380:, 203 U.S. 1, suggests a contrary holding, it is overruled." Footnote 78: "e note that the entire Court agreed upon at least one proposition: the Thirteenth Amendment authorizes Congress not only to outlaw all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude, but also to eradicate the last vestiges and incidents of a society half slave and half free by securing to all citizens, of every race and color, the same right to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white citizens.... The conclusion of the majority in
2973:
42:
2949:
369:
Syllabus: "he badges and incidents of slavery that the
Thirteenth Amendment empowered Congress to eliminate included restraints upon those fundamental rights which are the essence of civil freedom, namely, the same right... to inherit, purchase, lease, sell and convey property, as is enjoyed by white
318:
Reversing many precedents, the
Supreme Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 prohibited both private and state-backed discrimination and that the 13th Amendment authorized Congress to prohibit private acts of discrimination as among "the badges and incidents of slavery." Congress possessed the
291:
case which held that
Congress could regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination: " bars all racial discrimination, private as well as public, in the sale or rental of property, and that the statute, thus construed, is a valid exercise of the power of Congress to enforce the
384:
rested upon a concept of congressional power under the
Thirteenth Amendment irreconcilable with the position taken by every member of this Court in the Civil Rights Cases and incompatible with the history and purpose of the Amendment itself. Insofar as Hodges is inconsistent with our holding today,
3038:
2707:
992:
2731:
293:
131:
3073:
2485:
454:
328:
285:
83:
3043:
655:
3058:
2779:
2627:
3053:
2934:
2687:
1238:
1129:
549:
2784:
3068:
2692:
1030:
949:
2662:
2657:
2427:
1159:
1068:
2445:
3078:
3033:
1208:
910:
2764:
1315:
1017:
2799:
2754:
2422:
1305:
1233:
959:
839:
433:
3063:
3048:
2713:
1101:
701:
319:
power to "determine what are the badges and incidents of slavery, and the authority to translate that determination into effective legislation."
1079:
134:
allows
Congress to regulate the sale of private property to prevent racial discrimination, as such racial discrimination is a badge of slavery.
3014:
2450:
570:
2836:
1300:
1248:
1194:
596:
402:
2814:
1243:
1179:
542:
2980:
1253:
1228:
1213:
942:
610:
308:
244:
46:
2759:
2632:
1106:
883:
483:
2794:
2536:
1007:
894:
169:
2821:
2809:
1285:
1223:
535:
2831:
2774:
2573:
915:
888:
706:
1043:
2953:
2919:
2826:
2682:
2667:
2291:
1811:
1335:
932:
2726:
2460:
2221:
1218:
1184:
1164:
1048:
927:
634:
288:
2804:
2672:
2642:
1626:
1381:
1270:
1200:
671:
3007:
2470:
2301:
2271:
2206:
1691:
1330:
1310:
1280:
1189:
1123:
1096:
1062:
805:
586:
2371:
2331:
1856:
1761:
1169:
1118:
1111:
1084:
1024:
815:
739:
300:
2972:
905:
2721:
2136:
1906:
1571:
1551:
1466:
1421:
997:
954:
937:
775:
744:
696:
617:
263:
501:
2176:
1911:
1896:
1891:
1766:
1621:
1461:
1406:
976:
826:
749:
720:
682:
177:
2769:
2306:
2121:
1751:
1656:
1636:
1606:
1295:
1290:
1037:
1002:
900:
864:
558:
458:
75:
474:
3000:
2789:
2677:
2475:
2356:
2261:
2071:
1701:
859:
591:
2552:
2513:
2061:
2021:
1971:
1881:
1841:
1816:
1771:
1576:
1531:
1376:
1356:
1325:
1320:
1263:
1174:
969:
922:
872:
833:
416:
407:
2869:
2637:
2621:
2614:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2542:
2376:
2286:
2266:
2191:
2171:
2161:
2141:
2056:
1941:
1886:
1831:
1736:
1516:
1431:
1090:
1074:
1054:
820:
785:
712:
420:
372:
334:
269:
165:
428:
2737:
2652:
2647:
2607:
2480:
2251:
2236:
2201:
1981:
1901:
1846:
1631:
795:
790:
662:
648:
641:
602:
201:
2914:
2899:
2889:
2859:
2600:
2547:
2396:
2381:
2346:
2211:
2156:
2146:
2041:
1916:
1851:
1726:
1641:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1566:
1561:
1536:
1426:
810:
725:
688:
519:
2909:
2894:
2879:
2697:
2326:
2316:
2276:
2256:
2216:
2091:
2081:
2046:
2006:
1991:
1926:
1791:
1741:
1671:
1556:
1506:
1491:
1481:
1476:
1456:
1441:
1436:
1411:
1351:
1275:
878:
849:
844:
800:
780:
759:
731:
465:
356:
2984:
2948:
2929:
2518:
2366:
2351:
2281:
2231:
2196:
2181:
2166:
2126:
2106:
2096:
2051:
2036:
2016:
1786:
1756:
1746:
1716:
1706:
1616:
1586:
1386:
1012:
964:
854:
304:
181:
492:
3027:
2924:
2854:
2702:
2568:
2391:
2321:
2226:
2076:
2011:
1996:
1986:
1946:
1871:
1861:
1821:
1806:
1696:
1686:
1646:
1596:
1471:
1396:
1366:
510:
98:
527:
2884:
2864:
2386:
2341:
2336:
2296:
2131:
2111:
2066:
2001:
1936:
1921:
1836:
1826:
1781:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1681:
1676:
1666:
1651:
1611:
1546:
1526:
1521:
1501:
1496:
1486:
