270:' until well into the fifteenth century." Kieckhefer cites Russell (as quoted above) but does not provide other sources to support his claims regarding "Sabbath" or "synagogue" or "synagogue of Satan" or whether he means in Latin or a vernacular language. In a 2002 reprint of the same passage from the 1976 work by Kieckhefer, the citation of Russell is removed and replaced with a broad statement: "The Lamothe-Langon texts are now generally regarded as fakes." Kieckhefer points out that Norman Cohn shares his opinion (see below), and is careful to note their conclusions were reached independently. A citation that helps explain the serendipity is not included in the 2002 reprint but appeared in 1976: "Cohn and I both based our discoveries in large part on the biographical data in Switzer's book of 1962."
361:
evidence extracted during the trials themselves." Cohn considers these confessions extracted under torture to have contained, at least on some occasions, a certain amount of real belief, but which he quantifies as a mere "grain of truth" while "the rest came from the imagination of certain inquisitors bishops and magistrates, who used and abused the inquisitorial procedure to obtain all the confirmation they needed." After a great deal of attention to
Lamothe-Langon, Cohn seems to arrive a position that would not appear to be anti-thetical to the views expressed by Hansen.
279:
handful of documents into what he deems a "spectacular historical hoax." Under the heading "How the Great Witch-Hunt Did Not Start," Cohn lists a number of trials from 1275 to 1360, many of which are included in the work of Hansen (and Soldan), and Cohn claims they are all "false from start to finish. None of these things happened." However, a couple pages later, Cohn concedes that there was a "sole contemporary mention" of a witch trial around 1275" but this trial was for "simple sorcery." (Cohn doesn't provide the Latin term for "simple sorcery.")
159:—both acknowledged the importance of Hansen. GL Burr writing in 1911 refers to Hansen as "the most eminent German scholar who has... given the world the most careful book on the rise of conception..." English professor GL Kittredge writing in 1907 was arguably forwarding an anti-thetical view to that of Hansen, yet quoted him at length in untranslated German.
262:(1612). Lamothe-Langon, also writing in French, may have helped spread the use of the word as shorthand, and Hansen uses it frequently writing in German. But most fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth century writers who joined in the witchcraft debate seem to rarely, if ever, use the Latin "sabbatum" or vernacular derivatives thereof.
330:
In this same Paris archive, Hansen verified, via a separate trial, that the inquisitor named by
Lamothe-Langon was operating in Carcassonne in 1276. Operating within Cohn's theory, such corroboration is unhelpful because Lamothe-Langon may have lifted the name from "a standard list of the inquisitors
266:
that
Lamothe-Langon's texts are forgeries." Kieckhefer bases this on "certain inaccuracies and anachronisms... In particular, Lamothe-Langon uses the word 'Sabbath' in rendering documents for fourteenth-century diabolical assemblies, though this word did not begin to displace the term 'synagogue' of '
249:
Writing in 1972, JB Russell follows Hansen in lamenting the missing Latin originals, and that "we must rely upon a summary translation, and though
Lamothe-Langon was a careful scholar, we have no way of knowing what was the word he translated as 'sabbat'." The Latin word "sabbatum" occurs frequently
246:) Hansen laments that he can therefore only provide the full extracts in French, as Hansen seems to believe that, before they were lost, the original Latin documents written by the inquisitors were roughly translated into French by Lamothe-Langon as he compiled a three volume work on the inquisition.
456:
Holger
Krahnke: Die Mitglieder der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen 1751–2001 (= Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse. Folge 3, Bd. 246 = Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse. Folge
166:
refers to the "fundamental investigations of J. Hansen, more precisely, have demonstrated how the image of diabolical witchcraft, with all its appendages... was developed between the mid-thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries largely through the efforts of theologians and inquisitors... All this...
265:
Writing in 1976, R Kieckhefer cites
Russell's work and seems to have become intrigued by his comment regarding the word 'sabbat' but he departs from Russell's view of Lamothe-Langon as a reliable source: "What historians have failed to recognize, however, is that there is serious reason to believe
282:
Further on, Cohn again qualifies his initial statement and concedes yet another trial from the list did happen, "In 1329, the inquisitor of
Carcassonne did sentence a monk to life imprisonment for practicing love magic..." Cohn doesn't provide his source for this "love magic" trial but it can be
360:
Following his critique of
Lamothe-Langon, Norman Cohn seems to briefly advance a bottom-up view: "To the creation of the imaginary sect of witches, written works contributed very little." But on the following page Cohn qualifies this: "The origin of the new stereotype of the witch lay.. in the
278:
Writing in 1975, Norman Cohn seems to go further than
Kieckhefer. For Cohn, questions about the unreliability of Lamothe-Langon, originally based on a biography, seem to have moved from an intriguing and speculative theory into established fact, and Cohn broadens the issue from pertaining to a
348:
might have reason to highlight any potential embarrassment to Hansen due to his focus on the culpability at the top—the "kirche und staat" (church and state)-- and his selection and compilation of the surviving written record on the subject which almost exclusively comes from those sources.
