344:
207:
335:
Morogues, but also shore bombardments and landings. Twenty special signals allowed for reporting the movements of ships, to be made by privateers. The signals for use under sail by day, made with a combination of 'cornets', which were swallow-tail flags, other flags, and flags from the table, included a series of battle signals. No-one studying this book could criticise the
Spanish either for a lack of useful signals for battle and general purposes, or for over elaboration of signalling technique. Although still tied to the tabular system, their arrangement was brilliantly simple compared with that of the French.
392:
80:
515:
a unique opportunity to expel the
British from that sea and take his fleet to Egypt. Mazarredo refused to co-operate with the French in any enterprise save the reconquest of Minorca from Britain. On 30 March the Franco-Spanish fleet sailed from Cartagena to Cadiz. In June 1799, the French and Spanish fleets under Mazarredo and Bruix, amounting to forty sail of the line, and upwards of thirty frigates and smaller vessels, formed a junction at Cartagena, and
198:
28:
314:
centre should break through the enemy centre. In the process of breaking through, the enemy's centre ships immediately astern of the break would be forced away to leeward, so disorganising the enemy rear and isolating it. Meanwhile, the enemy van would have no choice but to stand on to avoid being put between two fires, and it would thus become completely separated from the remainder of the fleet.
100:
453:
367:. Among the cargo captured were 80,000 muskets, numerous artillery pieces, 300 barrels of gunpowder, more than ÂŁ1,000,000 in gold and silver, equivalent to ÂŁ168,000,000 in 2023, and uniforms for more than a dozen regiments. 3,000 soldiers and sailors were also captured. Two years later he took part in the indecisive
514:
On 21 June 1799, after Bruix helped to evacuate the French from various
Italian ports, he joined Mazarredo at Cartagena. The combined Franco-Spanish fleet comprised forty-two battleships. Since the sixty British ships of the line in the Mediterranean were scattered among several squadrons, Bruix had
313:
Mazarredo did introduce a new sea-warfare idea, the use of fireships by the windward fleet, if threatened with doubling as a means of covering its retreat to windward. also showed himself an innovator in his treatment of breaking the enemy line. He proposed that, when the fleet was to windward, the
550:
in 1801. His frank bearing and firmness of character were little agreeable to the First consul, who required more flexibility in the agents employed by other powers, with greater deference to his own views and pretensions. It was imperative upon the
Spanish court to conciliate the rising power of
334:
This signal book was prepared for Franco-Spanish cooperation, as it begins with special signals for indicating
Spanish and French squadrons, divisions, frigates, the reserve corps, etc. The 400 signals for use at anchor covered not only every feature of fleet administration, as in the manner of
273:
In 1775 he took part of the
Spanish attack on Algiers. The decisions on navigation, anchorage and disembarkation of the twenty thousand men of the Spanish army were made by him. Shortly after, Mazarredo developed a tabular system for the use by the Spanish Navy. In 1778, as commander of the
317:
Exactly the same movement might be executed from leeward, though in that case the enemy's rear would be forced to give way to windward, thus exposing itself to the fire of the centre and rear ships of the attacking fleet. Mazarredo also drew up a signal book, specifically for
557:
Despite his open criticism of the naval systems at the end of his career, Mazarredo had a well-rounded record of sea time, ship command, commander-in-chief of the corps of marines, and responsible posts as aide to senior
Spanish commanders at sea. He conducted several
551:
Napoleon, and
Mazarredo soon heard of his recall. Mazarredo had greatly displeased Napoleon by his outspokenness and lack of flexibility, thus he was dismissed to soothe the angry Napoleon, and the subordination of Spanish interest to those of France was complete.
449:. But Admiral Mazarredo had already organised its defences for such an attack. The Spanish garrison and naval forces put up such a spirited resistance that the British fleet failed to produce any significant losses to the Spanish and went away two days later.
310:, this is a text book for junior officers, though it could clearly have been read with profit by all alike. In common with the French writers, Mazarredo said very little about fighting the enemy. Broadly speaking, his tone was sophisticated and undogmatic.
