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2935:: "Perhaps I can best show my appreciation by trying to answer the questions which Professor Silvanus Thompson addressed to me. I think his first question was a question rather of notation, as to the difference between the electron and the corpuscle. I prefer the corpuscle for two reasons: first of all, it is my own child, and I have a kind of parental affection for it; and, secondly, I think it has one merit which the term electron has not. We talk about positive and negative electrons, and I think when you use the same term for the two the suggestion is that there is an equality, so to speak, in the properties. From my point of view the difference between the negative and the positive is essential, and much greater than I think would be suggested by the term positive electron and negative electron. Therefore I prefer to use a special term for the negative units and call it a corpuscle. A corpuscle is just a negative electron."
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question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of
Section A of the British Association at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name " proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'
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948:) could travel much further through air than expected for an atom-sized particle. He estimated the mass of cathode rays by measuring the heat generated when the rays hit a thermal junction and comparing this with the magnetic deflection of the rays. His experiments suggested not only that cathode rays were over 1,000 times lighter than the hydrogen atom, but also that their mass was the same in whichever type of atom they came from. He concluded that the rays were composed of very light, negatively charged particles which were a universal building block of atoms. He called the particles "corpuscles", but later scientists preferred the name
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944:, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson in 1897 was the first to suggest that one of the fundamental units of the atom was more than 1,000 times smaller than an atom, suggesting the subatomic particle now known as the electron. Thomson discovered this through his explorations on the properties of cathode rays. Thomson made his suggestion on 30 April 1897 following his discovery that cathode rays (at the time known as
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produced an electric field between them when they were connected to a battery. The end of the tube was a large sphere where the beam would impact on the glass, created a glowing patch. Thomson pasted a scale to the surface of this sphere to measure the deflection of the beam. Any electron beam would collide with some residual gas atoms within the
Crookes tube, thereby ionizing them and producing electrons and ions in the tube (
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979:. He thus concluded that atoms were divisible, and that the corpuscles were their building blocks. In 1904, Thomson suggested a model of the atom, hypothesizing that it was a sphere of positive matter within which electrostatic forces determined the positioning of the corpuscles. To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom, he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge. In this "
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was a regular communicant in the
Anglican Church. In addition, he showed an active interest in the Trinity Mission at Camberwell. With respect to his private devotional life, J. J. Thomson would invariably practice kneeling for daily prayer, and read his Bible before retiring each night. He truly was a practicing Christian!" (
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Footnote by Ernest
Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The
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of the cathode rays by measuring how much they were deflected by a magnetic field and comparing this with the electric deflection. He used the same apparatus as in his previous experiment, but placed the discharge tube between the poles of a large electromagnet. He found that the mass-to-charge ratio
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had thought they could not be). A month after
Thomson's announcement of the corpuscle, he found that he could reliably deflect the rays by an electric field if he evacuated the discharge tube to a very low pressure. By comparing the deflection of a beam of cathode rays by electric and magnetic fields
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Seeger, Raymond. 1986. "J. J. Thomson, Anglican", in "Perspectives on
Science and Christian Faith", 38 (June 1986): 131–132. The Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation. "As a Professor, J. J. Thomson did attend the Sunday evening college chapel service, and as Master, the morning service. He
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with a better vacuum. At the start of the tube was the cathode from which the rays projected. The rays were sharpened to a beam by two metal slits – the first of these slits doubled as the anode, the second was connected to the earth. The beam then passed between two parallel aluminium plates, which
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As the cathode rays carry a charge of negative electricity, are deflected by an electrostatic force as if they were negatively electrified, and are acted on by a magnetic force in just the way in which this force would act on a negatively electrified body moving along the path of these rays, I can
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set to one side, out of the direct path of the cathode rays. Thomson could trace the path of the ray by observing the phosphorescent patch it created where it hit the surface of the tube. Thomson observed that the electrometer registered a charge only when he deflected the cathode ray to it with a
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channelled a stream of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path. They observed two patches of light on the photographic plate (see image on right), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection, and concluded
1420:, where Θ is the angular electric deflection, F is applied electric intensity, e is the charge of the cathode ray particles, l is the length of the electric plates, m is the mass of the cathode ray particles and v is the velocity of the cathode ray particles. The magnetic deflection is given by
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in 1891 as a tentative name for the basic unit of electrical charge (which had then yet to be discovered). For some years
Thomson resisted using the word "electron" because he didn't like how some physicists talked of a "positive electron" that was supposed to be the elementary unit of positive
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If, in the very intense electric field in the neighbourhood of the cathode, the molecules of the gas are dissociated and are split up, not into the ordinary chemical atoms, but into these primordial atoms, which we shall for brevity call corpuscles; and if these corpuscles are charged with
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895:, and was sometimes referred to as "the third volume of Maxwell". In it, Thomson emphasized physical methods and experimentation and included extensive figures and diagrams of apparatus, including a number for the passage of electricity through gases. His third book,
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Thomson's illustration of the
Crookes tube by which he observed the deflection of cathode rays by an electric field (and later measured their mass-to-charge ratio). Cathode rays were emitted from the cathode C, passed through slits A (the anode) and B
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In May–June 1897, Thomson investigated whether or not the rays could be deflected by an electric field. Previous experimenters had failed to observe this, but
Thomson believed their experiments were flawed because their tubes contained too much gas.
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Thomson's model, then, consisted of a uniformly charged sphere of positive electricity (the pudding), with discrete corpuscles (the plums) rotating about the center in circular orbits, whose total charge was equal and opposite to the positive
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charge just as the "negative electron" is the elementary unit of negative charge. Thomson preferred to stick with the word "corpuscle" which he strictly defined as negatively charged. He relented by 1914, using the word "electron" in his book
1114:") or were "in fact wholly material, and ... mark the paths of particles of matter charged with negative electricity", quoting Thomson. The aetherial hypothesis was vague, but the particle hypothesis was definite enough for Thomson to test.
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672:, Professor of Physics, who initiated Thomson into physical research. Thomson began experimenting with contact electrification and soon published his first scientific paper. His parents planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to
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he obtained more robust measurements of the mass-to-charge ratio that confirmed his previous estimates. This became the classic means of measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. (The charge itself was not measured until
1018:. In 1920, Rutherford and his fellows agreed to call the nucleus of the hydrogen ion "proton", establishing a distinct name for the smallest known positively-charged particle of matter (that can exist independently anyway).
3621:: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure,"
727:, was interested in physics. Beginning in 1882, women could attend demonstrations and lectures at the University of Cambridge. Rose attended demonstrations and lectures, among them Thomson's, leading to their relationship.
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than that of a hydrogen ion (H), suggesting either that the particles were very light and/or very highly charged. Significantly, the rays from every cathode yielded the same mass-to-charge ratio. This is in contrast to
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on a squared screen in the jar. He found that whatever the material of the anode and the gas in the jar, the deflection of the rays was the same, suggesting that the rays were of the same form whatever their origin.
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When the upper plate was connected to the negative pole of the battery and the lower plate to the positive pole, the glowing patch moved downwards, and when the polarity was reversed, the patch moved upwards.
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Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in
Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases. Thomson was also a teacher, and seven of his students went on to win Nobel Prizes:
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The cathode ray tube by which J. J. Thomson demonstrated that cathode rays could be deflected by a magnetic field, and that their negative charge was not a separate phenomenon
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He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was
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bookshop founded by Thomson's great-grandfather. He had a brother, Frederick Vernon Thomson, who was two years younger than he was. J. J. Thomson was a reserved yet devout
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On the Light Thrown by Recent Investigations on Electricity on the Relation Between Matter and Ether: The Adamson Lecture Delivered at the University on November 4, 1907
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Thomson's calculations can be summarised as follows (in his original notation, using F instead of E for the electric field and H instead of B for the magnetic field):
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were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large
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887:(1888), Thomson addressed the transformation of energy in mathematical and theoretical terms, suggesting that all energy might be kinetic. His next book,
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were older and more experienced in laboratory work. Thomson was known for his work as a mathematician, where he was recognised as an exceptional talent.
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he made a stay at Cambridge, where he profited by following the experimental work going on in the Cavendish Laboratory under Sir J.J. Thomson's guidance
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Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism: intended as a sequel to Professor Clerk-Maxwell's 'Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
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His early education was in small private schools where he demonstrated outstanding talent and interest in science. In 1870, he was admitted to
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In April 1897, Thomson had only early indications that the cathode rays could be deflected electrically (previous investigators such as
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of cathode rays. Cathode rays were produced in the side tube on the left of the apparatus and passed through the anode into the main
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A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings: An essay to which the Adams Prize was adjudged in 1882, in the University of Cambridge
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Thomson published a number of papers addressing both mathematical and experimental issues of electromagnetism. He examined the
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As to the source of these particles, Thomson believed they emerged from the molecules of gas in the vicinity of the cathode.
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At the end of 1909 he accepted the invitation of Sir J. J. Thomson to work as his assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory
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Richardson, a graduate (1900) of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a student of J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory
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In 1912, as part of his exploration into the composition of the streams of positively charged particles then known as
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901:(1895) was a readable introduction to a wide variety of subjects, and achieved considerable popularity as a textbook.
