1577:
628:
40:
85:
1172:" stories, emerged as one of the most popular ladies' comics authors of the 1980s. Ladies' comics magazines proliferated rapidly in the latter half of the decade, from eight magazines in 1984, to 19 in 1985, to 48 in 1991. By the 1990s, large commercially-published ladies' comics magazines declined as a result of the
1209:
also emerged as a subgenre of manga marketed towards women, which utilized the sex-focused narrative structure of ladies' comics, but with teenaged instead of adult protagonists. Ladies' comic magazines responded to this new competition by focusing on manga addressing social issues. The strategy was
880:
construction where "ladies" is understood as a synonym for "women", thus indicating the adult-focused audience. The term developed a negative connotation in the 1990s as it came to be associated with low-quality and pornographic manga, though this connotation waned by the 2000s. An abbreviation of
1196:
in 1991. Manga published in these magazines came to be referred to as "young ladies" manga, originating from the word "young" appearing in the title of all three magazines, and was positioned in the manga market as an intermediate category between
1692:
bound volumes, where larger and more expensive books are traditionally reserved for titles aimed at an adult audience, similarly follow no formal rules, with adult manga sold in small and inexpensive formats and youth manga sold in large formats.
1677:
At the editorial level, there is no consistent standard for segmenting manga aimed at a female audience, with terminology and categories varying across decades, publishing houses, and magazines. Since the 2000s, some large publishers such as
1491:
themes often manifest in the setting (frequently either foreign or historical) or through heroic protagonists (princes and princesses, ghosts, people who possess supernatural abilities, etc.). Variant sexual identities, such as gay and
1423:
Stories are sometimes based on the experiences of readers themselves, who are actively invited to submit stories based on their own life experiences, and receive payment if their submissions are chosen to be adapted into manga.
841:
in the 1970s. The category became stigmatized in the late 1980s as it came to be associated with pornographic manga, though it gained greater artistic legitimacy in the 1990s as it shifted to social issue-focused stories.
1349:
market, while pornography composed the remaining 20 percent. Drama and romance titles are typically released by large
Japanese publishing companies, while pornography is typically published by smaller publishing houses.
1176:
and corresponding economic crisis, leading to the proliferation of smaller magazines focused on erotic and pornographic content. Consequently, ladies' comics developed a reputation as being "female pornography".
1210:
successful, and by the late 1990s had gained greater legitimacy as a literary genre and attracted a more general audience, with multiple ladies' comics titles adapted as films and television series. The term
2619:
1143:
1638:
Since the emergence of young ladies manga, distinctions between the categories have been increasingly blurred. In narratives, protagonists of all ages can readily be found in both
2295:
1487:-like man with whom she embarks on a variety of adventures and ultimately marries. Sexual encounters between the protagonist and their partner are commonplace, while
833:
in the 1950s and 1960s, which sought to use manga to tell serious and grounded stories aimed at adult audiences, and by the development of more narratively complex
965:
manga was targeted exclusively at an audience of children and young girls. This status quo began to shift in the late 1950s with the emergence of the concept of
1838:
1112:
manga widened from its historical audience of children to incorporate teenagers and young adult women. Publishers sought to exploit this new market of mature
1160:
Open depictions of sexual acts came to be a defining trait of ladies' comics, in contrast to the editorial restrictions still placed on sexual depictions in
945:
manga. While not commonly used among general
Japanese audiences, it is the term most commonly used by Western audiences to describe this category of manga.
1556:
for a female audience lies in the ability of drawn pornography to depict subjects that are not easily depicted in filmed pornography, such as the female
2634:
54:
656:
149:
748:
is often tenuous; while the two were initially divergent categories, many manga works exhibit narrative and stylistic traits associated with both
2786:
2763:
2729:
2695:
Ogi, Fusami (May 2003). "Female
Subjectivity and Shoujo (Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): Shoujo in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics".
2662:
1865:
144:
1603:
manga by exploring adult topics such as work, sex, and life after marriage, and was directed at a readership of women who were "no longer a
1205:
artists who wished to create manga for an older audience while avoiding the stigma associated with ladies' comics migrated to the category.
2876:
251:
2739:
Shamoon, Deborah (2004). Williams, Linda (ed.). "Office Sluts and Rebel
Flowers: The Pleasure of Japanese Pornographic Comics for Women".