359:. Thanks to his proposal of a bold manoeuvre, which his colleagues considered reckless, Cordova's fleet of 31 ships of the line and 6 frigates overcame a British convoy of 63 merchant ships escorted by a ship of the line and 2 frigates in the
639:
919:
322:
fleet, which was printed in 1781. It was used in the operations against
Minorca and Gibraltar, and it does not seem unreasonable that CĂłrdova's signalling system was somewhat similar when he first joined
343:
944:
636:
562:
to perfect ship-handling methods and ships' signalling routines in the San
Ildefonso-class. Don José de Mazarredo is considered to be one of the best Spanish naval commanders of all time.
206:
939:
531:
637:
http://blogs.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/empecemos-por-los-principios/2013-09-07/el-espanol-que-dio-la-mayor-estocada-a-la-bolsa-de-londres_25587/
852:
Royal Naval Biography; Or Memoirs Of The Services Of All The Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired Captains, Post-Captains And Commanders.
429:
of the dangers of a Spanish naval decline, accusing the government of bad administration. This cost him to lose his rank, being dismissed and sent to
495:. This last bit of news, which presaged a joint Franco-Spanish action in the Mediterranean, should perhaps have induced Bonaparte to remain in
324:
830:
426:
547:
442:
438:
899:
885:
865:
845:
810:
795:
783:
331:. Like the latter, it employed a tabular system, but much less complex. It employed tables 20 by 20, each permitting 400 signals.
434:
546:
In 1804 he was sent as ambassador from Spain to France having previously given up the command of the Squadron at Brest to Don
319:
166:
306:, printed at Madrid in 1776, dedicated to King Charles III. Despite bearing some evidence of the influence of Paul Hoste and
307:
380:
934:
815:
328:
171:
391:
372:
295:
136:
914:
476:
457:
437:, the admiralty requested his reinstatement. Mazarredo then took command at Cadiz where a British fleet, led by
407:
161:
499:
in order to await its issue. Bruix instructions were to co-operate with the Spanish fleet supplying beleaguered
418:
did several operations in the Mediterranean Sea, one of them was the evacuation of soldiers and civilians from
790:
Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail, the evolution of fighting tactics 1650-1815. (1990) Conway Maritime Press
446:
360:
251:. After 12 years of service in the Spanish navy, he was promoted to assistant of the maritime department of
146:
368:
154:
516:
176:
929:
924:
520:
396:
415:
411:
895:
881:
861:
841:
826:
806:
791:
779:
403:
279:
197:
822:. Complete With 30 Fold Out Maps - All Present. J. Johnson Publishing (1808) ASIN B002N220JC
492:
464:
348:
275:
252:
643:
519:
after an order sent by him, the chasing ships of his Spanish squadron captured the 18-gun
244:
His inclination toward the sea began at a young age; at 14 he enlisted himself aboard the
183:
472:
356:
211:
141:
27:
908:
535:
480:
430:
419:
364:
233:
820:
A New Geographical, Historical And Commercial Grammar And Present State Of The World
304:
Rudimentos de Táctica Naval para Instrucción de los Officiales Subalternos de Marina
414:
Squadron in the Mediterranean. During those months Don Mazarredo, who had relieved
225:
218:
105:
236:, he was considered to be one of the best Spanish naval commanders of the period.
256:
524:
508:
487:, Bonaparte learned that a Spanish squadron under Admiral Mazarredo had left
229:
825:
Chartrand, René. Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Osprey Publishing.
452:
468:
838:
Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): 1793-1808 (Men-at-Arms) (v. 1)
376:
264:
123:
484:
422:, a city in the Catalan coast that was being besieged by the French.
66:
53:
507:
and then to bring supplies and several thousand reinforcements to
504:
500:
496:
488:
451:
342:
283:
245:
205:
85:
294:
Mazarredo was an original theorist. The Spanish Navy entered the
554:
Mazarredo called Napoleon's plans "imperialistic and despotic".
355:
Mazarredo achieved his greatest military success as Cordova's
327:
in 1778. Mazarredo's signal book of 1781 is an improvement on
920:
Spanish military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
278:
San Juan Bautista, he completed hydrographic surveys in the
270:
and took part in a hydrographic campaign in South America.
351:
towing British prizes after the action of 9 August 1780.
363:. 55 British merchant ships were captured, including 5
870:
Potter, Belmont Elmer & Nimitz, William Chester.