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In the bottom right corner of this photographic plate are markings for the two isotopes of neon: neon-20 and neon-22.
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While supporters of the aetherial theory accepted the possibility that negatively charged particles are produced in
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Thomson imagined the atom as being made up of these corpuscles orbiting in a sea of positive charge; this was his
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electricity and projected from the cathode by the electric field, they would behave exactly like the cathode rays.
1289:), then through the electric field generated between plates D and E, finally impacting the surface at the far end.
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649:, England. His mother, Emma Swindells, came from a local textile family. His father, Joseph James Thomson, ran an
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The name "electron" was adopted for these particles by the scientific community, mainly due to the advocation by
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Plaque commemorating J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron outside the old Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge
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see no escape from the conclusion that they are charges of negative electricity carried by particles of matter.
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The Thomson Medal Award is named after Sir J. J. Thomson, who was responsible for the first mass spectrograph
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he carried out experiments on the behaviour of electrons ... which showed that electrons behave as waves ...
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30 April 1897, 1–14 – first announcement of the "corpuscle" (before the classic mass and charge experiment)
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that neon is composed of atoms of two different atomic masses (neon-20 and neon-22), that is to say of two
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in 1902, and International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1903, and the United States
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His Nobel Laureate students include Rutherford, Aston, Wilson, Bragg, Barkla, Richardson, and Appleton
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According to J. J. Thomson's hypothesis, atoms are built of systems of rotating rings of electrons.
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Earlier, physicists debated whether cathode rays were immaterial like light ("some process in the
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of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of
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Cooks, R. G.; A. L. Rockwood (1991). "The 'Thomson'. A suggested unit for mass spectroscopists".
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O'Hara, J. G. (March 1975). "George Johnstone Stoney, F.R.S., and the Concept of the Electron".
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The magnetic field was varied until the magnetic and electric deflections were the same, when
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Annotated bibliography for Joseph J. Thomson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
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Navarro, Jaume (2005). "J. J. Thomson on the Nature of Matter: Corpuscles and the Continuum".
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A short film of Thomson lecturing on electrical engineering and the discovery of the electron
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Much of his work in mathematical modelling of chemical processes can be thought of as early
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2189:"The Early Life of J. J. Thomson: Computational Chemistry and Gas Discharge Experiments"
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Thomson believed that the corpuscles emerged from the atoms of the trace gas inside his
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This article is about the Nobel laureate and physicist. For the moral philosopher, see
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Born next went to Cambridge for a short time, to study under Larmor and J. J. Thomson.
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The Early Life of J. J. Thomson: Computational Chemistry and Gas Discharge Experiments
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Falconer, Isobel (2001) "Corpuscles to Electrons" in J Buchwald and A Warwick (eds)
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2869:"On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of Gases"
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699:). He applied for and became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1881. He received his
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The Electron in Chemistry: Being Five Lectures Delivered at the Franklin Institute,
2387:'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p. 63: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966
1803:
In November 1927, Thomson opened the Thomson building, named in his honour, in the
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Photos of some of Thomson's remaining apparatus at the Cavendish Laboratory Museum
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magnet. He concluded that the negative charge and the rays were one and the same.
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had previously proposed the existence of isotopes to explain the decay of certain
790:, where he remained until his death. He died on 30 August 1940; his ashes rest in
3945:
3666:
2448:. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1965
2357:
Leadership and creativity : a history of the Cavendish Laboratory, 1871–1919
896:
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Oxford University Press, pp. xvi & 578. 1991, Cornell University Monograph:
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on 12 June 1884 and served as President of the Royal Society from 1915 to 1920.
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3625:
Series 6, Volume 7, Number 39, pp. 237–265. This paper presents the classical "
2968:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
2070:
Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain
994:
discovered the correct mass to charge ratio of these cathode rays (electrons).
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in 1884. Thomson won numerous awards and honours during his career including:
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755:. The appointment caused considerable surprise, given that candidates such as
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Thomson's separation of neon isotopes by their mass was the first example of
629:'s record of mentorship offers a comparable list of high-achieving students.
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showed that the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus of the atom.
1130:, where they were deflected by a magnet. Thomson detected their path by the
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1904:
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3745:
Falconer, Isobel (1988) "J.J. Thomson's Work on Positive Rays, 1906–1914"
3721:, Cambridge: University Press, 2011 (Cambridge Library Collection series).
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5036:
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1663:
1303:
The cathode ray (blue line) was deflected by the electric field (yellow).
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he worked under J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.
1819:(symbol: Th) was proposed as a unit to measure mass-to-charge ratio in
1201: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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2845:
2812:
Marcus Chown says the truth is not quite as the history books suggest.
2531:. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966
2477:. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942–1962, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1964
2419:. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1967
6886:
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2566:
as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson.
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3133:
3073:
3614:, 44, 293 – the classic measurement of the electron mass and charge
668:) at the unusually young age of 14 and came under the influence of
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per atom. Previous theories allowed various numbers of electrons.
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251:
2022:"Extraordinary Professor: JJ Thomson and his Nobel Prize Factory"
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7057:
7047:
3536:
Elements Of The Mathematical Theory Of Electricity And Magnetism
2613:
Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism
1047:. This was the first evidence for isotopes of a stable element;
898:
Elements of the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism
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6012:
4501:
4052:
2156:"XX. Experiments on contact electricity between non-conductors"
715:
In 1890, Thomson married Rose Elisabeth Paget at the church of
578:. Thomson is also credited with finding the first evidence for
6997:
3575:
Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J J Thomson's Electron
1170:
809:. Six of Thomson's research assistants and junior colleagues (
3579:. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing.
3074:"On the emission of negative corpuscles by the alkali metals"
3690:, 24, 209–253 – first announcement of the two neon parabolae
3686:
J.J. Thomson (1912), "Further experiments on positive rays"
2995:
J.J. Thomson (1912) "Further experiments on positive rays,"
1792:
Thomson was elected an International Honorary Member of the
924:(1897). Thomson also presented a series of six lectures at
3789:
Downard, Kevin M. (2009). "J. J. Thomson goes to America".
3449:. London: Macmillan and Co., pp. 326. Recent reprint:
3434:. London: Macmillan and Co., pp. 146. Recent reprint:
3747:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
916:
A series of four lectures, given by Thomson on a visit to
3030:
Thomson, J. J. (8 February 1897). "On the cathode rays".
1639:. This model was later proved incorrect when his student
3567:. Dated 1901 and later, and with revised later editions.
2915:"The Modern Theory of Electrical Conductivity of Metals"
2080:. "Both Lord Rayleigh and J. J. Thomson were Anglicans."
3485:
Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism
3411:
Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism
2873:
The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society
2241:
The Victoria University Calendar for the Session 1881–2
910:
Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism
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Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism
8164:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
1720:(FRS) and appointed to the Cavendish Professorship of
8057:
7454:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
7414:
People whose names are used in chemical element names
7410:
Scientists whose names are used in physical constants
3791:
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry
3012:
J. J. Thomson (1913) "Rays of positive electricity",
1551:
1472:
1426:
1376:
986:
Thomson made the discovery around the same time that
782:
on "The atomic theory". In 1918, he became Master of
594:
and led to the development of the mass spectrograph.
2127:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
637:
Joseph John Thomson was born on 18 December 1856 in
7938:
7633:
List of scientists whose names are used as SI units
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3731:Davis, Eward Arthur & Falconer, Isobel (1997),
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Institute of Physics Joseph Thomson Medal and Prize
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3717:, London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd. Republished as
3572:
3032:Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
2919:Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers
2266:A History of the Electron: J. J. and G. P. Thomson
1592:
1537:
1455:
1412:
551:(18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British
8259:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
3447:Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry
885:Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry
7406:List of scientists whose names are used as units
2826:Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London
2500:"Sir Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist"
2103:Richardson, Owen. 1970. "Joseph J. Thomson", in
1891:Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society
1830:'s West Cambridge site, is named after Thomson.
1350:In his classic experiment, Thomson measured the
841:) won Nobel prizes in chemistry. Thomson's son (
8214:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester
3728:. Great Britain: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.
2297:. Cambridge University: Trinity College Library
2291:"Joan Paget Thomson (later Charnock), daughter"
2028:. Durga Puja & Cultural Association (India)
1622:
1607:
1538:{\displaystyle \Theta =\phi ,Fel/mv^{2}=Hel/mv}
3756:, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, pp. 77–100.
3733:J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron
3273:"Opening of the New Science Building: Thomson"
2058:J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron
956:in 1891, prior to Thomson's actual discovery.
8254:Members of the American Philosophical Society
8219:Presidents of the British Science Association
7914:
7662:
7438:
6845:
6242:
6024:
4513:
4064:
3499:(in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.
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2645:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
883:. In further work, published in book form as
8:
3970:A history of the electron: JJ and GP Thomson
3509:(in English). Oxford : Clarendon Press.
2796:"Forum: Just who did discover the electron?"
2763:, Longmans, Green and Company, p. 868,
2072:(2014). University of Chicago Press. p. 35.
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
3936:Thomson's discovery of the isotopes of Neon
3530:(in German). Braunschweig: Vieweg und Sohn.
3103:Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988).