2262:
1077:
manga by creating manga stories that were more psychologically complex, and which dealt directly with topics of politics and sexuality.
2852:
2816:
2685:
2672:
Ito, Kinko (2011). "Chikae Ide, the Queen of
Japanese Ladies' Comics: Her Life and Manga". In Perper, Timothy; Cornog, Martha (eds.).
114:
1500:
romances target both a younger and older readership, with many stories aimed at teenaged girls, as evidenced by the extensive use of
1116:
readers by creating dedicated magazines, which came to be described using the genre name "ladies' comics". Notable magazines include
2881:
2285:
1731:
manga, where artists generally produce works in one category exclusively, and artists that do switch categories rarely switch back.
1619:
manga. This manifests in the careers commonly held by protagonists in each respective category: actresses, models, and musicians in
320:
1975:
1444:
for the reader by depicting a character who is enduring greater hardship than they are, while manga scholar Fusami Ogi considers
2839:
Jones, Gretchen (2005). "Bad Girls Like to Watch: Writing and
Reading Ladies' Comics". In Miller, Laura; Bardsley, Jan (eds.).
1428:
manga magazines often publish special issues dedicated to a specific topic, such as issues devoted to divorce, illnesses, and
2593:
1157:
manga magazines that were spun off into regular publications, and an editorial focus on romance stories that emphasized sex.
1524:. Traits common to heterosexual pornography, such as female domination and objectification, similarly recur in pornographic
649:
271:
1390:, beauty standards, workplace issues, marital strife, or adultery. Many also address social issues, such as aging and
556:
1710:
2755:
2677:
2357:
1826:
609:
246:
1214:
manga also emerged during this period, used primarily by academics to distinguish manga aimed at adult women from
1627:
manga. Fujimoto further considers depictions of marriage as a primary dividing line between the categories, with
503:
2103:
941:
A term originated by critics and academics in the late 1990s to distinguish all manga aimed at adult women from
49:
2647:
A Sociology of
Japanese Ladies' Comics: Images of the Life, Loves, and Sexual Fantasies of Adult Japanese Women
2591:
Ito, Kinko (August 2002). "The World of
Japanese Ladies' Comics: From Romantic Fantasy to Lustful Perversion".
1705:
642:
174:
119:
971:, which sought to use manga to tell serious and grounded stories aimed at adult audiences. By the late 1960s,
1318:(2009) all either originating as popular anime, or enjoying breakout success after being adapted into anime.
954:
While manga aimed at a female audience has an extensive history that is expressed through the development of
827:. The emergence of manga for an adult female audience as a category in the 1980s was preceded by the rise of
1820:
1804:
1335:
1238:
1128:
1100:
in 1980, which targeted an older teen readership and published adult-focused works by Year 24 Group members
792:
784:
448:
109:
1788:
1399:
1367:
632:
461:
124:
31:
2826:
Jones, Gretchen (2003). "'Ladies' Comics': Japan's Not-So-Underground Market in
Pornography for Women".
1476:
1138:
740:, which is marketed to an audience of girls and young adult women. In practice, the distinction between
443:
383:
104:
1436:
that provide information about the subjects covered in the issue. Sociologist Kinko Itō considers that
1272:
2871:
2257:
1832:
1078:
1686:
have grouped all manga magazines aimed at a female audience under a single category. Formatting of
1433:
1173:
179:
2844:
2654:
2650:
2290:
1654:
stories focusing on teens and younger characters. Stories that depict sex have been published in
1379:
1308:
1083:
1342:. In 2002, drama and romance titles collectively represented roughly 80 percent of sales in the
2807:(2010). "Living Happily Never After in Women's Manga". In Steiff, Josef; Barkman, Adam (eds.).
2252:
1576:
2848:
2812:
2804:
2782:
2759:
2725:
2681:
2658:
2134:
1908:
1266:
691:
519:
487:
226:
189:
1180:
Contemporaneously, new manga magazines aimed at adult women in their early twenties emerged:
2704:
2606:
1774:
1488:
1429:
1314:
1058:
in 1972, though neither were commercially successful and both folded after several issues.
1032:
896:, and in Japan, this abbreviation is the most commonly-used term for this category of manga.
