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375:. The 1952 Act retained a quota system for nationalities and regions. Eventually, the Act established a preference system that determined which ethnic groups were desirable immigrants and placed great importance on labor qualifications. The Act defined three types of immigrants: immigrants with special skills or who had relatives of U.S. citizens, who were exempt from quotas and who were to be admitted without restrictions; average immigrants whose numbers were not supposed to exceed 270,000 per year; and refugees.
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682:§3 "... all bonds issued by the government of Porto Rico, or by its authority, shall be exempt from taxation by the government of the United States, or by the government of Porto Rico or of any political or municipal subdivision thereof, or by any state, or by any county, municipality, or other municipal subdivision of any state or territory of the United States, or by the District of Columbia."
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Give us now the field of experiment which we ask of you... It is easy for us to set up a stable republican government with all possible guarantees for all possible interests. And afterwards, when you... give us our independence... you will stand before humanity as a great creator of new nationalities
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Before the Jones–Shafroth Act, insular Puerto Ricans were not citizens of the United States. Subsequent to the Act, they immediately became U.S. citizens. The act also extended almost all U.S. laws to have the same force and effect in Puerto Rico as in the United States (the only laws excepted were
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which based conscription "upon liability to military service of all male citizens." Through its passage, the Jones–Shafroth Act – via a combination of citizenship and the expansion of U.S. laws to Puerto Rico, including the aforementioned
National Defense Act – imposed mandatory conscription into
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It expanded the definition of the "United States" for nationality purposes, which already included Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands, to add Guam. Persons born in these territories on or after December 24, 1952, acquire U.S. citizenship at birth on the same terms as persons born in other parts of
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All persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899, and prior to
January 13, 1941, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, residing on January 13, 1941, in Puerto Rico or another territory over which the United States exercises rights of sovereignty and not citizens of the United
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Under the Act, six executive departments were constituted: Justice, Finance, Interior, Education, Agriculture, Labor, and Health. The governor, the attorney-general, and the commissioner of education were appointed by the
President with the approval of the U.S. Senate; the heads of the remaining
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Presently, Puerto Rico lacks voting representation in
Congress, and residents of the island aren't qualified to participate in general elections but can only vote in primaries. Puerto Ricans residing on the U.S. mainland, however, have the option to register and vote in their respective states.
658:"Except as provided in section 5 of this Act, the Act entitled "An Act to provide a civil government for Porto Rico, and for other purposes", approved March 2, 1917, as amended, is hereby continued in force and effect and may hereafter be cited as the "Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act"."
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as they may inure from holding a bond issued by a state or municipality different from the one where they reside. This is because municipal bonds that enjoy triple tax exemption are typically granted such exemption solely for bondholders that reside in the state that issues them.
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States under any other Act, are declared to be citizens of the United States as of
January 13, 1941. All persons born in Puerto Rico on or after January 13, 1941, and subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, are citizens of the United States at birth.
556:. Washington maintained control over fiscal and economic matters and exercised authority over mail services, immigration, defense, and other basic governmental matters. Puerto Rico was not given electoral votes in the election of U.S. President, because the
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and a great liberator of oppressed people. ... as you know, the final aspiration of my party is nationalism with or without
American protectorate, and as the Puerto Rican people understand it, the granting of (US) citizenship will interfere with
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with 39 members. The legislature was to be elected by universal male suffrage for a term of four years. Bills passed by the legislature could be vetoed by the governor, but his veto could be overridden by a two-thirds vote, in which case the
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The Jones-Shafroth Act of 1917 spurred significant migration to the U.S. mainland, particularly to New York State, as it granted citizenship. Around 42,000 Puerto Ricans relocated to the U.S. throughout the 1920s.
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The impetus for this legislation came from a complex of local and mainland interests. Puerto Ricans lacked internationally recognized citizenship, but the local council was wary of "imposing citizenship."
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Matters relating to franchises and concessions were vested in a Public
Service Commission, consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the auditor, and two elected commissioners. A
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Portions of the Jones Act were superseded in 1948, after which the
Governor was popularly elected. In 1948, U.S. Congress mandated Puerto Rico to draft its own
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and allowed to reject it voluntarily within six months of the act being established. Of the almost 1.2 million residents on the island, only 288 rejected it.
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769:" U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971) (codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)")
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which established the composition of the U.S. military. Two months after
Congress passed the Jones–Shafroth Act, that same Congress enacted the
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from federal, state, and local taxes regardless of where the bondholder resides. This has made Puerto Rican bonds extremely attractive to
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905:. "As a general rule in most states, if the bonds are issued in a particular state, they are exempt from that state's income taxes."
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610:. As a result, around 20,000 Puerto Ricans served in the U.S. armed forces during World War I, and 65,000 fought in World War II.
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in Washington, argued against US citizenship, giving several speeches in the House of Representatives. On 5 May 1916 he demanded:
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283:. In some respects, the governmental structure paralleled that of a state of the United States. Powers were separated among
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which, when ratified by the electorate and implemented in 1952, provided greater autonomy as a territorial Commonwealth.
947:"Research Guides: A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States: 1917: Jones-Shafroth Act"
879:"Research Guides: A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States: 1917: Jones-Shafroth Act"
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The Act abolished racial restrictions found in United States immigration and naturalization statutes going back to the
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917:"Muni income generally escapes federal taxes, along with state taxes for those who buy bonds in their home states."
