529:
643:Volume 1, Issue 3 (Summer 2006), No. 2
605:Colonial West Africa: Collected Essays
577:, Vol. 24, No. 2, (1983), pp. 285-288.
551:Colonial West Africa: Collected Essays
210:Governor General of French West Africa
1093:Governors-general of French Indochina
892:, Paris, Fernand Sorlot, 1943, 141 p.
663:French Colonialism in Tropical Africa
497:is named after Joost van Vollenhoven.
466:A memorial to Captain van Vollenhoven
199:RĂ©giment d'infanterie-chars de marine
149:Secretary General to the Governor of
7:
1083:Colonial governors of French Sénégal
801:. Cambridge University Press (1998)
678:Cambridge University Press. (1986)
374:High Commissioner of French Cameroon
540:, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1975), pp. 171-192
538:Canadian Journal of African Studies
1113:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
948:Biographical sketch of WWI service
235:over forced conscription into the
107:colonial administrator and soldier
14:
960:mausolée de Joost van Vollenhoven
335:for twenty years, where monopoly
1047:22 November 1913 - 3 March 1915
954:MĂ©morial Ă Joost van Vollenhoven
900:Joost van Vollenhoven, 1877-1918
553:. pp.179-188. Routledge (1978)
471:The central secondary school in
303:, the government said that only
1088:Governors of French West Africa
822:. Yale University Press (1994)
676:The Cambridge History of Africa
653:For the economics of this, see:
364:. Van Vollenhoven's assistant,
1118:French people of Dutch descent
1098:Naturalized citizens of France
1006:3 June 1917 - 22 January 1918
701:Arnaut, Karel (January 2000).
659:Afrique Noire: l'Ere Coloniale
575:The Journal of African History
1:
665:, 1900 1945 (New York, 1971).
992:Marie François Joseph Clozel
926:Essai sur le fellah algérien
908:Silvia Wilhelmina de Groot,
780:. Palgrave MacMillan (1996)
972:20th Century Press Archives
872:, 1980, 9, 3, p. 84-87
708:Cahiers d'Ătudes africaines
696:Les vrais chefs de l'empire
372:, (who was to later become
344:New model of administration
1139:
722:10.4000/etudesafricaines.8
599:For the background of the
489:Avenue Van Vollenhoven in
444:, in the Longpont Forest (
130:Second Battle of the Marne
1123:Dutch emigrants to France
1049:
1036:
1033:15 Nov 1911 - 22 Nov 1913
1026:
1021:22 Jan 1918 - 30 Jul 1919
1008:
998:
995:14 Jun 1915 - 3 Jun 1917
988:
983:
28:
1056:3 Mar 1915 - 22 May 1916
1012:Gabriel Louis Angoulvant
917:Works by van Vollenhoven
882:, Impr. Montsouris, 1940
407:Gabriel Louis Angoulvant
333:French Equatorial Africa
151:French Equatorial Africa
603:, see Michael Crowder.
432:Second service at front
409:and survived under the
327:Economic centralisation
323:of 29 September 1916
767:. Esp. pp 150, 177-218
420:had been appointed to
237:Senegalese Tirailleurs
928:, Paris, 1903, 311 p.
902:, Larose, 1953, 61 p.
862:, Paris, 1920, 285 p.
114:Joost van Vollenhoven
42:Joost van Vollenhoven
23:Joost van Vollenhoven
1000:Governor General of
878:Pol Victor Mangeot,
694:Rober Delavignette,
356:, as opposed to the
196:, later renamed the
984:Government offices
898:Albert Prévaudeau,
370:Robert Delavignette
265:and the Senegalese
74:Cause of death
1002:French West Africa
755:Alice L. Conklin.
698:. Galliard (1941).
513:French West Africa
508:History of Senegal
233:French West Africa
179:French West Africa
1061:
1060:
1050:Succeeded by
1009:Succeeded by
962:,picardie1418.com
950:: webmatters.net.
797:Patrick Manning.
765:978-0-8047-2999-4
655:Jean Suret-Canale
607:Routledge (1978)
446:Villers-CotterĂȘts
399:Cercle Commanders
366:Maurice Delafosse
321:Loi Blaise Diagne
219:Crisis in the AOF
111:
110:
86:Villers-CotterĂȘts
1130:
1043:French Indochina
1039:Governor General
1027:Preceded by
989:Preceded by
981:
933:
924:
907:
897:
887:
877:
867:
858:
844:
837:
831:
818:Crawford Young.
816:
810:
795:
789:
776:Robert Aldrich.