2892:"Of the "Electron", or Atom of Electricity"
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1314:Cathode ray tube with electrical deflection
1158:Thomson constructed a Crookes tube with an
747:On 22 December 1884, Thomson was appointed
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3350:International Mass Spectrometry Foundation
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2682:. In Buchwald, J. Z.; Warwick, A. (eds.).
1839:International Mass Spectrometry Foundation
874:electromagnetic mass of a charged particle
38:
3926:Essay on Thomson life and religious views
3914:with the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1906
3703:, A 89, 1–20 – discovery of neon isotopes
3301:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
2633:
2171:
2138:
2107:, 1931–1940. L. G. Wickham Legg, editor.
1927:
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1921:
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1506:
1494:
1471:
1442:
1425:
1404:
1392:
1375:
1261:Learn how and when to remove this message
6860:Scientists whose names are used as units
3726:J.J. Thomson: Discoverer of the Electron
3673:
3639:"On the Number of Corpuscles in an Atom"
3416:
3404:
3134:"On the Number of Corpuscles in an Atom"
1651:In 1905, Thomson discovered the natural
920:in 1896, were subsequently published as
903:
833:) won Nobel Prizes in physics, and two (
8064:
7219:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh
4015:Professional and academic associations
3201:American Academy of Arts & Sciences
2215:
2213:
1956:
1954:
1869:
1858:List of presidents of the Royal Society
893:Treatise upon electricity and magnetism
853:Thomson's prize-winning master's work,
725:Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge
8224:Presidents of the Institute of Physics
3545:A Text book of Physics in Five Volumes
3496:Discharge of electricity through gases
3320:"Cambridge Physicist is streets ahead"
2413:"Charles Glover Barkla – Biographical"
1963:"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry"
1072:
922:Discharge of electricity through gases
855:Treatise on the motion of vortex rings
8169:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
7678:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge
3172:"Sir J.J. Thomson, British Physicist"
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1794:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1038:, Thomson and his research assistant
559:, credited with the discovery of the
7:
8129:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
3998:Master of Trinity College, Cambridge
3599:Proceedings of the Royal Institution
3593:J.J. Thomson (1897) "Cathode Rays",
2776:
1785:Thomson was elected a Fellow of the
1370:The electric deflection is given by
1199:adding citations to reliable sources
1009:. The term was originally coined by
683:, in 1876. In 1880, he obtained his
8144:20th-century British mathematicians
3346:"Awards Page - Thomson Medal Award"
2579:"George Paget Thomson Biographical"
1698:portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1923
1662:In 1906, Thomson demonstrated that
1593:{\displaystyle m/e=H^{2}l/F\Theta }
1339:Measurement of mass-to-charge ratio
8229:Presidents of the Physical Society
3379:"Silver Subject Medals and Prizes"
2020:Sengupta, Sudipto (6 April 2015).
1587:
1473:
1413:{\displaystyle \Theta =Fel/mv^{2}}
1377:
25:
7476:Newtonian constant of gravitation
7360:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
3275:. 1 December 2005. Archived from
2525:"Francis W. Aston – Biographical"
2221:"Thomson, Joseph John (THN876JJ)"
1545:. This can be simplified to give
8091:
8079:
8067:
8042:
8041:
7887:
3974:University of the Basque Country
3916:Carriers of Negative Electricity
3782:10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00028.x
3701:Proceedings of the Royal Society
3014:Proceedings of the Royal Society
2890:George Johnstone Stoney (1894).
2867:George Johnstone Stoney (1891).
2716:Thomson, J. J. (7 August 1897).
2360:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ.
2160:Proceedings of the Royal Society
2123:"Joseph John Thomson, 1856–1940"
2105:Dictionary of National Biography
1886:"Joseph John Thomson. 1856–1940"
1296:
1277:
1175:
1090:
1081:
719:. Rose, who was the daughter of
323:Coining term 'epsilon radiation'
262:
63:
8244:Cavendish Professors of Physics
8189:Presidents of the Royal Society
8124:20th-century British physicists
3961:Works by or about J. J. Thomson
2794:Chown, Marcus (29 March 1997).
2757:Mellor, Joseph William (1917),
2635:10.1090/s0002-9904-1896-00357-8
2554:"Ernest Rutherford – Biography"
1999:The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906
1186:needs additional citations for
1122:Thomson first investigated the
866:electromagnetic theory of light
8239:Recipients of the Dalton Medal
8194:Recipients of the Copley Medal
7209:Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet
4031:President of the Royal Society
3724:Thomson, George Paget. (1964)
3322:. 18 July 2002. Archived from
2686:. MIT Press. pp. 77–100.
2269:. Cambridge University Press.
1022:Isotopes and mass spectrometry
807:Cavendish Professor of Physics
774:in 1912. In 1914, he gave the
749:Cavendish Professor of Physics
81:President of the Royal Society
1:
8174:Members of the Order of Merit
7269:William John Macquorn Rankine
7199:Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
4277:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
3894:The Discovery of the Electron
3715:Recollections and Reflections
3619:"On the Structure of the Atom
3524:Thomson, Joseph John (1908).
3519:(in Italian). Milano: Hoepli.
3513:Thomson, Joseph John (1905).
3503:Thomson, Joseph John (1904).
3493:Thomson, Joseph John (1900).
3482:Thomson, Joseph John (1893).
2832:(2). Royal Society: 265–276.
2187:Grayson, Mike (22 May 2013).
1995:"J.J. Thomson – Biographical"
1933:"Joseph John "J. J." Thomson"
1707:
1106:Experiments with cathode rays
891:(1893), built upon Maxwell's
770:in 1908 and appointed to the
570:In 1897, Thomson showed that
27:British physicist (1856–1940)
8249:Recipients of Franklin Medal
8159:Fellows of the Royal Society
8134:Burials at Westminster Abbey
3884:Resources in other libraries
3860:Resources in other libraries
3696:Rays of positive electricity
3679:Corpuscular theory of matter
3665:Joseph John Thomson (1908).
3538:. London: Macmillan and Co.
3527:Corpuscular theory of matter
3132:Thomson, J. J. (June 1906).
2197:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1798:National Academy of Sciences
1456:{\displaystyle \phi =Hel/mv}
952:which had been suggested by
936:Several scientists, such as
872:, introduced the concept of
805:Rutherford succeeded him as
6924:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
4365:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
3811:10.1016/j.jasms.2009.07.008
3713:Thomson, Sir J. J. (1936),
3597:39, 104, also published in
3170:Thomson, Sir George Paget.
2964:"The Constitution of Atoms"
2442:"Niels Bohr – Biographical"
2225:A Cambridge Alumni Database
2121:Robert John Strutt (1941).
1826:J J Thomson Avenue, on the
1718:Fellow of the Royal Society
861:'s vortex theory of atoms.
831:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
633:Education and personal life
615:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
480:Elizabeth Laird (physicist)
291:Mass spectrometer invention
8275:
8179:Nobel laureates in Physics
7970:Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson
3488:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2760:Modern Inorganic Chemistry
2227:. University of Cambridge.
1841:, is named after Thomson.
1355:was over a thousand times
681:Trinity College, Cambridge
412:Trinity College, Cambridge
248:Trinity College, Cambridge
124:Trinity College, Cambridge
29:
8184:People from Cheetham Hill
8039:
7885:
7819:William Hepworth Thompson
7684:
7629:
7535:Stefan–Boltzmann constant
7521:Stefan–Boltzmann constant
7403:
7249:Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
6662:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
6646:Charles Scott Sherrington
6154:
4301:Charles Scott Sherrington
4293:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4087:
4041:Charles Scott Sherrington
4037:
4027:
4019:
4014:
4008:George Macaulay Trevelyan
4004:
3995:
3987:
3982:
3931:The Cathode Ray Tube site
3879:Resources in your library
3855:Resources in your library
3754:Histories of the Electron
3658:10.1080/14786440609463496
3565:Electricity and Magnetism
3150:10.1080/14786440609463496
3105:The Timetables of Science
3090:10.1080/14786440509463405
2980:10.1080/14786442108636219
2951:. Oxford Clarendon Press.
2737:10.1080/14786449708621070
2684:Histories of the Electron
2677:"Corpuscles to electrons"
2675:Falconer, Isobel (2001).
2502:. Encyclopedia Britannica
2399:"Sir Joseph John Thomson"
2238:Univ, Manchester (1882).
1967:American Chemical Society
1937:Science History Institute
1089:
1080:
932:Discovery of the electron
794:, near the graves of Sir
557:Nobel Laureate in Physics
533:
529:
525:
390:
270:
164:
159:George Macaulay Trevelyan
129:
116:Charles Scott Sherrington
86:
74:
62:
8030:Sir Konstantin Novoselov
6702:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
4309:Charles Algernon Parsons
2931:10.1049/jiee-1.1907.0026
2471:"Max Born- Biographical"
1848:is named after Thomson.
666:University of Manchester
590:, were the first use of
319:Coining term 'delta ray'
303:Proposed first waveguide
8154:Experimental physicists
8149:British Nobel laureates
7259:Johann Heinrich Lambert
7159:Johann Heinrich Lambert
7024:Rolf Maximilian Sievert
6523:Benjamin Collins Brodie
6499:Marquess of Northampton
3176:Encyclopædia Britannica
3072:Thomson, J. J. (1905).