339:
It is not clear that withdrawing the
Lamothe-Langon records in question would have a significant impact on Hansen's lengthy works from 1900 to 1901 or his broader thesis. Institutional partisans or those historians of witchcraft who share an affinity with the bottom-up view of
331:
for Toulouse." Whereas Kieckhefer claims his skepticism is based in "anachronisms in the reports," Cohn seems to suggest the opposite: appearances of authenticity in Lamothe-Langon's accounts could be indicators he was selectively culling details from proper sources.
238:("sources"). With regard to one source, Baron Lamothe-Langon, Hansen writes that he consulted with Professor Ch. Molinier "the best expert on the inquisition in the south of France" who confirmed that archives used by Lamothe-Langon can no longer be found (
182:
does not cite or refer to J. Hansen in his work on the subject of witchcraft "Religion and the Decline of Magic" though the title seems similar, albeit inverted, to Hansen's work from 1900. Writing a few years after K. Thomas,
113:(Magical Illusion, Inquisition, and Witch Trials in the Middle Ages, and the Formation of the Larger Persecution of Witches) and the following year a companion volume of background materials was published (
94:
Joseph Leonhard Hansen was born in 1863 in Aachen and studied at the Universities of Bonn, Berlin, and MĂĽnster, earning a doctorate in 1883. From 1891 until his retirement in 1927, he was director of the
798:
187:
acknowledges "no small influence" from K. Thomas while relying heavily on the work of J. Hansen including over a hundred citations in the "Calendar of Witch Trials." Kieckhefer also joins
198:
Historians Alan Charles Kors and Edward Peters refer to Hansen as "the great archivist of Cologne" and consider his two works the most important scholarship from the turn of the century.
222:
In his work on witchcraft, Hansen relied on a vast number of sources and typically included lengthy quotations. These quotes are most often in the original ecclesiastical Latin, the
134:
In 1921, Hansen was elected a corresponding member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. In 1925, he was accepted as a corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
403:
793:
254:
and would have been familiar to all within the medieval Church. Twelfth century inquisitors who were operating in Toulouse France sometimes referred to Waldensiens as
167:
has been documented exhaustively... Thus the goal of the present research is to document and build upon the approach to the question originally developed by Hansen."
783:
119:
Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter: Mit einer Untersuchung der Geschichte des Wortes Hexe (1901).
102:
Hansen has been referred to as liberal and "freethinking." Hansen was raised Catholic in Aachen and resided in historically Catholic Cologne, with its famous
435:
Joseph Hansen (Hrsg.): Quellen zur Geschichte des Rheinlandes im Zeitalter der Französischen Revolution 1780–1801. Rezension in Sehepunkte 6, 2006, Nr. 2.
96:
768:
778:
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258:. Use of the word "sabbatum" as a shorthand to represent a gathering of more than one witch seems most traceable to Francophone writers such as
773:
788:
462:
82:(26 April 1863 – 29 June 1943) was an influential German historian of witchcraft persecutions, and an archivist in the city of
474:
Mitglieder der Vorgängerakademien. Joseph Hansen. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, retrieved 1 April 2015.
483:
Wolfgang Behringer in "Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe" ed. Jonathan Barry, Marianne Hester, and Gareth Roberts (1996) p 66
352:
A theory not based in the written record is difficult to source and will tend toward the speculative, as Kieckhefer notes:
179:
563:"Witchcraft in Europe, 400–1700: A Documentary History" ed. Alan Charles Kors & Edward Peters (2000) p. 25
370:
Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter, und die Entstehung der grossen Hexenverfolgung (1900)
384:
234:
these quotes are often placed within the footnotes, and they are featured prominently in the companion work
156:
288:
665:
586:
582:
375:
Quellen und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Hexenwahns und der Hexenverfolgung im Mittelalter (1901)
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writes that Hansen "unquestionably delivered the consummate synthesis of previous witchcraft studies."
304:
204:
In 2011, a work that tracked and translated into English a selection of the sources used by Hansen in
111:
Zauberwahn, Inquisition und Hexenprozess im Mittelalter und die Entstehung der grossen Hexenverfolgung
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753:
152:
201:
Despite their influence, Hansen's works were not translated into English during the 20th century.
137:
In 1943, age 80 Hansen and his wife Johanna (1872–1943) were killed in a bombing raid on Cologne.
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Hansen notes that he verified Lea's transcription of the 1329 sentence in the archives at Paris:
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43:
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Carlo Ginzburg, "The Night Battles" (1966) transl. John & Anne Tedeschi (1983) p. xviii
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befinden sich in der Pariser Nationatalbibliothek Msc. Doat col. 27 p. 177, vol. 28 p. 161.
86:, where at the age of 80 he was killed, along with his wife, by the bombs of World War II.
315:, considers "sortilegus" to have been shortened to become the French "sorcier" and indeed
300:
312:
217:
192:
163:
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223:
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refers to Hansen as "the great scholar" in his first work on witchcraft in Germany.