499:
212:
169:
99:
2602:
1844:
1765:
1760:
1670:
1608:
1484:
1252:
1153:
in 1981; all three magazines shared the common traits of originating as special issues of
1094:
published multiple works by the Year 24 Group, became the founding editor of the magazine
1892:
276:
2620:"New Trends in the Production of Japanese Ladies' Comics: Diversification and Catharsis"
1983:
1793:
1723:
among the numerous artists who produce works across categories. This dynamic contrasts
1716:
1363:
1246:
manga magazine, with a reported circulation of 162,917; by comparison, the top-selling
1206:
1105:
1090:
955:
804:
734:
416:
285:
241:
139:
1413:
60:
by Motoko Fujita, an autobiography chronicling the author's pregnancy at the age of 43
2865:
1480:
1417:
1290:
1165:
1070:
838:
346:
341:
336:
1366:
stories about the lives of ordinary women. These stories are typically focused on a
917:
term denoting an intermediate category positioned between manga for adult women and
756:
manga. This distinction is further complicated by a third manga editorial category,
2741:
1971:
1885:
1810:
1798:
1533:
1395:
1096:
599:
423:
411:
378:
327:
294:
184:
2775:
International
Perspectives on Shojo and Shojo Manga: The Influence of Girl Culture
1280:
has been a significant influencing factor in attracting a mainstream audience to
1008:
as her original audience aged into adulthood. Two magazines dedicated to women's
1720:
1688:
1580:
1493:
1408:
1375:
1346:
1339:
1302:
997:
796:
614:
579:
533:
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manga. Manga scholar Deborah Shamoon considers that the appeal of pornographic
1532:
pornography is one in which a shy and intelligent woman is transformed into a
1472:
1449:
1296:
1192:
1169:
1150:
1101:
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627:
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236:
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39:
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1521:
1468:
1441:
1387:
1383:
1371:
1182:
1055:
816:
468:
362:
858:
Several terms exist to describe manga aimed at an audience of adult women:
17:
1683:
1679:
1660:
1501:
1391:
1133:
1123:
404:
205:
1541:
1382:. Narratives typically focus on common personal issues such as dating,
1118:
590:
514:
371:
219:
1520:, though stories are typically written from a female rather than male
1276:) had reported circulations of 768,980 and 2.8 million, respectively.
975:
was a mainstream artistic movement, and in 1968, the women's magazine
769:, which emerged in the late 1980s as an intermediate category between
84:
2362:
1557:
1517:
967:
829:
824:
572:
353:
196:
134:
129:
1599:
manga initially emerged in the 1980s, it differentiated itself from
1073:. The Year 24 Group contributed significantly to the development of
733:
refers to manga marketed to an audience of adult women, contrasting
2129:
Fasulo, Fausto (Fall 2019). "Keiko Nishi: Parcous de combatantes".
1976:"What Shôjo Manga Are and Are Not: A Quick Guide for the Confused"
1808:, though when the series was rebooted in 2015 as the anime series
1575:
1331:
1277:
847:
788:
726:
563:
526:
397:
76:
72:
38:
2752:
Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girl's Culture in Japan
2750:
Shamoon, Deborah (2012). "The Revolution in 1970s Shōjo Manga".
1611:
notes this focus on realism as a primary distinguishing mark of
874:
The first term used to describe this category of manga. It is a
1615:
stories, compared to the more fantastical narratives common in
1412:(literally "beautiful boys", roughly analogous to the Western "
1256:) had a reported circulation of 745,455, while the top-selling
1201:
and ladies comics. Young ladies manga grew in popularity as
2253:"Josei Is Anime & Manga's Most Underserved Demographic"
1065:, the 1970s nonetheless saw the significant development of
1432:. These topic-based issues occasionally include non-manga
1004:
manga artist who debuted in the late 1950s and pivoted to
2674:
Mangatopia: Essays on Manga and Anime in the Modern World
2467:
2465:
1758:
manga, or that blur distinctions between the categories.