3049:Thomson, J. J. (1897).
2263:Navarro, Jaume (2012).
2154:Joseph Thomson (1876).
2109:Oxford University Press
1828:University of Cambridge
1761:Nobel Prize for Physics
1730:University of Cambridge
1011:George Johnstone Stoney
954:George Johnstone Stoney
881:computational chemistry
827:Owen Willans Richardson
798:and his former student
753:University of Cambridge
730:They had two children:
723:, a physician and then
721:Sir George Edward Paget
687:degree in mathematics (
674:Sharp, Stewart & Co
540:Sir Joseph John Thomson
7809:Christopher Wordsworth
7502:Johann Josef Loschmidt
7390:Evangelista Torricelli
6467:William Hyde Wollaston
6160:Nobel Prize recipients
6145:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
6131:Physiology or Medicine
4533:Nobel Prize in Physics
4437:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
4221:Pierre Paul Émile Roux
3952:Works by J. J. Thomson
3688:Philosophical Magazine
3682:
3646:Philosophical Magazine
3637:J. J. Thomson (1906).
3623:Philosophical Magazine
3612:Philosophical Magazine
3516:Electricity and matter
3506:Electricity and matter
3426:
3423:Electricity and Matter
3414:
3138:Philosophical Magazine
3078:Philosophical Magazine
3055:Philosophical Magazine
2997:Philosophical Magazine
2945:J. J. Thomson (1914).
2913:J. J. Thomson (1907).
2896:Philosophical Magazine
2838:10.1098/rsnr.1975.0018
2725:Philosophical Magazine
2652:Thomson, J.J. (1897).
2354:Kim, Dong-Won (2002).
2173:10.1098/rspl.1876.0039
2140:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0024
2056:Davis & Falconer,
2001:. The Nobel Foundation
1905:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0024
1716:Thomson was elected a
1713:
1699:
1688:
1633:
1618:
1594:
1539:
1457:
1414:
1347:
1322:Thomson constructed a
1315:
1148:
1031:
913:
623:Edward Victor Appleton
500:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
422:John Strutt (Rayleigh)
353:Nobel Prize in Physics
307:Gibbs–Thomson equation
7988:Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
7964:Sir Ernest Rutherford
7620:von Klitzing constant
7290:Alexander Graham Bell
7189:Hans Christian Ørsted
7089:Anders Jonas Ångström
6571:George Gabriel Stokes
4245:Horace Tabberer Brown
4149:Alfred Russel Wallace
3899:16 March 2008 at the
3706:J.J. Thomson (1923),
3693:J.J. Thomson (1913),
3677:
3617:J.J. Thomson (1904),
3604:J.J. Thomson (1897),
3571:Dahl, Per F. (1997).
3563:, (4) Light, and (5)
3540:Scan of 1895 edition.
3420:
3408:
3197:"Joseph John Thomson"
2622:Bull. Amer. Math. Soc
2607:Mackenzie, A. Stanley
2295:The National Archives
2193:Profiles in Chemistry
1767:Elliott Cresson Medal
1705:
1694:
1686:
1595:
1540:
1458:
1415:
1346:
1313:
1167:Electrical deflection
1146:
1029:
907:
835:Francis William Aston
811:Charles Glover Barkla
625:(Physics 1947). Only
588:Francis William Aston
512:Balthasar van der Pol
488:J. Robert Oppenheimer
472:Daniel Frost Comstock
444:Charles Glover Barkla
440:Francis William Aston
358:Elliott Cresson Medal
299:First m/e measurement
287:Discovery of isotopes
283:Discovery of electron
32:Judith Jarvis Thomson
8234:Mass spectrometrists
7946:Henry Edward Schunck
7824:Henry Montagu Butler
7799:Thomas Postlethwaite
7283:Non-systematic units
7129:Carl Friedrich Gauss
7064:Wilhelm Eduard Weber
6974:James Prescott Joule
6555:William Spottiswoode
6547:Joseph Dalton Hooker
6400:Earl of Macclesfield
4453:Edgar Douglas Adrian
4093:Josiah Willard Gibbs
3991:Henry Montagu Butler
3553:Properties of Matter
3383:Institute of Physics
3227:search.amphilsoc.org
3223:"APS Member History"
3109:Simon & Schuster
2962:Orme Masson (1921).
2166:(171–178): 169–171.
1726:Cavendish Laboratory
1722:Experimental Physics
1549:
1470:
1424:
1374:
1352:mass-to-charge ratio
1195:improve this article
918:Princeton University
843:George Paget Thomson
732:George Paget Thomson
576:charge-to-mass ratio
516:Charles T. R. Wilson
504:George Paget Thomson
295:Electromagnetic mass
233:, Joan Paget Thomson
231:George Paget Thomson
147:Henry Montagu Butler
8199:Royal Medal winners
8024:Lord Rees of Ludlow
7804:William Lort Mansel
7699:John Christopherson
7512:Johann Jakob Balmer
7179:James Clerk Maxwell
6670:William Henry Bragg
6563:Thomas Henry Huxley
6539:George Biddell Airy
4325:William Henry Bragg
4157:George William Hill
4141:Albert A. Michelson
3803:2009JASMS..20.1964D
3774:2005Cent...47..259N
3671:. University Press.
3547:, co-authored with
3248:"Joseph J. Thomson"
2397:Westminster Abbey.
1837:, sponsored by the
1835:Thomson Medal Award
1124:magnetic deflection
1118:Magnetic deflection
970:oil drop experiment
870:James Clerk Maxwell
823:William Henry Bragg
738:Career and research
664:in Manchester (now
621:(Physics 1928) and
464:William Henry Bragg
456:Debendra Mohan Bose
178:Joseph John Thomson
18:Joseph John Thomson
8018:Sir Bernard Lovell
7976:Sir Lawrence Bragg
7616:Klaus von Klitzing
7610:Josephson constant
7531:Boltzmann constant
7506:Loschmidt constant
7014:Werner von Siemens
6873:André-Marie Ampère
6809:Venki Ramakrishnan
6758:Sir Michael Atiyah
6726:Alan Lloyd Hodgkin
6678:Henry Hallett Dale
6277:Viscount Brouncker
6101:Theodore Roosevelt
4397:Thomas Hunt Morgan
4381:Henry Hallett Dale
4357:John Scott Haldane
4341:George Ellery Hale
3908:on Nobelprize.org
3683:
3627:plum pudding model
3427:
3415:
3326:on 2 February 2017
3279:on 11 January 2015
3203:. 10 February 2023
1714:
1700:
1689:
1674:Awards and honours
1666:had only a single
1637:plum pudding model
1590:
1535:
1453:
1410:
1348:
1316:
1149:
1032:
981:plum pudding model
966:Robert A. Millikan
914:
761:Richard Glazebrook
613:(Chemistry 1922),
601:(Chemistry 1908),
565:subatomic particle
311:Thomson scattering
279:Plum pudding model
8139:English Anglicans
8055:
8054:
8012:Sir Roger Penrose
8006:Sir Walter Bodmer
7931:Dalton Medallists
7896:
7895:
7644:
7643:
7486:Avogadro constant
7420:
7419:
6944:Louis Harold Gray
6827:
6826:
6654:Ernest Rutherford
6285:Joseph Williamson
6224:
6223:
6006:
6005:
4495:
4494:
4261:Ernest Rutherford
4080:Copley Medallists
4047:
4046:
4038:Succeeded by
4005:Succeeded by
3983:Academic offices
3972:published by the
3956:Project Gutenberg
3841:Library resources
3797:(11): 1964–1973.
3741:978-0-7484-0696-8
3629:" from which the
3252:www.nasonline.org
2948:The Atomic Theory
2615:by J. J. Thomson"
2329:978-1-349-03650-9
2319:Writers Directory
2276:978-1-139-57671-0
2068:Peter J. Bowler,
1884:Rayleigh (1941).