774:
768:
753:
747:
740:
738:
737:
724:
692:
686:
672:
666:
651:
645:
622:
616:
597:
591:
584:
578:
567:
561:
547:
541:
534:
518:French Indochina
227:(1908â1915) and
171:French Indochina
157:Colonial service
120:â 20 July 1918,
33:
19:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1005:
996:
994:
944:
931:
922:
919:
905:
895:
885:
875:
865:
856:
853:
848:
847:
838:
834:
817:
813:
796:
792:
775:
771:
754:
750:
741:
735:
733:
700:
699:
693:
689:
673:
669:
652:
648:
625:
623:
619:
598:
594:
585:
581:
568:
564:
548:
544:
535:
531:
526:
504:
462:
434:
358:Assimilationist
352:: a variant of
346:
329:
245:
221:
212:
187:
185:First World War
159:
146:Ăcole coloniale
138:
116:(21 July 1877,
69:
60:
51:
46:
44:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1136:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1035:
1030:Albert Sarraut
1028:
1024:
1023:
1017:Martial Merlin
1010:
1007:
997:
990:
986:
985:
979:
978:
965:
956:
951:
943:
942:External links
940:
939:
938:
929:
918:
915:
914:
913:
903:
893:
883:
873:
863:
852:
849:
846:
845:
832:
811:
790:
769:
748:
687:
667:
646:
641:H-France Forum
617:
601:Decree of 1912
592:
579:
562:
542:
528:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
515:
510:
503:
500:
499:
498:
487:
469:
461:
458:
433:
430:
362:decolonisation
345:
342:
328:
325:
301:Decree of 1912
244:
241:
220:
217:
211:
208:
186:
183:
158:
155:
137:
134:
122:Parcy-et-Tigny
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
97:
93:
92:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
63:Parcy-et-Tigny
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
41:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1135:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1004:
1003:
993:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
966:
963:
961:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
941:
936:
930:
927:
921:
920:
916:
911:
904:
901:
894:
891:
888:Pol Mangeot,
884:
881:
874:
871:
864:
861:
855:
854:
850:
843:. March 2004.
842:
841:The Historian
836:
833:
829:
828:0-300-06879-4
825:
821:
815:
812:
808:
807:0-521-64255-8
804:
800:
794:
791:
787:
786:0-312-16000-3
783:
779:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
749:
745:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
709:
704:
697:
691:
688:
685:
684:0-521-22505-1
681:
677:
671:
668:
664:
660:
656:
650:
647:
644:
642:
637:
636:0-226-89772-9
633:
629:
626:Gary Wilder,
621:
618:
614:
613:0-7146-2943-X
610:
606:
602:
596:
593:
589:
583:
580:
576:
572:
566:
563:
560:
559:0-7146-2943-X
556:
552:
546:
543:
539:
533:
530:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
501:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
478:
474:
470:
467:
464:
463:
459:
457:
453:
451:
447:
443:
437:
431:
429:
427:
423:
419:
418:Blaise Diagne
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:indirect rule
351:
343:
341:
338:
334:
326:
324:
322:
318:
314:
313:Blaise Diagne
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:Blaise Diagne
260:
259:
258:Four Communes
254:
250:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
209:
207:
203:
201:
200:
195:
190:
184:
182:
181:(1917â1918).
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
156:
154:
152:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
106:
104:Occupation(s)
102:
99:Dutch, French
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
82:Resting place
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
50:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
1053:Ernest Roume
1037:
1015:(acting for
999:
959:
934:
925:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
840:
835:
819:
814:
798:
793:
777:
772:
756:
751:
743:
734:. Retrieved
712:
706:
695:
690:
675:
670:
662:
658:
649:
640:
627:
620:
604:
600:
595:
587:
582:
574:
570:
565:
550:
545:
537:
532:
524:Bibliography
483:Lamine GuĂšye
480:
454:
438:
435:
425:
415:
403:Noble savage
395:forced labor
382:Jules Brevié
349:
347:
336:
330:
316:
308:
304:
300:
298:
293:
273:
270:Amadou Bamba
256:
248:
246:
222:
213:
204:
197:
193:
191:
188:
175:Ernest Roume
160:
139:
113:
112:
59:20 July 1918
45:21 July 1877
1078:1918 deaths
1073:1877 births
923:(in French)
896:(in French)
886:(in French)
876:(in French)
870:Septentrion
866:(in French)
857:(in French)
809:. pp. 66-67
378:Jules Carde
350:Association
337:concessions
317:originaires
309:originaires
305:originaires
294:originaires
278:Saint-Louis
274:originaires
249:Second zone
96:Nationality
1067:Categories
932:(in Dutch)
906:(in Dutch)
736:2007-03-29
624:see :
442:Montgobert
422:Clemenceau
391:head taxes
136:Early life
731:162713773
460:Monuments
411:Indigénat
387:Indigénat
319:with the
253:Indigénat
118:Rotterdam
49:Rotterdam
502:See also
426:Subjects
290:Rufisque
267:Marabout
974:of the
970:in the
851:Sources
830:p. 144.
715:(157).
491:Cotonou
477:Senegal
243:Reforms
163:Senegal
142:Algeria
826:
805:
784:
763:
729:
682:
634:
611:
557:
481:Lycée
288:, and
229:Clozel
167:Guinea
727:S2CID
495:Benin
473:Dakar
450:Aisne
286:Gorée
282:Dakar
225:Ponty
126:Aisne
90:Aisne
67:Aisne
824:ISBN
803:ISBN
782:ISBN
761:ISBN
680:ISBN
632:ISBN
609:ISBN
555:ISBN
393:and
368:and
165:and
56:Died
38:Born
1041:of
976:ZBW
717:doi
77:War
1069::
1019:)
725:.
713:40
711:.
705:.
657:.
493:,
475:,
448:,
284:,
280:,
153:.
132:.
124:,
88:,
65:,
964:.
739:.
719::
615:.
486:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