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departments were appointed by the governor of Puerto Rico, subject to the approval of the Puerto Rican Senate.
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837:"8 FAM 302.1 Historical Background to Acquisition by Birth in U.S. Territories and Possessions"
27:
For the law regarding U.S. shipping which has had an impact on the Puerto Rican economy, see
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284:
198:
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Gatell, Frank Otto. "The Art of the Possible: Luis Muñoz Rivera and the Puerto Rico Bill."
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the U.S. military on Puerto Ricans, precisely at the moment that the United States entered
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217:(previously appointed by the President) to a four-year term. The act also exempted
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Moscoso, Guillermo (March 11, 2002). "Puerto Rico: Myths About U.S. Citizenship".
17:
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http://www.municipalbonds.com/tax-education/tax-exemption-from-state-income-taxes
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from federal, state, and local taxes regardless of where the bondholder resides.
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An Act to provide a civil government for Puerto Rico, and for other purposes
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A Latinx Resource Guide: Civil Rights Cases and Events in the United States
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http://www.barrons.com/articles/SB50001424052748704836204578354303522222668
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978:(1979) (legislative history of the statute, reprinted from the
544:, not elected. All cabinet officials had to be approved by the
367:(June 27, 1952, ch. 477, title III, ch. 1, §302, 66 Stat. 236.)
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360:§1402. Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899
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1917 law granting U.S. citizenship to residents of Puerto Rico
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United States federal immigration and nationality legislation
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The Act created a bicameral local legislature composed of a
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to be observed by the government of Puerto Rico (although
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United States federal territory and statehood legislation
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allows only full-fledged states to have electoral votes.
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representing Puerto Rico as a non-voting delegate of the
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U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 8
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714:"Puerto Ricans granted U.S. citizenship March 2, 1917"
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According to Public Law 414 of June 27, 1952 SEC.302:
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597:those concerning internal revenues) including the
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524:was elected by popular vote to a four-year term.
205:on or after April 11, 1899. It also created the
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701:Munoz Rivera, Luis (17 July 1859–15 Nov. 1916)
994:Puerto Rico: A Political and Cultural History
8:
1028:Jones-Shafroth Act - The Library of Congress
558:Constitution of the United States of America
552:had the power to veto any law passed by the
265:Committee on Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico
59:Jones–Shafroth Act, Jones Law of Puerto Rico
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295:branches. The law also recognized certain
179:Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act of 1917
42:Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act of 1917
1003:. Río Piedras: Ediciones Huracán, (1986).
488:Learn how and when to remove this message
279:U.S. citizens and reformed the system of
193:on March 2, 1917. The act superseded the
843:. U.S. Department of State. May 15, 2020
809:"Public Law 414, Chapter 477, H.R. 5678"
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352:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
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980:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
382:Residents of the island were granted
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426:adding citations to reliable sources
976:Citizenship and the American Empire
568:Section 3 of the act also exempted
213:, and authorized the election of a
788:Office of the Law Revision Counsel
676:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
652:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
257:House Committee on Insular Affairs
245:their aspirations for independence
151:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
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816:U.S. Government Publishing Office
1048:Political history of Puerto Rico
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263:, (D-Colorado), chairman of the
255:, (D-Virginia), chairman of the
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1001:Historia general de Puerto Rico
712:Glass, Andrew (March 2, 2008).
513:would make the final decision.
413:needs additional citations for
780:"Public Law 414 June 27, 1952"
542:President of the United States
511:President of the United States
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1073:United States nationality law
733:Hagerman, Frank (July 2004).
603:Selective Service Act of 1917
522:U.S. House of Representatives
1068:Legal history of Puerto Rico
599:National Defense Act of 1916
592:Puerto Ricans in World War I
540:was to be appointed by the
77:64th United States Congress
29:Merchant Marine Act of 1920
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992:Morales Carrion, Arturo .
928:"1917: Jones-Shafroth Act"
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373:Naturalization Act of 1790
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384:United States citizenship
281:government in Puerto Rico
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735:"John Franklin Shafroth"
554:Puerto Rican Legislature
506:House of Representatives
175:Jones Law of Puerto Rico
171:Jones Act of Puerto Rico
747:(7): 15. Archived from
538:Governor of Puerto Rico
277:citizens of Puerto Rico
934:. Library of Congress.
623:Subsequent legislation
550:United States Congress
504:with 19 members and a
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253:William Atkinson Jones
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189:, signed by President
187:United States Congress
169:) – also known as the
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307:was not among them).
236:Resident Commissioner
215:Resident Commissioner
207:Senate of Puerto Rico
1063:1917 in American law
1023:US Statutes at Large
564:Triple tax exemption
546:United States Senate
437:"Jones–Shafroth Act"
422:improve this article
740:The Colorado Lawyer
574:municipal investors
379:the United States.
116:Legislative history
43:
1015:Jones–Shafroth Act
784:United States Code
570:Puerto Rican bonds
330:. You can help by
275:This Act made all
219:Puerto Rican bonds
201:to anyone born in
142:Jones–Shafroth Act
56:Other short titles
18:Jones-Shafroth Act
989:1960 17(1): 1–20.
864:The San Juan Star
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548:, and the
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339:March 2015
299:through a
165:, enacted
157:, 39
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64:Long title
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285:executive
181:– was an
91:Citations
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