1821:mass spectrometry
1641:Ernest Rutherford
1271:
1270:
1263:
1245:
1139:Electrical charge
1103:
1102:
1060:mass spectrometry
1016:The Atomic Theory
977:cathode ray tubes
839:Ernest Rutherford
800:Ernest Rutherford
792:Westminster Abbey
717:St. Mary the Less
627:Arnold Sommerfeld
599:Ernest Rutherford
592:mass spectrometry
537:
536:
496:Ernest Rutherford
426:Edward John Routh
418:Academic advisors
392:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
8266:
8209:Second Wranglers
8204:Knights Bachelor
8096:
8095:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8072:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8049:
8045:
8044:
8000:Sir Harold Kroto
7982:Patrick Blackett
7958:Osborne Reynolds
7952:Sir Henry Roscoe
7932:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7900:
7891:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7648:
7545:Rydberg constant
7541:Johannes Rydberg
7527:Ludwig Boltzmann
7496:Faraday constant
7447:
7440:
7433:
7424:
7044:Alessandro Volta
6897:SI derived units
6854:
6847:
6840:
6831:
6820:
6812:
6804:
6796:
6788:
6769:
6761:
6753:
6745:
6737:
6729:
6721:
6718:Patrick Blackett
6713:
6705:
6697:
6689:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6649:
6641:
6633:
6625:
6622:Archibald Geikie
6617:
6609:
6590:
6582:
6574:
6566:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6534:
6526:
6518:
6510:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6478:
6470:
6451:
6443:
6435:
6427:
6419:
6411:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6379:
6360:
6352:
6344:
6341:Robert Southwell
6336:
6333:Earl of Pembroke
6328:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6296:
6293:Christopher Wren
6288:
6280:
6251:
6244:
6237:
6228:
6162:
6033:
6026:
6019:
6010:
5999:
5983:
5967:
5951:
5935:
5919:
5903:
5887:
5871:
5859:
5843:
5831:
5819:
5803:
5791:
5775:
5759:
5747:
5735:
5719:
5703:
5687:
5671:
5642:
5626:
5614:
5598:
5582:
5566:
5554:
5542:
5530:
5522:
5514:
5498:
5482:
5466:
5454:
5438:
5430:
5418:
5406:
5398:
5382:
5370:
5354:
5338:
5322:
5299:
5283:
5271:
5255:
5239:
5231:
5219:
5211:
5203:
5195:
5187:
5171:
5155:
5139:
5131:
5119:
5111:
5099:
5083:
5071:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5023:
5011:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4940:
4932:
4924:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4895:
4887:
4875:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4848:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4821:
4813:
4805:
4797:
4785:
4766:
4754:
4746:
4738:
4730:
4722:
4714:
4706:
4698:
4690:
4689:
4683:
4671:
4663:
4661:Kamerlingh Onnes
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4619:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4587:
4579:
4563:
4551:
4522:
4515:
4508:
4499:
4488:
4480:
4477:George de Hevesy
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4440:
4432:
4424:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4360:
4352:
4344:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4312:
4304:
4296:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
4248:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4144:
4136:
4133:Élie Metchnikoff
4128:
4125:Dmitri Mendeleev
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4020:Preceded by
3988:Preceded by
3980:
3965:Internet Archive
3913:
3868:By J. J. Thomson
3830:
3785:
3672:
3661:
3643:
3590:
3578:
3531:
3520:
3500:
3489:
3466:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3361:
3352:. Archived from
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3027:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3003:(140): 209–253.
2993:
2987:
2983:
2974:(242): 281–285.
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2925:(183): 455–468.
2910:
2904:
2903:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2807:
2791:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2722:
2713:
2698:
2697:
2681:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2619:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2561:
2556:. NobelPrize.org
2550:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2351:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1881:
1712:
1711: 1920–1925
1709:
1631:
1616:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1511:
1510:
1498:
1462:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1446:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1300:
1281:
1266:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1203:
1179:
1171:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1073:
999:G. F. FitzGerald
757:Osborne Reynolds
685:Bachelor of Arts
617:(Physics 1927),
609:(Physics 1917),
605:(Physics 1915),
550:
436:H. Stanley Allen
432:Notable students
386:
266:
208:
188:18 December 1856
187:
185:
169:Personal details
155:
143:
134:
112:
100:
91:
67:
57:
39:
21:
8274:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8264:
8263:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8090:
8080:
8078:
8068:
8066:
8058:
8056:
8051:
8047:
8035:
7994:Dorothy Hodgkin
7934:
7930:
7927:
7897:
7892:
7883:
7834:G. M. Trevelyan
7814:William Whewell
7794:John Hinchliffe
7784:Richard Bentley
7749:John Arrowsmith
7724:John Richardson
7704:Robert Beaumont
7680:
7675:
7645:
7640:
7625:
7606:Brian Josephson
7601:Douglas Hartree
7590:Hubble constant
7560:Planck constant
7492:Michael Faraday
7482:Amedeo Avogadro
7463:
7456:
7451:
7421:
7416:
7399:
7370:Wilhelm Röntgen
7330:Michael Faraday
7278:
7239:
7228:
7149:Heinrich Kayser
7139:William Gilbert
7119:Galileo Galilei
7078:Non-SI metric (
7073:
6934:Michael Faraday
6904:Henri Becquerel
6892:
6861:
6858:
6828:
6823:
6815:
6807:
6799:
6791:
6783:
6772:
6764:
6756:
6748:
6740:
6732:
6724:
6716:
6708:
6700:
6692:
6686:Robert Robinson
6684:
6676:
6668:
6660:
6652:
6644:
6636:
6630:William Crookes
6628:
6620:
6612:
6606:William Huggins
6604:
6593:
6585:
6577:
6569:
6561:
6553:
6545:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6515:Lord Wrottesley
6513:
6505:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6473:
6465:
6454:
6446:
6438:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6363:
6355:
6349:Charles Montagu
6347:
6339:
6331:
6325:Earl of Carbery
6323:
6315:
6307:
6299:
6291:
6283:
6275:
6264:
6255:
6225:
6220:
6158:
6150:
6125:
6122:(Great Britain)
6106:
6103:(United States)
6087:
6082:Giosuè Carducci
6063:
6044:
6037:
6007:
6002:
5986:
5970:
5954:
5938:
5922:
5906:
5890:
5874:
5862:
5846:
5834:
5822:
5806:
5794:
5778:
5762:
5750:
5738:
5722:
5706:
5690:
5674:
5658:
5651:
5645:
5629:
5617:
5601:
5592:Cohen-Tannoudji
5585:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5525:
5517:
5501:
5485:
5469:
5457:
5441:
5433:
5421:
5409:
5401:
5385:
5373:
5357:
5341:
5325:
5313:
5302:
5286:
5274:
5258:
5242:
5234:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5174:
5158:
5142:
5134:
5122:
5114:
5102:
5086:
5074:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5026:
5014:
5002:
4991:
4983:
4975:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4907:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4878:
4866:
4858:
4852:
4851:
4839:
4831:
4825:
4824:
4816:
4808:
4800:
4788:
4780:
4769:
4757:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4666:
4658:
4650:
4642:
4634:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4590:
4582:
4566:
4554:
4546:
4535:
4526:
4496:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4429:Joseph Barcroft
4427:
4421:Robert Robinson
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4333:Arthur Schuster
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4285:Albert Einstein
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4237:William Bayliss
4235:
4229:Hendrik Lorentz
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4117:William Crookes
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4077:
4043:
4034:
4025:
4023:William Crookes
4010:
4001:
3993:
3901:Wayback Machine
3890:
3889:
3888:
3865:
3864:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3837:
3788:
3759:
3719:digital edition
3664:
3652:(66): 769–781.
3641:
3636:
3631:Thomson Problem
3595:The Electrician
3587:
3570:
3523:
3512:
3492:
3481:
3464:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3359:
3357:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3144:(66): 769–781.
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:. p. 411.
3102:
3101:
3097:
3084:(59): 584–590.
3071:
3070:
3066:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3029:
3028:
3024:
3011:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2902:(233): 418–420.
2889:
2888:
2884:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2775:
2771:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2741:
2739:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2701:
2694:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2658:The Electrician
2651:
2650:
2643:
2628:(10): 329–333.
2617:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2587:
2585:
2583:The Nobel Prize
2577:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2532:
2529:The Nobel Prize
2523:
2522:
2518:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2480:
2478:
2475:The Nobel Prize
2469:
2468:
2464:
2451:
2449:
2446:The Nobel Prize
2440:
2439:
2435:
2422:
2420:
2417:The Nobel Prize
2411:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2330:
2316:NA, NA (2016).
2315:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2133:(10): 587–609.
2120:
2119:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2084:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2044:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1913:
1898:(10): 586–609.
1883:
1882:
1871:
1866:
1854:
1823:in his honour.