1446:
1401:
1371:
754:
312:
248:
78:
2904:
2874:
2501:
2465:
2406:
2401:
2361:
2311:
2246:
2241:
2151:
2101:
2031:
2026:
1966:
1951:
1801:
1796:
1661:
1541:
1511:
1451:
1416:
677:
189:
149:
2528:
2186:
2116:
2086:
1956:
1931:
1876:
1776:
1391:
1361:
193:
157:
116:
94:
17:
2506:
1976:
1961:
90:
1866:
424:
2455:
2523:
218:
Stewart, joined by Warren, Black, Douglas, Brennan, Fortas, Marshall
1258:
531:
41:
359:. Legal Information Institute at Cornell University Law School
120:
to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
2988:
2708:
2486:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
2732:
African
American founding fathers of the United States
1085:
Chicago
Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
950:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
307:) provided the basis for this decision as embodied by
3039:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
338:(1948), private landowners racial discrimination case
329:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 392
65:
Joseph Lee Jones et ux. v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. et al.
2845:
2780:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2747:
2561:
2494:
2436:
2415:
1344:
1150:
985:
768:
626:
579:
566:
238:
230:
222:
214:
209:
138:
124:
111:
106:
70:
60:
53:
34:
357:"Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. 392 U.S. 409 (1968)"
256:This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings
1316:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1306:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
1239:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
1130:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2785:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
3008:
2693:List of lynching victims in the United States
1031:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
543:
8:
3074:United States racial discrimination case law
3044:United States Thirteenth Amendment case law
1160:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
3059:Implied statutory cause of action case law
3015:
3001:
1209:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
576:
550:
536:
528:
31:
3054:American Civil Liberties Union litigation
2765:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
2800:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
840:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2714:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
2451:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
2446:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
348:
2628:African-American women in the movement
1080:White House Conference on Civil Rights
911:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1069:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
303:(passed by Congress over the veto of
29:1968 United States Supreme Court case
7:
3069:African-American history of Missouri
2969:
2967:
2837:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
1301:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
1249:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1195:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
672:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
597:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1244:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
1180:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
850:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2981:Supreme Court of the United States
2688:African-American churches attacked
1254:Montgomery Improvement Association
1229:Georgia Council on Human Relations
1214:Council of Federated Organizations
1185:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
943:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
901:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
707:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
611:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
3079:United States Supreme Court stubs
3034:United States Supreme Court cases
2760:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
2633:Jews in the civil rights movement
461:409 (1968) is available from:
2971:
2954:Civil rights movement portal
2947:
2795:Freedom Riders National Monument
2537:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
1049:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
1008:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
895:Second Emancipation Proclamation
40:
2822:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
2810:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
1286:National Council of Negro Women
1224:Deacons for Defense and Justice
403:"Thirteenth Amendment optimism"
401:Greene, Jamal (November 2012).