787:
which often specialize in a specific subgenre, typically
1467:
dramas, instead more closely resembling the heightened
588:
580:
570:
561:
534:
524:
488:
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388:
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328:
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217:
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2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2073:
2071:
2069:
1406:
manga does also feature male protagonists, typically
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2358:"How to Identify the Basic Types of Anime and Manga"
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2169:
2167:
2056:
2054:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2003:
2001:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1932:
1518:
pornographic manga for a heterosexual male audience
825:
pornographic manga for a heterosexual male audience
807:stories about the lives of ordinary women, romance
2286:"2010 Japanese Manga Magazine Circulation Numbers"
2104:"Hagio Moto, une artiste au cœur du manga moderne"
1483:story formulas, such as a woman who encounters a
2720:, La Frontière Floue". In Brient, Hervé (ed.).
1583:, one of several artists who has authored both
1452:and potential ways of life for female readers.
1047:
1024:
1664:, while sex is virtually non-existent in some
1496:characters, also appear in these narratives.
1479:romance novel. Stories often adhere to common
1041:
1018:
989:
932:
904:
889:
865:
762:
729:that emerged in the 1980s. In a strict sense,
718:
703:
677:
1839:Lupin the Third: The Woman Called Fujiko Mine
1623:manga, compared to ordinary working women in
1224:as a category is generally less popular than
650:
8:
1891:(marketed to adult and young adult men) and
1069:manga through the efforts of artists in the
783:manga is traditionally printed in dedicated
30:"Josei" redirects here. For other uses, see
2828:US-Japan Women's Journal English Supplement
683:
2716:Pham, Bruno (2010). "Le Manga au Féminin:
1814:, its manga spin-off was published in the
1548:manga, suggesting a lesbian readership of
1544:relationships also appear in pornographic
1061:Despite the commercial failure of women's
657:
643:
83:
63:
1650:stories featuring adult protagonists and
1463:romances typically eschew the realism of
1884:The male equivalent of this division is
2495:
2251:Gramuglia, Anthony (January 10, 2021).
2133:(11). Custom Publishing France: 68–69.
2089:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1928:
1877:
1370:in a given profession, most commonly a
71:
2246:
2244:
2242:
1911:publishes Harlequin novels adapted as
846:manga has been regularly adapted into
2265:from the original on February 4, 2021
1866:Portrayal of women in American comics
1516:manga shares many common traits with
1326:There are three primary subgenres in
837:manga by artists associated with the
823:manga shares many common traits with
690:
7:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2534:
2522:
2356:Eisenbeis, Richard (March 7, 2014).
2233:
2158:
2077:
2060:
1750:works that share common traits with
1746:There have been several examples of
1631:depicting life before marriage, and
1564:Comparison to other manga categories
1416:") who often appear in stories with
2507:
2483:
2471:
2456:
2444:
2425:
2413:
2398:
2383:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2298:from the original on March 11, 2022
2216:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2045:
2024:
2007:
1953:
1938:
1898:(marketed to teens and young boys).
1696:It is common for authors to create
1108:. Consequently, the readership of
983:manga aimed at a female audience:
25:
1528:manga; a common story formula in
1012:were founded shortly thereafter:
1284:manga since the 2000s, with the
626:
2703:(4). Wiley-Blackwell: 780–803.
2697:The Journal of Popular Culture
2594:The Journal of Popular Culture
2284:Loo, Egan (January 17, 2011).
1848:media franchise, as a notable
725:, is an editorial category of
1:
1802:was originally serialized in
1836:identifies the anime series
2877:Anime and manga terminology
1704:manga simultaneously, with
1635:depicting life afterwards.
1048:
1025:
803:dramas are, in most cases,
589:
581:
571:
562:
535:
525:
489:
479:
470:
422:
403:
389:
370:
361:
352:
329:
305:
296:
287:
278:
218:
204:
195:
2898:
2756:University of Hawaii Press
1440:dramas serve as a form of
961:, for much of its history
633:Anime and manga portal
610:Anime-influenced animation
50:Kōrei Shussan Don to Koi!!
43:Cover illustration to the
29:
27:Manga aimed at adult women
2724:(in French). H Editions.
1042:
1019:
990:
933:
905:
890:
866:
763:
719:
704:
678:
1658:manga magazines such as
1164:manga. The manga artist
120:Original video animation
2709:10.1111/1540-5931.00045
2611:10.1111/1540-5931.00031
1830:. Anthony Gramuglia of
2809:Manga & Philosophy
1789:Monthly Comic Zero Sum
1768:was serialized in the
1592:
1400:violence against women
125:Original net animation
61:
32:Josei (disambiguation)
2882:Women's entertainment
2773:Toku, Masami (2015).