1813:
1710:
1681:
1679:During his life
1676:
1649:
1632:
1629:
1617:
1614:
1606:
1566:
1547:
1546:
1502:
1468:
1467:
1422:
1421:
1400:
1372:
1371:
1341:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1282:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1210:"J. J. Thomson"
1204:
1202:
1192:
1180:
1169:
1141:
1120:
1108:
1091:
1076:External videos
1049:Frederick Soddy
1024:
988:Walter Kaufmann
934:
926:Yale University
859:William Thomson
851:
784:Trinity College
776:Romanes Lecture
745:
740:
713:
689:Second Wrangler
679:He moved on to
670:Balfour Stewart
635:
619:Owen Richardson
542:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
492:Owen Richardson
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
424:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
325:
321:
317:
315:Thomson problem
313:
309:
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301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
246:
210:
206:
189:
183:
181:
180:
179:
153:
141:
135:
130:
110:
104:William Crookes
98:
92:
87:
70:
69:Thomson in 1915
58:
49:
47:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8272:
8270:
8262:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
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8176:
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8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
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8106:
8105:
8101:
8100:
8088:
8076:
8074:United Kingdom
8053:
8052:
8040:
8037:
8036:
8034:
8033:
8027:
8021:
8015:
8009:
8003:
7997:
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7985:
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7973:
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7961:
7955:
7949:
7942:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7918:
7911:
7903:
7894:
7893:
7886:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7876:
7874:Gregory Winter
7871:
7866:
7861:
7859:Michael Atiyah
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
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7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7674:
7673:
7666:
7659:
7651:
7642:
7641:
7630:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7613:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7583:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7553:
7548:
7538:
7524:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7489:
7479:
7468:
7466:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7427:
7418:
7417:
7404:
7401:
7400:
7398:
7397:
7387:
7377:
7367:
7364:degree Réaumur
7357:
7347:
7340:Heinrich Mache
7337:
7327:
7317:
7307:
7297:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7273:degree Rankine
7266:
7256:
7245:
7243:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7216:
7206:
7196:
7186:
7176:
7169:Samuel Langley
7166:
7156:
7146:
7136:
7126:
7116:
7106:
7096:
7085:
7083:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7061:
7051:
7041:
7031:
7021:
7011:
7001:
6991:
6981:
6971:
6964:Heinrich Hertz
6961:
6951:
6941:
6931:
6921:
6914:Anders Celsius
6911:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6880:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6834:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6813:
6805:
6801:Sir Paul Nurse
6797:
6789:
6780:
6778:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6766:Sir Aaron Klug
6762:
6754:
6746:
6738:
6730:
6722:
6714:
6706:
6698:
6690:
6682:
6674:
6666:
6658:
6650:
6642:
6634:
6626:
6618:
6610:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6583:
6575:
6567:
6559:
6551:
6543:
6535:
6527:
6519:
6511:
6503:
6495:
6491:Duke of Sussex
6487:
6483:Davies Gilbert
6479:
6471:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6444:
6436:
6428:
6420:
6412:
6408:Earl of Morton
6404:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6371:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6353:
6345:
6337:
6329:
6321:
6313:
6305:
6297:
6289:
6281:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6265:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6246:
6239:
6231:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6142:
6135:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6116:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6054:
6052:
6046:
6045:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6021:
6013:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5984:
5968:
5952:
5936:
5920:
5904:
5888:
5872:
5860:
5844:
5832:
5820:
5804:
5792:
5776:
5760:
5748:
5736:
5720:
5704:
5688:
5672:
5655:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5627:
5615:
5599:
5583:
5567:
5555:
5543:
5531:
5523:
5515:
5499:
5483:
5467:
5455:
5439:
5431:
5419:
5407:
5399:
5383:
5371:
5355:
5339:
5328:P. W. Anderson
5323:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5301:
5300:
5284:
5272:
5256:
5240:
5232:
5220:
5212:
5204:
5196:
5188:
5172:
5156:
5149:Goeppert Mayer
5140:
5132:
5120:
5112:
5100:
5084:
5072:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5024:
5012:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4888:
4876:
4873:C. D. Anderson
4864:
4856:
4849:
4837:
4829:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4798:
4786:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4707:
4699:
4691:
4684:
4672:
4664:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4596:
4588:
4580:
4564:
4552:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4485:James Chadwick
4481:
4473:
4469:Archibald Hill
4465:
4457:
4449:
4441:
4433:
4425:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4349:Theobald Smith
4345:
4337:
4329:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4257:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4165:Francis Galton
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3967:
3958:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3903:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:External links
3833:
3832:
3831:
3786:
3768:(4): 259–282.
3757:
3750:
3743:
3729:
3722:
3711:
3704:
3691:
3684:
3662:
3634:
3615:
3602:
3591:
3585:
3568:
3542:
3532:
3521:
3510:
3501:
3490:
3479:
3458:
3443:
3421:Title page to
3409:Title page to
3402:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3370:
3356:on 13 May 2019
3337:
3311:
3290:
3264:
3239:
3214:
3188:
3162:
3124:
3117:
3095:
3064:
3051:"Cathode rays"
3041:
3022:
3005:
2988:
2954:
2937:
2905:
2882:
2859:
2816:
2786:
2769:
2749:
2718:"Cathode Rays"
2699:
2693:978-0262024945
2692:
2667:
2654:"Cathode Rays"
2641:
2598:
2570:
2545:
2516:
2491:
2462:
2433:
2404:
2389:
2380:
2367:978-1402004759
2366:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2282:
2275:
2255:
2230:
2209:
2179:
2146:
2113:
2096:
2092:Raymond Seeger
2082:
2061:
2042:
2012:
1979:
1950:
1911:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1812:
1809:
1783:
1782:
1779:Franklin Medal
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1755:Hodgkins Medal
1752:
1746:
1740:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1648:
1645:
1627:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
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1478:
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1445:
1441:
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1435:
1432:
1429:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
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1379:
1340:
1337:
1302:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1183:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1140:
1137:
1119:
1116:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1068:A. J. Dempster
1023:
1020:
961:Heinrich Hertz
942:Norman Lockyer
933:
930:
908:First page to
850:
847:
772:Order of Merit
744:
741:
739:
736:
712:
709:
701:Master of Arts
634:
631:
607:Charles Barkla
603:Lawrence Bragg
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
468:Harriet Brooks
460:Lawrence Bragg
433:
429:
428:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
394:
388:
387:
373:Franklin Medal
334:
330:
329:
327:Thomson (unit)
276:
275:Known for
272:
271:
268:
267:
260:
256:
255:
241:
235:
234:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
209:(aged 83)
205:30 August 1940
203:
199:
198:
177:
175:
171:
170:
166:
165:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
144:
138:
137:
127:
126:
119:
118:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
84:
83:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
60:
59:
48:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8271:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8087:
8077:
8075:
8065:
8061:
8050:
8038:
8031:
8028:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7924:
7919:
7917:
7912:
7910:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7890:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7854:Andrew Huxley
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7829:J. J. Thomson
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7739:Thomas Comber
7737:
7735:
7734:Samuel Brooke
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7719:Thomas Nevile
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7709:John Whitgift
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7665:
7660:
7658:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7621:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7581:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7551:J. J. Thomson
7549:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7459:
7455:
7448:
7443:
7441:
7436:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7425:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7380:J. J. Thomson
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7365:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7241:
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7231:
7224:
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7217:
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7210:
7207:
7204:
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7197:
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7184:
7180:
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7174:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7160:
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7154:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7127:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7109:Loránd Eötvös
7107:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7076:
7069:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7005:
7004:Blaise Pascal
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6878:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:SI base units
6864:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6843:
6841:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6767:
6763:
6759:
6755:
6751:
6750:George Porter
6747:
6743:
6742:Andrew Huxley
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6723:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6710:Howard Florey
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6638:J. J. Thomson
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6614:Lord Rayleigh
6611:
6607:
6603:
6602:
6600:
6596:
6588:
6587:Joseph Lister
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6531:Edward Sabine
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6507:Earl of Rosse
6504:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6392:Martin Folkes
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6262:Royal Society
6259:
6252:
6247:
6245:
6240:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6153:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6139:Camillo Golgi
6137:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6128:
6121:
6120:J. J. Thomson
6118:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6109:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6059:
6058:Henri Moissan
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6034:
6029:
6027:
6022:
6020:
6015:
6014:
6011:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5889:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5870:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5648:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5584:
5581:
5580:R. Richardson
5577:
5573:
5568:
5565:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5532:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5516:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5420:
5417:
5413:
5412:Chandrasekhar
5408:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5121:
5118:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5073:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5050:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5025:
5022:
5018:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4966:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4950:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4897:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4885:G. P. Thomson
4882:
4877:
4874:
4870:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4838:
4835:
4830:
4823:
4820:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4803:O. Richardson
4799:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4665:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4637:Van der Waals
4633:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4618:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4602:
4601:J. J. Thomson
4597:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:Paul Langevin
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4253:Joseph Larmor
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4197:J. J. Thomson
4194:
4190:
4189:Ray Lankester
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4173:George Darwin
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4101:Joseph Lister
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4074:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3906:J. J. Thomson
3904:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3846:J. J. Thomson
3842:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3749:18(2) 265–310
3748:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3710:Philadelphia.
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3586:0-7503-0453-7
3582:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:J.H. Poynting
3546:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3534:1921 (1895).
3533:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3476:1-4297-4053-1
3473:
3469:
3467:
3459:
3456:
3455:1-4021-8397-6
3452:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3440:0-543-95696-2
3437:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3294:
3291:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2801:
2800:New Scientist
2797:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2259:
2256:
2244:. p. 184
2243:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2147:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:9780226068596
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1961:Jones, Mark.
1957:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:In 1991, the
1810:
1808:
1807:, Cambridge.
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1787:Royal Society
1780:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:radioactivity
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1630:J. J. Thomson
1626:
1621:
1615:J. J. Thomson
1611:
1603:
1601:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1464:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1299:
1288:
1280:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1215:
1212: –
1211:
1207:
1206:Find sources:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1184:This section
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1153:Crookes tubes
1145:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1007:H. A. Lorentz
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
992:Emil Wiechert
989:
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
938:William Prout
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
911:
906:
902:
900:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
860:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
737:
735:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
703:degree (with
702:
698:
697:Smith's Prize
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:Owens College
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:Cheetham Hill
632:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
611:Francis Aston
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
568:
567:to be found.