3064:Civil rights movement case law
3049:1968 in United States case law
702:Mansfield school desegregation
1:
2832:National Voting Rights Museum
2775:Civil Rights Movement Archive
2574:Lynching in the United States
2461:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
916:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
889:University of Chicago sit-ins
656:Davis v. Prince Edward County
273:, 109 U.S. 3 (1883) (in part)
2987:. You can help Knowledge by
2979:This article related to the
2827:National Civil Rights Museum
2683:March on Washington Movement
2668:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
1137:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
451:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
376:, 09 U.S. 3, 22. Insofar as
284:, 392 U.S. 409 (1968), is a
281:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
35:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
2471:"This Little Light of Mine"
1219:Dallas County Voters League
1165:Atlanta Negro Voters League
928:Letter from Birmingham Jail
635:Brown v. Board of Education
289:United States Supreme Court
267:, 203 U.S. 1 (1906), &
101:) ¶ 9832; 47 Ohio Op. 2d 43
3095:
2966:
2805:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
2673:Holt Street Baptist Church
2643:16th Street Baptist Church
1627:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
1271:Nashville Student Movement
1201:An Appeal for Human Rights
511:Oyez (oral argument audio)
97:2980; 1 Empl. Prac. Dec. (
2943:
2302:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
2272:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
1336:Women's Political Council
1331:Wednesdays in Mississippi
1326:United Auto Workers (UAW)
1311:Southern Regional Council
1281:Northern Student Movement
1190:Committee for Freedom Now
1097:Memphis sanitation strike
1063:Voting Rights Act of 1965
806:Savannah Protest Movement
587:Journey of Reconciliation
261:
254:
243:
143:
129:
39:
1170:Atlanta Student Movement
1119:Civil Rights Act of 1968
1044:1964–1965 Scripto strike
1025:Civil Rights Act of 1964
923:1963 Birmingham campaign
816:Civil Rights Act of 1960
740:Civil Rights Act of 1957
385:it is hereby overruled."
301:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2722:Voter Education Project
2476:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
2137:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
1572:Josephine Dobbs Clement
998:Chester school protests
993:Twenty-fourth Amendment
955:Detroit Walk to Freedom
697:Tallahassee bus boycott
618:Baton Rouge bus boycott
378:Hodges v. United States
264:Hodges v. United States
234:Harlan, joined by White
2935:Movement photographers
2177:Bernice Johnson Reagon
1897:Martin Luther King Sr.
1892:Martin Luther King Jr.
1462:William Holmes Borders
1234:Highlander Folk School
1124:Poor People's Campaign
977:St. Augustine movement
827:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
750:Katz Drug Store sit-in
721:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
683:Montgomery bus boycott
178:William J. Brennan Jr.
54:Argued April 1–2, 1968
2770:Civil Rights Memorial
2658:Bethel Baptist Church
2307:Charles Kenzie Steele
1752:Audrey Faye Hendricks
1657:Myrlie Evers-Williams
1637:Patricia Stephens Due
1607:Abraham Lincoln Davis
1542:Colia Lafayette Clark
1296:Operation Breadbasket
1291:National Urban League
1038:Katzenbach v. McClung
906:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
559:Civil rights movement
56:Decided June 17, 1968
2815:other King memorials
2790:Freedom Rides Museum
2727:1960s counterculture
2678:Edmund Pettus Bridge
2357:Walter Francis White
2262:Alexander D. Shimkin
776:New Year's Day March
745:Ministers' Manifesto
592:Executive Order 9981
294:Thirteenth Amendment
132:Thirteenth Amendment
2553:Mary McLeod Bethune
2514:Sermon on the Mount
2481:"We Shall Overcome"
2062:William Lewis Moore
1842:Frank Minis Johnson
1817:Richie Jean Jackson
1772:Donald L. Hollowell
1577:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
1382:Gwendolyn Armstrong
1377:William G. Anderson
1357:Victoria Gray Adams
1321:The Freedom Singers
1175:Black Panther Party
960:March on Washington
873:Garner v. Louisiana
834:Boynton v. Virginia
502:Library of Congress
431:on January 7, 2015.
417:Columbia Law School
408:Columbia Law Review
89:88 S. Ct. 2186; 20
2870:Michael Eric Dyson
2755:In popular culture
2638:Fifth Circuit Four
2622:Loving v. Virginia
2615:Hernandez v. Texas
2594:Buchanan v. Warley
2586:Separate but equal
2580:Plessy v. Ferguson
2543:Frederick Douglass
2377:Robert F. Williams
2287:Kelly Miller Smith
2267:Fred Shuttlesworth
2192:Frederick D. Reese
2172:George Raymond Jr.