1907:The publishing house
1796:'s 1962 manga series
1782:was published in the
1579:
1448:dramas as presenting
819:, while pornographic
710:and its abbreviation
42:
2627:Japan Studies Review
2258:Comic Book Resources
1986:on November 18, 2015
1833:Comic Book Resources
1805:Weekly Shōnen Sunday
1778:, though its sequel
1322:Themes and subgenres
1250:magazine that year (
1242:was the top-selling
1168:, renowned for her "
979:published the first
811:manga are typically
180:International market
2722:Manga 10,000 Images
2678:Libraries Unlimited
2645:Ito, Kinko (2010).
2618:Ito, Kinko (2009).
2474:, pp. 784–785.
1088:, who as editor of
247:Best-selling series
67:Part of a series on
2845:Palgrave Macmillan
2841:Bad Girls of Japan
2805:Clements, Jonathan
2655:Edwin Mellen Press
2651:Lewiston, New York
2640:on August 1, 2019.
2291:Anime News Network
1668:magazines such as
1593:
1504:as a reading aid.
1380:pink-collar worker
1309:Princess Jellyfish
1273:Weekly Shōnen Jump
1139:Big Comic for Lady
881:ladies' comics is
686:"women's comics",
266:Demographic groups
150:Longest franchises
62:
2788:978-1-31761-075-5
2765:978-0-82483-542-2
2731:978-2-9531781-4-2
2664:978-0-7734-1675-8
2576:, pp. 88–89.
1909:Ohzora Publishing
1607:". Manga scholar
1267:Weekly Young Jump
850:since the 2000s.
667:
666:
520:Anime music video
16:(Redirected from
2889:
2858:
2835:
2822:
2792:
2769:
2746:
2735:
2712:
2691:
2668:
2641:
2639:
2633:. Archived from
2624:
2614:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
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2099:
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2075:
2064:
2058:
2049:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1982:. Archived from
1968:
1957:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1882:
1852:adaptation of a
1775:Monthly GFantasy
1714:
1489:romantic fantasy
1430:cosmetic surgery
1347:collected volume
1315:Eden of the East
1236:manga. In 2010,
1147:
1087:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1033:Mushi Production
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
995:
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992:
938:
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910:
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907:
895:
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871:
869:
868:
768:
766:
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724:
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721:
709:
707:
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697:, also known as
696:
694:
692:[dʑoseː]
689:
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645:
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21:
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2819:
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2800:
2798:Further reading
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2789:
2772:
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2749:
2738:
2732:
2715:
2694:
2688:
2671:
2665:
2644:
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2603:Wiley-Blackwell
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2184:
2180:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2146:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2102:Brient, Hervé.
2101:
2100:
2096:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2067:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2031:
2023:
2014:
2006:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1902:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1862:
1845:Lupin the Third
1766:Kazuya Minekura
1744:
1708:
1671:Monthly Flowers
1609:Yukari Fujimoto
1574:
1566:
1510:
1485:Prince Charming
1458:
1356:
1324:
1141:
1081:
1039:
1016:
987:
952:
930:
902:
887:
863:
856:
785:manga magazines
760:
727:Japanese comics
716:
701:
687:
675:
663:
625:
620:
619:
552:
544:
543:
464:
454:
453:
449:Anime directors
439:
431:
430:
323:
313:
312:
267:
259:
258:
165:
157:
156:
95:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2854:978-1403969477
2853:
2836:
2823:
2818:978-0812696790
2817:
2811:. Open Court.
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2770:
2764:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2713:
2692:
2687:978-1591589082
2686:
2669:
2663:
2642:
2615:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2539:
2527:
2512:
2510:, p. 787.
2500:
2488:
2476:
2461:
2449:
2430:
2428:, p. 119.
2418:
2416:, p. 116.
2403:
2401:, p. 118.
2388:
2386:, p. 115.
2376:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2322:, p. 786.
2309:
2276:
2261:. Valnet Inc.
2238:
2221:
2202:
2200:, p. 780.
2190:
2188:, p. 784.