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
545:
541:
532:
528:
524:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:John Townsend
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:Paul Langevin
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
430:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
403:
400:
396:
393:
389:
384:
379:
378:Faraday Medal
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
338:Smith's Prize
335:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:Owens College
242:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Cheetham Hill
176:
172:
167:
163:
160:
157:
151:
148:
145:
139:
133:
128:
125:
120:
117:
114:
108:
105:
102:
96:
90:
85:
82:
77:
73:
66:
61:
56:
52:
46:J. J. Thomson
40:
37:
33:
19:
7969:
7879:Sally Davies
7849:Alan Hodgkin
7839:Edgar Adrian
7828:
7789:Robert Smith
7779:John Montagu
7769:Isaac Barrow
7764:John Pearson
7754:John Wilkins
7729:Leonard Mawe
7694:William Bill
7637:non SI units
7631:
7596:Hugo Tetrode
7586:Edwin Hubble
7566:Wilhelm Wien
7550:
7517:Josef Stefan
7472:Isaac Newton
7379:
7310:Pierre Curie
7263:foot-lambert
7034:Nikola Tesla
6984:Isaac Newton
6954:Joseph Henry
6817:Adrian Smith
6777:21st century
6637:
6598:20th century
6475:Humphry Davy
6459:19th century
6448:Joseph Banks
6440:John Pringle
6432:James Burrow
6416:James Burrow
6376:Isaac Newton
6368:18th century
6317:Samuel Pepys
6301:John Hoskyns
6269:17th century
6190:
6119:
5436:von Klitzing
5428:Van der Meer
4600:
4445:Oswald Avery
4413:Thomas Lewis
4373:Arthur Evans
4196:
4109:Eduard Suess
4028:
3996:
3915:
3874:Online books
3867:
3845:
3794:
3790:
3765:
3761:
3753:
3746:
3732:
3725:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3687:
3678:
3667:
3649:
3645:
3622:
3611:
3607:Cathode rays
3606:
3598:
3594:
3574:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3515:
3504:
3495:
3484:
3462:
3446:
3431:
3422:
3410:
3401:Bibliography
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3373:
3365:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:the original
3349:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3324:the original
3314:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3277:the original
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3251:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3226:
3217:
3205:. Retrieved
3200:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3175:
3165:
3153:. Retrieved
3141:
3137:
3127:
3104:
3098:
3081:
3080:. Series 6.
3077:
3067:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3000:
2999:, series 6,
2996:
2991:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2947:
2940:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2899:
2898:. Series 5.
2895:
2885:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2804:. Retrieved
2799:
2789:
2772:
2764:
2759:
2752:
2740:. Retrieved
2731:(269): 293.
2728:
2724:
2683:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2601:
2593:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:
2573:
2565:
2558:. Retrieved
2548:
2540:
2533:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2511:
2504:. Retrieved
2494:
2486:
2479:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2457:
2450:. Retrieved
2445:
2436:
2428:
2421:. Retrieved
2416:
2407:
2392:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2356:
2322:. Springer.
2318:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2265:
2258:
2246:. Retrieved
2240:
2233:
2224:
2200:. Retrieved
2192:
2182:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2104:
2099:
2085:
2069:
2064:
2057:
2037:
2030:. Retrieved
2025:
2015:
2003:. Retrieved
1998:
1970:. Retrieved
1966:
1941:. Retrieved
1895:
1889:
1843:
1832:
1825:
1814:
1802:
1791:
1784:
1773:Copley Medal
1749:Hughes Medal
1715:
1661:
1650:
1634:
1623:
1619:
1608:
1465:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1349:
1333:
1329:space charge
1324:Crookes tube
1321:
1317:
1257:
1248:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1205:
1193:Please help
1188:verification
1185:
1160:electrometer
1157:
1150:
1132:fluorescence
1121:
1109:
1096:
1057:
1033:
1015:
996:
985:
974:
958:
935:
921:
915:
909:
897:
892:
888:
884:
878:
863:
854:
852:
804:
796:Isaac Newton
765:
746:
729:
714:
678:
659:
636:
596:
572:cathode rays
569:
563:, the first
539:
538:
408:Institutions
391:
383:Dalton Medal
368:Albert Medal
363:Copley Medal
348:Hughes Medal
207:(1940-08-30)
154:Succeeded by
131:
111:Succeeded by
88:
36:
8119:1940 deaths
8114:1856 births
7869:Martin Rees
7864:Amartya Sen
7759:Henry Ferne
7744:Thomas Hill
7689:John Redman
7580:Bohr radius
7571:Otto Sackur
7350:John Napier
7320:John Dalton
7300:Marie Curie
7099:Peter Debye
6883:Lord Kelvin
6694:Lord Adrian
6579:Lord Kelvin
6384:Hans Sloane
6357:Lord Somers
6309:Cyril Wyche
6041:Nobel Prize
5480:Steinberger
5396:K. Siegbahn
5388:Bloembergen
5109:Chamberlain
4842:Schrödinger
4752:M. Siegbahn
4681:W. H. Bragg
4677:W. L. Bragg
4461:G. H. Hardy
4269:Horace Lamb
4213:James Dewar
4205:Ivan Pavlov
4181:Felix Klein
4082:(1901–1950)
3181:11 February
2779:, p. 324: "
2777:Dahl (1997)
2373:11 February
2248:11 February
2202:11 February
2094:1986, 132).
2005:11 February
1972:19 November
1939:. June 2016
1805:Leys School
1743:Royal Medal
1737:Adams Prize
1604:Conclusions
1251:August 2017
1064:F. W. Aston
1053:radioactive
1040:F. W. Aston
946:Lenard rays
707:) in 1883.
705:Adams Prize
651:antiquarian
520:John Zeleny
343:Royal Medal
219:Citizenship
142:Preceded by
99:Preceded by
8108:Categories
7939:Recipients
7844:Rab Butler
7774:John North
7714:John Still
7576:Niels Bohr
7556:Max Planck
7253:Fahrenheit
7054:James Watt
6424:James West
6258:Presidents
6069:Literature
5997:L'Huillier
5961:Hasselmann
5917:Strickland
5885:Kosterlitz
5809:Perlmutter
5548:Brockhouse
5253:Schrieffer
5125:Hofstadter
5077:C. N. Yang
4834:Heisenberg
4811:De Broglie
4389:Niels Bohr
4317:Max Planck
4035:1915–1920
4002:1918–1940
3283:10 January
3257:2 February
3232:2 February
3207:2 February
3118:0671621300
2879:: 583–608.
2806:17 October
2535:13 October
2506:18 October
2481:11 October
2452:18 October
2423:11 October
1864:References
1811:Posthumous
1696:Autochrome
1647:Other work
1362:anode rays
1221:newspapers
1055:elements.
1036:canal rays
972:in 1909.)
849:Early work
815:Niels Bohr
647:Lancashire
643:Manchester
584:canal rays
476:T. H. Laby
448:Niels Bohr
239:Alma mater
195:Manchester
184:1856-12-18
122:Master of
8086:Biography
7464:constants
7462:Physical
7240:customary
6994:Georg Ohm
6908:becquerel
6793:Lord Rees
6734:Lord Todd
6050:Chemistry
6043:laureates
5981:Zeilinger
5801:Novoselov
5769:Kobayashi
5693:Abrikosov
5540:J. Taylor
5520:de Gennes
5512:R. Taylor
5404:K. Wilson
5352:R. Wilson
5336:Van Vleck
5307:1976–2000
5297:Rainwater
5293:Mottelson
5269:Josephson
5217:Gell-Mann
5181:Schwinger
5169:Prokhorov
5129:Mössbauer
5089:Cherenkov
5081:T. D. Lee
5005:Cockcroft
4996:1951–1975
4795:C. Wilson
4774:1926–1950
4720:Guillaume
4609:Michelson
4569:Becquerel
4540:1901–1925
4529:Laureates
3762:Centaurus
3633:is posed.
3155:4 October
2854:145353314
2611:"Review:
1800:in 1903.
1657:potassium
1588:Θ
1480:ϕ
1474:Θ
1428:ϕ
1378:Θ
1003:J. Larmor
928:in 1904.
788:Cambridge
553:physicist
259:Signature
214:, England
212:Cambridge
197:, England
136:1918–1940
132:In office
93:1915–1920
89:In office
79:42nd
8048:Category
7374:roentgen
7251:(degree
7234:Imperial
7093:angstrom
6916:(degree
6785:Lord May
6060:(France)
5989:Agostini
5877:Thouless
5869:McDonald
5857:Nakamura
5825:Wineland
5757:Grünberg
5713:Politzer
5697:Ginzburg
5685:Giacconi
5665:Ketterle
5620:'t Hooft
5604:Laughlin
5596:Phillips
5576:Osheroff
5504:Friedman
5476:Schwartz
5472:Lederman
5392:Schawlow
5368:Weinberg
5177:Tomonaga
5069:Brattain
5061:Shockley
4970:Blackett
4962:Appleton
4954:Bridgman
4901:Lawrence
4881:Davisson
4861:Chadwick
4744:Millikan
4728:Einstein
4617:Lippmann
4585:Rayleigh
4577:M. Curie
4573:P. Curie
3897:Archived
3827:34371775
3819:19734055
3308:(2): 93.
2742:4 August
2609:(1896).