2162:A. Philip Randolph
2142:Fay Bellamy Powell
2057:Queen Mother Moore
1942:Z. Alexander Looby
1887:Coretta Scott King
1832:Barbara Rose Johns
1812:Jimmie Lee Jackson
1737:William E. Harbour
1517:Stokely Carmichael
1432:Randolph Blackwell
1102:King assassination
1091:Loving v. Virginia
1075:March Against Fear
1055:How Long, Not Long
933:Children's Crusade
884:Cambridge movement
821:Ax Handle Saturday
786:Greensboro sit-ins
713:Give Us the Ballot
373:Civil Rights Cases
335:Shelley v. Kraemer
270:Civil Rights Cases
166:William O. Douglas
154:Associate Justices
2996:
2995:
2961:
2960:
2738:Eyes on the Prize
2653:A.G. Gaston Motel
2648:Kelly Ingram Park
2608:Sweatt v. Painter
2292:Mary Louise Smith
2252:Cleveland Sellers
2237:Michael Schwerner
2202:Gloria Richardson
1982:Thurgood Marshall
1902:Bernard Lafayette
1632:John Wesley Dobbs
1146:
1145:
865:Birmingham attack
845:Rock Hill sit-ins
796:Sibley Commission
791:Nashville sit-ins
663:Gebhart v. Belton
649:Briggs v. Elliott
642:Bolling v. Sharpe
603:Sweatt v. Painter
277:
276:
202:Thurgood Marshall
170:John M. Harlan II
16:(Redirected from
3086:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2975:
2968:
2952:
2951:
2915:Charles M. Payne
2900:Steven F. Lawson
2890:David Halberstam
2860:Clayborne Carson
2601:Hocutt v. Wilson
2548:W. E. B. Du Bois
2397:Sammy Younge Jr.
2382:Q. V. Williamson
2347:Wyatt Tee Walker
2212:Bernice Robinson
2157:Lincoln Ragsdale
2147:Rodney N. Powell
2042:Douglas E. Moore
1917:Sanford R. Leigh
1852:J. Charles Jones
1727:Fannie Lou Hamer
1642:Joseph Ellwanger
1602:Jonathan Daniels
1592:Claudette Colvin
1582:Annie Lee Cooper
1567:Kathleen Cleaver
1562:Eldridge Cleaver
1537:Shirley Chisholm
1427:Gloria Blackwell
1018:workers' murders
965:"I Have a Dream"
860:Anniston bombing
811:Greenville Eight
726:Little Rock Nine
689:Browder v. Gayle
577:
552:
545:
538:
529:
524:
518:
515:
509:
506:
500:
497:
491:
488:
482:
479:
473:
470:
464:
448:
432:
427:. Archived from
388:
387:
366:
364:
353:
139:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
21:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3021:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2946:
2939:
2920:Thomas E. Ricks
2910:Diane McWhorter
2895:Vincent Harding
2880:Adam Fairclough
2847:
2841:
2743:
2698:Freedom Schools
2557:
2490:
2438:
2432:
2423:Omaha, Nebraska
2411:
2327:Hartman Turnbow
2317:Dorothy Tillman
2277:Glenn E. Smiley
2257:Charles Sherrod
2217:Jo Ann Robinson
2092:Charles Neblett
2082:Elijah Muhammad
2047:Harriette Moore
2007:Floyd McKissick
1992:Franklin McCain
1927:Stanley Levison
1792:T. R. M. Howard
1742:Vincent Harding
1672:Walter Fauntroy
1557:Xernona Clayton
1507:John H. Calhoun
1492:Aurelia Browder
1482:Stanley Branche
1477:Raylawni Branch
1457:Joseph E. Boone
1442:Ezell Blair Jr.