379:
as ambassador, in order to negotiate peace after the
534:. After this short action, he proceed from Cadiz to
210:
Portrait of Jose de Mazarredo y Salazar (c.1785) by
32:
Portrait of Mazarredo by Jean François-Marie Bellier
192:
129:
119:
111:
91:
73:
60:
47:
37:
18:
610:
608:
606:
604:
228:officer, cartographer, diplomat and astronomer. A
945:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
803:Nelson's Battles: The Triumph of British Seapower
714:
712:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
222:Jose de Mazarredo Salazar de Muñatones y Gortázar
622:
620:
878:Modern Spain 1788-1898:The Story Of The Nations
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
666:
664:
662:
660:
840:Osprey Publishing; illustrated edition (1998)
395:Nelson's Blockading Squadron at Cadiz 1797 by
771:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, (1955)
433:weeks later. But after the Spanish defeat in
425:Shortly after, Mazarredo had written to warn
282:, contributing to the creation of a Maritime
8:
255:. In 1772 Don José de Mazarredo went to the
463:In 1799 Mazarredo left Cadiz and sailed to
447:proceeded to blockade and bombard the city
26:
15:
940:Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
298:with a system of tactics devised by him,
402:In 1793 Mazarredo received the military
390:
571:
769:The United States and World Sea Power
7:
410:Mazarredo's fleet from Cadiz joined
263:. In 1774 he was transferred to the
224:(8 March 1745 – 29 July 1812) was a
151:Capture of the Merchant Quebec fleet
300:Teniente de navĂo de la Real Armada
876:Andrew, Martin & Hume, Sharp.
14:
880:Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2007)
767:Potter, E. B. and J.R. Fredland.
860:Pen and Sword Publishing (2005)
196:
98:
78:
530:, commanded by Flag Lieutenant
381:Spanish bombardments of Algiers
776:Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy
1:
805:Naval Institute Press (2008)
778:Conway Maritime Press (2004)
475:Fleet, commanded by Admiral
635:Newspaper El Confidencial:
20:Jose de Mazarredo y Salazar
961:
872:Sea power: a naval history
373:American Revolutionary War
339:American Revolutionary War
296:American Revolutionary War
137:American Revolutionary War
894:Osprey Publishing (2005)
679:Potter & Nimitz p.136
456:A posthumous portrait of
445:, appeared on 5 July and
435:Battle of Cape St Vincent
408:French Revolutionary Wars
387:French Revolutionary Wars
162:French Revolutionary Wars
25:
471:learned that the French
172:Nelson's attack on Cadiz
892:The Trafalgar Companion
856:Herold J. Christopher.
361:action of 9 August 1780
329:Chevalier du Pavillon's
147:Action of 9 August 1780
736:Hume & Andrew p.57
560:comparative sea trials
477:Étienne Eustache Bruix
467:. Among the news that
460:
458:Étienne Eustache Bruix
399:
369:Battle of Cape Spartel
352:
215:
155:Battle of Cape Spartel
890:Stilwell, Alexander.
455:
394:
346:
209:
177:Action of 7 July 1799
112:Years of service
538:without opposition.
371:. At the end of the
397:Thomas Buttersworth
302:, and expounded in
259:aboard the Frigate
167:Evacuation of Roses
935:People from Bilbao
858:Bonaparte in Egypt
788:Turnstall, Brian.
642:2013-09-09 at the
532:Frederick Maitland
479:, had entered the
461:
400:
353:
325:comte d'Orvilliers
308:SĂ©bastien Morogues
216:
836:Chartrand, René.
831:978-1-84176-977-6
801:Tracy, Nicholas.
404:Order of Santiago
349:ships of the line
280:Iberian Peninsula
204:
203:
952:
915:Spanish admirals
816:Guthrie, William
755:
752:
746:
743:
737:
734:
728:
725:
719:
716:
707:
704:
698:
695:
680:
677:
671:
668:
655:
652:
646:
633:
627:
624:
615:
612:
579:
576:
548:Federico Gravina
276:ship of the line
200:
104:
102:
101:
93:
84:
82:
81:
30:
16:
960:
959:
955:
954:
953:
951:
950:
949:
905:
904:
850:John Marshall.
774:Harbron, John.