2560:6 August
2301:22 March
2032:7 August
2026:Probashi
1943:20 March
1852:See also
1706:Thomson
1668:electron
1664:hydrogen
1628:—
1613:—
1287:grounded
1128:bell jar
1045:isotopes
950:electron
819:Max Born
768:knighted
743:Overview
695:and 2nd
655:Anglican
580:isotopes
561:electron
452:Max Born
227:Children
8098:Science
8060:Portals
7384:thomson
7334:faraday
7193:oersted
7183:maxwell
7173:langley
7163:lambert
7143:gilbert
7082:) units
7028:sievert
7018:siemens
6928:coulomb
6918:Celsius
6260:of the
6147:(Spain)
6141:(Italy)
6112:Physics
6084:(Italy)
5977:Clauser
5941:Penrose
5925:Peebles
5881:Haldane
5849:Akasaki
5837:Englert
5829:Haroche
5813:Schmidt
5773:Maskawa
5725:Glauber
5717:Wilczek
5701:Leggett
5681:Koshiba
5661:Cornell
5652:present
5636:Kroemer
5632:Alferov
5624:Veltman
5608:Störmer
5528:Charpak
5508:Kendall
5492:Dehmelt
5460:Bednorz
5360:Glashow
5348:Penzias
5344:Kapitsa
5316:Richter
5289:A. Bohr
5265:Giaever
5245:Bardeen
5209:Alvarez
5193:Kastler
5185:Feynman
5065:Bardeen
5029:Zernike
5021:Purcell
4791:Compton
4736:N. Bohr
4625:Marconi
4557:Lorentz
4549:Röntgen
4531:of the
3963:at the
3799:Bibcode
3770:Bibcode
3388:7 March
3360:7 March
3330:31 July
3020:: 1–20.
2782:charge.
1817:thomson
1724:at the
1235:scholar
1066:and by
751:at the
691:in the
402:Physics
222:British
8032:(2016)
8026:(2012)
8020:(2009)
8014:(2005)
8008:(2002)
8002:(1997)
7996:(1981)
7990:(1966)
7984:(1948)
7978:(1942)
7972:(1931)
7966:(1919)
7960:(1903)
7954:(1900)
7948:(1898)
7324:dalton
7213:stokes
7153:kayser
7113:eotvos
7008:pascal
6988:newton
6887:kelvin
6877:ampere
6819:(2020)
6811:(2015)
6803:(2010)
6795:(2005)
6787:(2000)
6768:(1995)
6760:(1990)
6752:(1985)
6744:(1980)
6736:(1975)
6728:(1970)
6720:(1965)
6712:(1960)
6704:(1955)
6696:(1950)
6688:(1945)
6680:(1940)
6672:(1935)
6664:(1930)
6656:(1925)
6648:(1920)
6640:(1915)
6632:(1913)
6624:(1908)
6616:(1905)
6608:(1900)
6589:(1895)
6581:(1890)
6573:(1885)
6565:(1883)
6557:(1878)
6549:(1873)
6541:(1871)
6533:(1861)
6525:(1858)
6517:(1854)
6509:(1848)
6501:(1838)
6493:(1830)
6485:(1827)
6477:(1820)
6469:(1820)
6450:(1778)
6442:(1772)
6434:(1772)
6426:(1768)
6418:(1768)
6410:(1764)
6402:(1752)
6394:(1741)
6386:(1727)
6378:(1703)
6359:(1698)
6351:(1695)
6343:(1690)
6335:(1689)
6327:(1686)
6319:(1684)
6311:(1683)
6303:(1682)
6295:(1680)
6287:(1677)
6279:(1662)
5993:Krausz
5987:2023:
5973:Aspect
5971:2022:
5965:Manabe
5957:Parisi
5955:2021:
5945:Genzel
5939:2020:
5933:Queloz
5923:2019:
5913:Mourou
5909:Ashkin
5907:2018:
5901:Thorne
5897:Barish
5891:2017:
5875:2016:
5865:Kajita
5863:2015:
5847:2014:
5835:2013:
5823:2012:
5807:2011:
5795:2010:
5779:2009:
5763:2008:
5751:2007:
5741:Mather
5739:2006:
5733:Hänsch
5723:2005:
5707:2004:
5691:2003:
5675:2002:
5669:Wieman
5659:2001:
5630:2000:
5618:1999:
5602:1998:
5586:1997:
5572:D. Lee
5570:1996:
5564:Reines
5558:1995:
5546:1994:
5534:1993:
5526:1992:
5518:1991:
5502:1990:
5488:Ramsey
5486:1989:
5470:1988:
5464:Müller
5458:1987:
5452:Rohrer
5448:Binnig
5442:1986:
5434:1985:
5424:Rubbia
5422:1984:
5416:Fowler
5410:1983:
5402:1982:
5386:1981:
5376:Cronin
5374:1980:
5358:1979:
5342:1978:
5326:1977:
5314:1976:
5287:1975:
5281:Hewish
5275:1974:
5259:1973:
5249:Cooper
5243:1972:
5235:1971:
5225:Alfvén
5223:1970:
5215:1969:
5207:1968:
5199:1967:
5191:1966:
5175:1965:
5161:Townes
5159:1964:
5153:Jensen
5145:Wigner
5143:1963:
5137:Landau
5135:1962:
5123:1961:
5117:Glaser
5115:1960:
5103:1959:
5087:1958:
5075:1957:
5059:1956:
5047:1955:
5035:1954:
5027:1953:
5015:1952:
5009:Walton
5003:1951:
4986:Powell
4984:1950:
4978:Yukawa
4976:1949:
4968:1948:
4960:1947:
4952:1946:
4944:1945:
4936:1944:
4928:1943:
4899:1939:
4891:1938:
4879:1937:
4867:1936:
4859:1935:
4840:1933:
4832:1932:
4817:1930:
4809:1929:
4801:1928:
4789:1927:
4783:Perrin
4781:1926:
4760:Franck
4758:1925:
4750:1924:
4742:1923:
4734:1922:
4726:1921:
4718:1920:
4710:1919:
4704:Planck
4702:1918:
4696:Barkla
4694:1917:
4675:1915:
4667:1914:
4659:1913:
4651:1912:
4643:1911:
4635:1910:
4623:1909:
4615:1908:
4607:1907:
4599:1906:
4593:Lenard
4591:1905:
4583:1904:
4567:1903:
4561:Zeeman
4555:1902:
4547:1901:
4487:(1950)
4479:(1949)
4471:(1948)
4463:(1947)
4455:(1946)
4447:(1945)
4439:(1944)
4431:(1943)
4423:(1942)
4415:(1941)
4407:(1940)
4399:(1939)
4391:(1938)
4383:(1937)
4375:(1936)
4367:(1935)
4359:(1934)
4351:(1933)
4343:(1932)
4335:(1931)
4327:(1930)
4319:(1929)
4311:(1928)
4303:(1927)
4295:(1926)
4287:(1925)
4279:(1924)
4271:(1923)
4263:(1922)
4255:(1921)
4247:(1920)
4239:(1919)
4231:(1918)
4223:(1917)
4215:(1916)
4207:(1915)
4199:(1914)
4191:(1913)
4183:(1912)
4175:(1911)
4167:(1910)
4159:(1909)
4151:(1908)
4143:(1907)
4135:(1906)
4127:(1905)
4119:(1904)
4111:(1903)
4103:(1902)
4095:(1901)
3976:(2013)
3948:(1934)
3843:about
3825:
3817:
3739:
3681:, 1908
3583:
3559:, (3)
3555:, (2)
3551:: (1)
3474:
3460:1893.
3453:
3445:1888.
3438:
3430:1883.
3425:(1904)
3413:(1893)
3115:
3061:: 293.
3038:: 243.
2852:
2846:531468
2844:
2802:(2075)
2690:
2664:: 104.
2588:8 June
2364:
2326:
2273:
2076:
1781:(1922)
1775:(1914)
1769:(1910)
1763:(1906)
1757:(1902)
1751:(1902)
1745:(1894)
1739:(1882)
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1112:aether
1005:, and
912:(1893)
780:Oxford
711:Family
693:Tripos
398:Fields
385:(1931)
380:(1925)
375:(1922)
370:(1915)
365:(1914)
360:(1910)
355:(1906)
350:(1902)
345:(1894)
340:(1880)
333:Awards
7354:neper
7344:Mache
7314:curie
7304:curie
7242:units
7203:poise
7133:gauss
7103:debye
7068:weber
7038:tesla
6978:joule
6968:hertz
6958:henry
6938:farad
6191:1906
6093:Peace
6039:1906
5929:Mayor
5893:Weiss
5853:Amano
5841:Higgs
5817:Riess
5789:Smith
5785:Boyle
5765:Nambu
5745:Smoot
5709:Gross
5677:Davis
5650:2001–
5640:Kilby
5552:Shull
5536:Hulse
5444:Ruska
5380:Fitch
5364:Salam
5261:Esaki
5237:Gabor
5201:Bethe
5165:Basov
5105:Segrè
5093:Frank
5053:Kusch
5041:Bothe
5017:Bloch
4946:Pauli
4930:Stern
4893:Fermi
4846:Dirac
4819:Raman
4764:Hertz
4712:Stark
4653:Dalén
4629:Braun
4029:42nd
3823:S2CID
3648:. 6.
3642:(PDF)
3557:Sound
3465:'
2850:S2CID
2842:JSTOR
2727:. 5.
2721:(PDF)
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