1437:Unita Blackwell
1412:Harry Belafonte
1352:Ralph Abernathy
1340:
1276:Nation of Islam
1152:
1142:
981:
938:Birmingham riot
879:Albany Movement
801:Atlanta sit-ins
781:Sit-in movement
764:
760:Biloxi wade-ins
732:Cooper v. Aaron
622:
568:
562:
556:
522:
516:
513:
507:
504:
498:
495:
489:
486:
480:
477:
471:
468:
462:
445:
442:
400:
397:
395:Further reading
392:
391:
362:
360:
355:
354:
350:
345:
325:
257:
192:
180:
168:
102:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3092:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2976:
2959:
2958:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2930:Akinyele Umoja
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2519:Mahatma Gandhi
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2428:South Carolina
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2367:Hosea Williams
2364:
2359:
2354:
2352:Hollis Watkins
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2282:A. Maceo Smith
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Bernie Sanders
2229:
2224:
2222:Angela Russell
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:David Richmond
2204:
2199:
2197:Walter Reuther
2194:
2189:
2184:
2182:Cordell Reagon
2179:
2174:
2169:
2167:George Raymond
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2127:Charles Person
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Huey P. Newton
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Harry T. Moore
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Cecil B. Moore
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:James Meredith
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Clarence Jones
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Zilphia Horton
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1757:Lola Hendricks
1754:
1749:
1747:Dorothy Height
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1717:Lawrence Guyot
1714:
1709:
1707:Jack Greenberg
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Andrew Goodman
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1617:Joseph DeLaine
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1587:Dorothy Cotton
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1532:J. L. Chestnut
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1467:Amelia Boynton
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:Arnold Aronson
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1013:Freedom Summer
1010:
1005:
1003:Bloody Tuesday
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
973:
972:
967:
957:
952:
947:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
920:
919:
918:
908:
903:
898:
891:
886:
881:
876:
869:
868:
867:
862:
852:
847:
842:
837:
830:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
770:
766:
765:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
736:
735:
723:
718:
717:
716:
704:
699:
694:
693:
692:
680:
675:
668:
667:
666:
659:
652:
645:
630:
628:
624:
623:
621:
620:
615:
607:
599:
594:
589:
583:
581:
574:
564:
563:
557:
555:
554:
547:
540:
532:
526:
525:
441:
440:External links
438:
437:
436:
396:
393:
390:
389:
347:
346:
344:
341:
340:
339:
331:
324:
321:
309:42 U.S.C.
305:Andrew Johnson
275:
274:
259:
258:
255:
252:
251:
245:42 U.S.C.
241:
240:
236:
235:
232:
228:
227:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
205:
204:
182:Potter Stewart
155:
152:
147:
141:
140:
136:
135:
127:
126:
122:
121:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
88:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
18:Jones v. Mayer
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3091:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Timothy Tyson
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Taylor Branch
2853:
2852:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Freedom songs
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Jim Crow laws
2567:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:"Oh, Freedom"
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2392:Whitney Young
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Kale Williams
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:Albert Turner
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:A. P. Tureaud
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Bayard Rustin
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:William Moyer
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Joseph McNeil
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Charles McDew
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Benjamin Mays
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1972:Vivian Malone
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Joseph Lowery
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1872:Clyde Kennard
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1862:Vernon Jordan
1860:
1858:
1857:Matthew Jones
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1822:T. J. Jemison
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Jesse Jackson
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Robert Graetz
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Golden Frinks
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Charles Evers
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1597:Vernon Dahmer
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1552:Septima Clark
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1472:Bruce Boynton
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1397:James Baldwin
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Mathew Ahmann
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:Youth Council
1262:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
990:
988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
917:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
896:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
870:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
855:Freedom Rides
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
767:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
734:
733:
729:
728:
727:
724:
722:
719:
714:
710:
709:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
691:
690:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
673:
669:
665:
664:
660:
658:
657:
653:
651:
650:
646:
644:
643:
639:
638:
637:
636:
632:
631:
629:
625:
619:
616:
613:
612:
608:
605:
604:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
582:
580:Prior to 1954
578:
575:
572:
565:
560:
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
534:
533:
530:
521:
512:
503:
494:
485:
476:
475:CourtListener
467:
460:
456:
452:
447:
444:
443:
439:
435:
430:
426:
422:
419:: 1733–1768.
