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El
Congreso. The networking that she made in Hollywood, brought in actors and other celebrities to help raise the revenue for the organization. Fierro de Bright, with Luisa Moreno, actively worked on issues that targeted the needs of lower-income and non-bilingual Mexicans to help them receive basic civil rights in the United States. Although El Congreso did not last very long, Fierro de Bright's activism did not end with its dissolution. In 1942, during the “Sleepy Lagoon” trial, after receiving complaints of cruel punishment from parents of the boys held in custody, Fierro de Bright organized a committee for the defendants. The committee became known as the
232:. She said of the violence, "I never believed that I could see a thing like that... I went downtown and my husband and I were standing there and we saw all these policemen hanging around... and hundreds of taxis with sailors hanging on with clubs in their hands, bullies just beating Mexicans on Main Street. And we went up and asked a cop to stop it: he says, 'You better shut up or I'll do the same to you.' You can't do a thing when you see people and the ambulances coming to pick them up and nobody is stopping the slaughter. It's a nightmare. It's a terrible thing to see."
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and founded El
Congreso de Pueblos de Habla Española, a Mexican civil rights organization that worked to fight for civil rights of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans and worker rights as well Fierro de Bright took her and her husband's platform to Hollywood and used it to fund-raise revenue for
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migrants to stand up for their rights. In 1939 El
Congreso leaders asked Fierro de Bright to help them to establish a branch in Los Angeles which represented a major effort by the Mexican American generation of the time, to form a working class movement that was aimed at securing basic rights for all
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After high school graduation, Josefina Fierro decided to move to Los
Angeles to live with an aunt; there she met and fell in love with Hollywood actor John Bright. Bright, who was blacklisted with several other actors in Hollywood due to allegations of having ties with the Communist Party, inspired
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Josefina Fierro had been involved in revolutionary activism from a young age. Her father Plumo Fierro, had been an officer in “Pancho” Villa's revolutionary army, but it was her mother's passion for activism and commitment to helping others that most strongly influenced her life. Fierro had been
196:, she had been taught to speak against injustice, to fight for what was right and to treat everyone with “dignity and respect”. According to Carlos Larralde Josefina's mother would smuggle ammunition inside of Josefina's stroller back and forth from California to Mexico to support the
204:, Josefina realized that she could make money without a form of higher education; leading her to drop out of UCLA. This is a reason that Josefina did not wish to meet with her parents, as well as a very short marriage that lead to an illegal abortion that left Josefina sterile.
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took up most of her time and effort. Fierro de Bright gave up her studies at UCLA to become an organizer, and her style was described by veteran longshoremen's leader Bert Corona as "gutsy, flamboyant, and tough".
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himself, she began to lead boycotts of companies that did business in
Mexican American communities but did not hire Mexican American workers. These activities brought her attention from a Mexican American group
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Fierro's activism further. After marrying Bright, Josefina found herself in the midst of a campaign that defended
Mexican immigrants and Mexican American rights against discrimination during the 1930s.
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raised by her mother, who had immigrated to the United States when
Josefina was a baby. Because Josefina's mother's family were followers of the radical Mexican anarchist
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Her mother emphasized the importance of education and urged
Josefina to "Rely on yourself, be independent." In 1938 when Fierro was 18 years old, she entered the
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Ricardo Flores Magon. Her father Plumo Fierro later gained an inheritance, in turn allowing
Josefina to be able to go to the
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In 1938, at the age of eighteen, Fierro de Bright, who would become executive secretary, collaborated with
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Larralde, Carlos M. (2005). "El
Congreso in San Diego: An Endeavor for Civil Rights".
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Larralde, Carlos (2010). "Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945".
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Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century
178:(Spanish-speaking congress), which was formed in 1938. El Congreso was organizing
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The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism and the Cultural Politics
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Chicanos in California: a history of Mexican Americans in California
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Chicanos in California: A History of Mexican Americans in California
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Fierro de Bright was in Los Angeles in 1943 at the start of the
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Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology and Identity, 1930-1960
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Latinas in the United States, set: A Historical Encyclopedia
252:(pg. 205-206) Susan Ware, Stacy Lorraine Braukman, editors.
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Mexican and Spanish speaking people in the United States.
146:. She grew up in Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley.
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Latinas in the United States: a historical encyclopedia
374:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 145–162.
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289:Ruiz, Vicki L.; Sanchez Korrol, Virginia (2006).
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506:RuĂz, Vicki; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia (2006).
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489:Martin, Waldo E; Sullivan, Patricia (2000).
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391:(1 ed.). Boyd & Fraser.
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439:(pg 96-98) (1998) Vicki L. Ruiz
353:The Journal of San Diego History
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336:Ramirez, Catherine S. (2009).
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