2178:
2163:
2144:
2121:
2094:
2092:, p. 102.
2082:
2080:, p. 171.
2065:
2050:
2048:, p. 791.
2029:
2027:, p. 792.
2012:
1997:
1980:Matt-Thorn.com
1958:
1943:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1900:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1842:, part of the
1794:Fujio Akatsuka
1780:Saiyuki Reload
1743:
1733:
1717:George Asakura
1573:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1509:
1506:
1457:
1454:
1355:
1352:
1323:
1320:
1106:Keiko Takemiya
1079:Junya Yamamoto
951:
948:
947:
946:
939:
923:
922:
911:
898:
897:
894:, "lady-comi")
872:
862:Ladies' comics
855:
852:
723:, "lady-comi")
699:ladies' comics
665:
664:
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
636:
635:
622:
621:
618:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
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586:
577:
568:
553:
550:
549:
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541:
531:
522:
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512:
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367:
358:
349:
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319:
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314:
311:
310:
301:
292:
283:
274:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
252:Longest series
249:
239:
234:
229:
224:
215:
210:
201:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
166:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
145:Longest series
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
80:
79:
69:
68:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
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2870:
2869:
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2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
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2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2564:, p. 90.
2563:
2558:
2555:
2552:, p. 87.
2551:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2537:, p. 84.
2536:
2531:
2528:
2525:, p. 92.
2524:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2498:, p. 78.
2497:
2492:
2489:
2486:, p. 79.
2485:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:, p. 75.
2458:
2453:
2450:
2447:, p. 74.
2446:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2346:, p. 73.
2345:
2340:
2337:
2334:, p. 72.
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2277:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:, p. 85.
2235:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:, p. 71.
2218:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2176:, p. 70.
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2161:, p. 82.
2160:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:, p. 81.
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:, p. 69.
2009:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:Thorn, Rachel
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:, p. 11.
1955:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1941:, p. 12.
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:point of view
1519:
1515:
1512:Pornographic
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:romance novel
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:working woman
1365:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1291:Paradise Kiss
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:in 1990, and
1189:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Milk Morizono
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:in 1980, and
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:Year 24 Group
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1038:
1035:in 1969, and
1034:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:. Maki was a
999:
986:
985:Mashūko Banka
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
960:
958:
949:
944:
940:
928:
925:
924:
920:
916:
912:
900:
899:
886:
885:
879:
878:
873:
861:
860:
859:
853:
851:
849:
845:
840:
839:Year 24 Group
836:
832:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
776:
772:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
737:
732:
728:
715:
714:
700:
693:
674:
672:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
640:
638:
637:
634:
629:
624:
623:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
593:
592:
587:
585:
583:
578:
575:
574:
569:
566:
565:
560:
559:
558:
555:
554:
548:
547:
540:
537:
532:
529:
528:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
501:
498:
494:
491:
486:
484:
481:
476:
475:
474:
472:
467:
466:
463:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
444:Manga artists
442:
441:
435:
434:
426:
425:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
407:
406:
401:
399:
396:
393:
392:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
374:
373:
368:
365:
364:
359:
356:
355:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
331:
326:
325:
322:
317:
316:
309:
307:
302:
300:
298:
293:
291:
289:
284:
282:
280:
275:
273:
270:
269:
263:
262:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
222:
221:
216:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
198:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
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168:
167:
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160:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
91:
90:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:
59:
56:
51:
47:manga series
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2840:
2831:
2827:
2808:
2774:
2754:. Honolulu:
2751:
2742:Porn Studies
2740:
2721:
2717:
2700:
2696:
2673:
2646:
2635:the original
2630:
2626:
2598:
2592:
2584:Bibliography
2569:
2557:
2530:
2503:
2496:Shamoon 2004
2491:
2479:
2452:
2421:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2361:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2300:. Retrieved
2289:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2256:
2193:
2181:
2130:
2124:
2112:. Retrieved
2107:
2097:
2090:Shamoon 2012
2085:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:the original
1979:
1912:
1903:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1853:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:Mr. Osomatsu
1809:
1803:
1799:Osomatsu-kun
1797:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1724:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:manga, with
1643:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1569:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1534:nymphomaniac
1529:
1525:
1513:
1511:
1497:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1437:
1425:
1422:
1407:
1403:
1396:prostitution
1359:
1357:
1343:
1327:
1325:
1313:
1312:(2008), and
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1179:
1161:
1159:
1154:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1097:Petit Flower
1095:
1089:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1036:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
962:
956:
953:
942:
926:
918:
914:
901:Young ladies
883:
882:
875:
857:
843:
834:
828:
820:
815:–influenced
808:
800:
780:
779:
774:
770:
758:young ladies
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
735:
730:
712:
711:
698:
670:
669:
668:
600:2.5D musical
379:Magical girl
303:
185:Manga artist
105:Voice acting
48:
44:
36:
2872:Josei manga
2718:Shōjo/Josei
2114:January 27,
2110:(in French)
1721:Mayu Shinjo
1709: [
1581:Mayu Shinjo
1508:Pornography
1494:transgender
1450:role models
1376:office lady
1362:dramas are
1340:pornography
1303:Chihayafuru
1264:magazines (
1207:Teens' love
1174:Lost Decade
1142: [
1091:Shōjo Comic
1082: [
998:Miyako Maki
977:Josei Seven
854:Terminology
797:pornography
615:MyAnimeList
500:Conventions
417:Teens' love
391:Otomechikku
227:Iconography
190:Alternative
53: [
18:Josei Manga
2866:Categories
1923:References
1818:magazines
1706:Mari Ozaki
1473:soap opera
1418:homoerotic
1414:pretty boy
1297:Bunny Drop
1193:Feel Young
1188:Young Rose
1151:Shogakukan
1102:Moto Hagio
915:wasei-eigo
877:wasei-eigo
817:melodramas
813:soap opera
688:pronounced
605:Anime song
337:Boys' love
237:Manga cafe
232:Scanlation
175:Publishers
2779:Routledge
2745:: 77–103.
2605:: 68–85.
2574:Pham 2010
2562:Pham 2010
2550:Pham 2010
2535:Pham 2010
2523:Pham 2010
2369:March 18,
2302:March 18,
2269:March 18,
2234:Pham 2010
2159:Pham 2010
2139:2552-9900
2078:Toku 2015
2061:Pham 2010
1990:March 10,
1786:magazine
1772:magazine
1538:sex slave
1477:Harlequin
1469:melodrama
1442:catharsis
1420:subtext.
1388:eldercare
1384:childcare
1372:housewife
1186:in 1987,
1183:Young You
1170:porn-chic
1056:Futabasha
867:レディースコミック
713:redikomi
705:レディースコミック
490:Doujinshi
471:Doujinshi
363:Iyashikei
110:Companies
2508:Ogi 2003
2484:Ito 2002
2472:Ogi 2003
2457:Ito 2002
2445:Ito 2002
2426:Ito 2009
2414:Ito 2009
2399:Ito 2009
2384:Ito 2009
2344:Ito 2002
2332:Ito 2002
2320:Ogi 2003
2296:Archived
2263:Archived
2217:Ito 2002
2198:Ogi 2003
2186:Ogi 2003
2174:Ito 2002
2046:Ogi 2003
2025:Ogi 2003
2008:Ito 2002
1954:Ito 2011
1939:Ito 2011
1860:See also
1689:tankōbon
1684:Kodansha
1680:Shueisha
1661:Sho-Comi
1502:furigana
1409:bishōnen
1392:dementia
1306:(2007),
1300:(2005),
1294:(1999),
1134:Shueisha
1124:Kodansha
1037:Papillon
906:ヤングレディース
884:redikomi
799:. While
764:ヤングレディース
557:Glossary
405:Shotacon
272:Children
213:New Wave
206:Heta-uma
2834:: 3–30.
1856:manga.
1761:Saiyuki
1542:Lesbian
1456:Romance
1434:columns
1364:realist
1336:romance
1330:manga:
1288:series
1218:manga.
1119:Be Love
1049:Papiyon
950:History
805:realist
793:romance
591:Nijikon
551:General
515:Cosplay
493:printer
372:Lolicon
342:Cooking
220:Yonkoma
170:History
115:Studios
100:History
2851:
2815:
2785:
2762:
2728:
2684:
2661:
2363:Kotaku
2137:
1915:manga.
1894:shōnen
1887:seinen
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