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
399:
398:
394:
386:
383:
379:
375:
374:
358:
352:
349:
342:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
322:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
295:
290:
287:
283:
282:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
253:
250:
246:
242:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:Case opinions
208:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:Chief Justice
145:
144:
142:
137:
133:
128:
123:
119:
118:
114:
110:
105:
100:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
2989:expanding it
2978:
2963:
2945:
2885:David Garrow
2865:John Dittmer
2736:
2663:Brown Chapel
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2578:
2535:
2387:Andrew Young
2342:A. T. Walden
2337:C. T. Vivian
2297:Maxine Smith
2132:Homer Plessy
2112:James Orange
2067:Irene Morgan
2022:William Ming
2002:Ralph McGill
1937:Viola Liuzzo
1922:Jim Letherer
1907:James Lawson
1837:Vernon Johns
1827:Esau Jenkins
1782:Myles Horton
1732:Fred Hampton
1722:Prathia Hall
1712:Dick Gregory
1682:Marie Foster
1677:James Forman
1667:James Farmer
1652:Medgar Evers
1612:Angela Davis
1547:Ramsey Clark
1527:James Chaney
1522:Johnnie Carr
1502:Ralph Bunche
1497:H. Rap Brown
1487:Ruby Bridges
1447:Joanne Bland
1422:Claude Black
1402:Marion Barry
1372:Muhammad Ali
1199:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1089:
1067:
1036:
1029:
871:
832:
825:
755:Kissing Case
730:
687:
670:
661:
654:
647:
640:
633:
609:
601:
450:
446:
429:the original
412:
406:
381:
377:
371:
368:
361:. Retrieved
351:
333:
317:
298:
280:
279:
278:
268:
262:
239:Laws applied
197:
185:
173:
161:
115:
107:Case history
82:
64:
26:
2905:Doug McAdam
2875:Chuck Fager
2502:Nonviolence
2407:James Zwerg
2402:Bob Zellner
2362:Roy Wilkins
2312:Hank Thomas
2247:Pete Seeger
2242:Bobby Seale
2107:Jack O'Dell
2102:Edgar Nixon
2032:Amzie Moore
2027:Jack Minnis
1967:Mae Mallory
1952:Clara Luper
1912:Bernard Lee
1802:Cecil Ivory
1797:Ruby Hurley
1767:Oliver Hill
1762:Aaron Henry
1662:Chuck Fager
1622:Dave Dennis
1512:Guy Carawan
1452:Julian Bond
1417:James Bevel
1407:Daisy Bates
678:Emmett Till
561:(1954–1968)
363:October 22,
313:§ 1982
249:§ 1982
223:Concurrence
190:Byron White
150:Earl Warren
93:1189; 1968
3028:Categories
2848:historians
2529:Satyagraha
2495:Influences
2187:James Reeb
2122:James Peck
2117:Rosa Parks
2087:Diane Nash
1957:Danny Lyon
1932:John Lewis
1877:A. D. King
1777:James Hood
1392:Ella Baker
1362:Zev Aelony
370:citizens.
343:References
194:Abe Fortas
158:Hugo Black
117:Certiorari
95:U.S. LEXIS
2507:Padayatra
2456:"Kumbaya"
2416:By region
2072:Bob Moses
1977:Bob Mants
1962:Malcolm X
1882:C.B. King
1702:Fred Gray
1345:Activists
986:1964–1968
769:1960–1963
627:1954–1959
91:L. Ed. 2d
71:Citations
2437:Movement
1867:Tom Kahn
1151:Activist
571:timeline
449:Text of
425:41708163
323:See also
286:landmark
215:Majority
2562:Related
2152:Al Raby
1107:funeral
970:Big Six
484:Findlaw
466:Cornell
231:Dissent
226:Douglas
125:Holding
2748:Legacy
2524:Ahimsa
1153:groups
614:(1950)
606:(1950)
567:Events
523:
517:
514:
508:
505:
499:
496:
493:Justia
490:
487:
481:
478:
472:
469:
463:
423:
382:Hodges
311:
247:
200:
198:·
196:
188:
186:·
184:
176:
174:·
172:
164:
162:·
160:
2983:is a
2846:Noted
2439:songs
1259:NAACP
1112:riots
457:
421:JSTOR
415:(7).
112:Prior
2985:stub
520:vLex
459:U.S.
434:Pdf.
365:2015
299:The
130:The
84:more
76:U.S.
74:392
455:392
413:112
296:."
99:CCH
79:409
3030::
453:,
411:.
405:.
367:.
315:.
3016:e
3009:t
3002:v
2991:.
2716:"
2712:"
1057:"
1053:"
897:"
893:"
715:"
711:"
573:)
569:(
551:e
544:t
537:v
87:)
81:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.