341:
287:
where Hansen cites the work of HC Lea and Lea includes the entire 1329 sentence
188:
191:(1975) in expressing strong reservations toward one of Hansen's sources (Baron
356:"it is notoriously difficult to glean the beliefs of the illiterate masses..."
320:
99:. From 1893 to 1927 he was also chairman of the Society for Rhenish History.
527:
HC Erik Midelfort, "Witchhunting in Southwestern Germany 1562–1684 (1972) p7
426:
HR Trevor-Roper "Religion, The Reformation, and Social Change" (1967) p 276
445:
Henry Charles Lea, Geschichte der Inquisition im Mittelalter: in 3 Bänden
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83:
61:
227:
39:
545:
Richard Kieckhefer, "European Witch Trials" (1976) p.106-118, ix,
610:
The Witchcraft Reader, ed. Darren Oldridge (2002) p. 29, 35 n.11
655:
HC Lea, A History of the Inquisition, Vol III (1922) p. 455,657
151:
Two historians of witchcraft who were contemporaries of Hansen—
404:"Sterbeurkunde Nr. 399 vom 3. Juli 1943, Standesamt Köln III"
106:, nonetheless some have referred to him as "anti-clerical."
295:... and frequently uses the same Latin synonym for witch –
293:
multas et diversas daemonum conjurationes et invocationes
457:
3, Bd. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001,
536:
Keith Thomas "Religion and the Decline of Magic" (1971)
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was the term used in the title of another contemporary
307:
where it is claimed that 900 persons were executed for
174:
frequently cites Hansen's "important" work. Historian
170:
In a lengthy 1967 essay on the European witch trials,
69:
50:
25:
18:
323:in a witch-phobic work written in French in 1580.
311:. A Francophone writer and contemporary of Remy,
123:In 1905, Hansen published a German translation of
799:Deaths by British airstrikes during World War II
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666:De Veneficis Quos Olim Sortilegos (1575) p. 14
385:German Knowledge (XXG) entry on Joseph Hansen
129:History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages
8:
554:Kieckhefer,"Europe's Witch Trials" p. ix, 17
212:Questions Regarding A Source: Lamothe-Langon
15:
97:Historical Archive of the City of Cologne
794:German civilians killed in World War II
676:Bodin, De la Demonomanie des Sorciers (
447:Rev. und hrsg. von Joseph Hansen (1905)
395:
208:was published by P. G. Maxwell-Stuart.
7:
784:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
335:Old Partisan Battle: Soldan vs Grimm
344:, and oppose the top-down view of
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494:New England's Place in Witchcraft
408:LAV NRW R Personenstandsregister
291:. The 1329 sentence refers to...
90:Life, education and publications
289:reprinted in the original Latin
273:
141:Influence on Witchcraft Studies
779:20th-century German historians
764:19th-century German historians
242:). Under these circumstances (
1:
599:Witchcraft in the Middle Ages
299:– found on the title page of
274:Norman Cohn's Wider Criticism
244:Unter diesen Umständen mussen
769:University of MĂĽnster alumni
701:Zauberwahn (1900) p. 309 n.1
619:Kieckhefer (1976) p. 17, 157
226:of Europe since the time of
240:nicht mehr aufzufinden sind
815:
583:History of the Inquisition
215:
109:In 1900, Hansen published
774:University of Bonn alumni
789:Historians of witchcraft
597:Jeffrey Burton Russell,
581:Phillipus van Limborch,
572:Hansen (1901) p. 449-450
358:
719:Kieckhefer (1976)p.2
507:Notes on Witchcraft
710:Cohn (1975) p. 182
587:1692 Latin edition
268:synagogue of Satan
250:in Jerome's Latin
185:Richard Kieckhefer
146:Wolfgang Behringer
44:Kingdom of Prussia
646:Cohn (1975) p.186
637:Cohn (1975)p. 181
628:Cohn (1975) p 187
601:(1972) p.328 n.26
309:sortilegii crimen
176:HC Erik Midelfort
172:Hugh Trevor-Roper
162:Writing in 1965,
125:Henry Charles Lea
104:Cologne Cathedral
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195:see below).
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157:GL Kittredge
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117:= Sources),
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56:(1943-06-29)
54:29 June 1943
759:1943 deaths
754:1863 births
509:(1907) fn 2
342:Jakob Grimm
256:Inzabbbatos
189:Norman Cohn
748:Categories
413:2018-10-05
390:References
346:W.G.Soldan
321:Jean Bodin
297:sortilegia
232:Zauberwahn
70:Occupation
32:1863-04-26
492:GL Burr,
465:, S. 102.
283:found in
73:Historian
64:, Germany
317:sorciers
690:Quellen
585:, p 88
285:Quellen
252:vulgate
236:Quellen
206:Quellen
153:GL Burr
115:Quellen
84:Cologne
62:Cologne
461:
228:Jerome
40:Aachen
365:Works
230:. In
459:ISBN
155:and
51:Died
26:Born
303:'s
750::
406:.
131:.
42:,
680:)
416:.
34:)
30:(
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