764:
759:
758:
753:
749:
744:
740:
735:
731:
726:
722:
717:
710:
705:
701:
696:
683:
678:
674:
669:
658:
653:
649:
644:Wayback Machine
634:
630:
625:
618:
614:Turnstall p.144
613:
582:
577:
573:
568:
544:
389:
375:he was sent to
341:
292:
242:
188:
184:Napoleonic Wars
99:
97:
79:
77:
65:
52:
33:
21:
12:
11:
5:
958:
956:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
907:
906:
903:
902:
888:
874:
868:
854:
848:
834:
823:
813:
799:
786:
772:
763:
760:
757:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
718:Stilwell p.112
708:
706:Marshall p.384
699:
681:
672:
656:
647:
628:
626:Chartrand p.75
616:
580:
570:
569:
567:
564:
543:
540:
517:on 7 July 1799
443:Horatio Nelson
388:
385:
357:chief of staff
340:
337:
291:
288:
241:
238:
212:Francisco Goya
202:
201:
194:
190:
189:
187:
186:
181:
180:
179:
174:
169:
159:
158:
157:
152:
149:
144:
142:Armada of 1779
133:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
95:
89:
88:
75:
71:
70:
62:
58:
57:
49:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
31:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
957:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
912:
910:
901:
900:1-84176-835-9
897:
893:
889:
887:
886:1-4304-8829-8
883:
879:
875:
873:
869:
867:
866:1-84415-285-5
863:
859:
855:
853:
849:
847:
846:1-85532-763-5
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
824:
821:
817:
814:
812:
811:1-59114-609-7
808:
804:
800:
798:
797:
796:0-85177-544-6
793:
787:
785:
784:0-85177-477-6
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
765:
761:
751:
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
713:
709:
703:
700:
697:Herold p. 356
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
682:
676:
673:
670:Chartrand p.5
667:
665:
663:
661:
657:
654:Guthrie p.354
651:
648:
645:
641:
638:
632:
629:
623:
621:
617:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
581:
575:
572:
565:
563:
561:
555:
552:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
526:
522:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
481:Mediterranean
478:
474:
470:
466:
459:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:. During the
405:
398:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
365:East Indiamen
362:
358:
350:
345:
338:
336:
332:
330:
326:
321:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
271:
269:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
247:
239:
237:
235:
234:naval tactics
231:
227:
223:
220:
213:
208:
199:
195:
191:
185:
182:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
163:
160:
156:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
96:
90:
87:
76:
72:
68:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
29:
24:
17:
891:
877:
871:
857:
851:
837:
819:
802:
789:
775:
768:
754:Harbron p.90
750:
745:Potter p.147
741:
732:
727:Harbron p.93
723:
702:
675:
650:
631:
574:
559:
556:
553:
545:
527:
521:hired cutter
513:
462:
424:
401:
354:
333:
316:
312:
303:
299:
293:
272:
267:
260:
248:
243:
226:Spanish Navy
221:
219:Vice-Admiral
217:
130:Battles/wars
106:Spanish Navy
64:29 July 1812
51:8 March 1745
41:
930:1812 deaths
925:1745 births
542:Later years
491:and was at
483:and was at
439:Lord Jervis
257:Philippines
42:El BilbaĂno
38:Nickname(s)
909:Categories
762:References
578:Tracy p.85
525:Royal Navy
509:Alexandria
240:Early life
74:Allegiance
493:Cartagena
465:Cartegena
412:Lángara's
320:CĂłrdova's
253:Cartagena
230:professor
193:Signature
115:1771–1805
640:Archived
528:Penelope
473:Atlantic
469:Napoleon
441:and Sir
347:Spanish
92:Service/
523:of the
416:Lángara
377:Algiers
290:Tactics
268:RosalĂa
265:frigate
249:Andaluz
124:Admiral
69:, Spain
56:, Spain
898:
884:
864:
844:
829:
809:
794:
782:
485:Toulon
431:Ferrol
103:
94:branch
83:
67:Madrid
54:Bilbao
566:Notes
536:Brest
505:Corfu
501:Malta
497:Egypt
489:Cadiz
427:Godoy
420:Roses
284:Atlas
261:Venus
246:sloop
86:Spain
896:ISBN
882:ISBN
862:ISBN
842:ISBN
827:ISBN
807:ISBN
792:ISBN
780:ISBN
503:and
120:Rank
61:Died
48:Born
232:of
911::
818:.
711:^
684:^
659:^
619:^
583:^
511:.
383:.
286:.
833:.
214:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
