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Palmer was arraigned a few days later before Judge David
Brigham and fined. Palmer refused to pay the $ 10 fine, nearly $ 40 in court fees, and a $ 700 bond that resulted from his conviction for the crime of defending himself. Palmer was thrown into the Worcester County Jail and kept there for more than a year for refusing to pay the fine. Palmer kept a detailed journal of his fifteen months in the jail; the original is preserved in the archive at Fruitlands Museum. His prison diary records the words and actions of his often sadistic jailers, the experiences of his fellow prisoners, and his own steadfastness in resisting the efforts of the state and society to break him of his unconventional habits and opinions. Palmer's term in jail was extremely unpleasant at times. He was dangerously sick during his first few weeks behind bars. Later, he was beaten several times by the jailers, nearly starved for days at a time, placed in solitary confinement for several months, and physically threatened by other prisoners who tried to cut off his beard. But Palmer made life nearly as difficult for the officials who were keeping him in the jail as they made it for him. To Calvin Willard, Sheriff of Worcester County, he sent a constant stream of letters, complaining of the poor conditions in the jail. One time, to prove to the sheriff how little food he was receiving, he sent Willard a package containing every morsel of food the jailers had given him in one day. For such acts, his jail keepers, especially Hosea Bellows and Dorance Wilder, treated Palmer even worse. On September 22, 1830, after a little more than four months in prison, Palmer exploded in distress and fury at the treatment he and his fellow prisoners were receiving. He was punished for his outburst by spending the next three months in solitary confinement.
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several committees to the jail to convince him to leave. They offered to waive the $ 700 bond, if he would only pay the fine and court fees. Palmer told one of the committees, "If I aint a safe person to have my liberty I ought not to go out. And I am willing to stay in confinement til I am." It was not until David
Brigham, the judge who had originally fined Palmer, visited the Worcester prison and begged Palmer to relent. Brigham also carried a letter from Palmer's mother, a woman well into her eighties, pleading with him to come home. On August 31, 1831, after more than fifteen months in prison, Palmer paid his fine and left the jail. Palmer publicized his case by writing letters from jail that were widely published after first appearing in the
69:, Palmer took to wearing a long beard in the 1820s. Few men in the United States wore beards after about 1820, and Palmer was considered eccentric and slovenly. Nicknamed "the old Jew", he was regularly harassed and questioned about his insistence on wearing a beard. A prominent Fitchburg minister once accosted him: "Palmer, why don't you shave and not go around looking like the devil?" Palmer replied: "Mr. Trask, are you not mistaken in your comparison of personages? I have never seen a picture of the ruler of the sulfurous regions with much of a beard, but if I remember correctly, Jesus wore a beard not unlike mine."
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One day early in May 1830, four men armed with scissors and razors attacked Palmer outside a
Fitchburg hotel and attempted to shave him. Palmer successfully fended off his attackers. He was even able to use his jackknife to wound the legs of two of his assailants. Charged with "unprovoked assault",
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Throughout his imprisonment, Palmer insisted that he was innocent and that to pay a fine, even only $ 10, would equate to admitting his own guilt. Palmer's case became something of an embarrassment to county authorities, who realized that his jail term was far exceeding his "crime", and they sent
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Imprisonment reinforced Palmer's interest in political and religious reform. He was involved in prison reform and was an early abolitionist. In the early-1840s he attended the
Chardon Street Convention in Boston, which is where Palmer met such prominent figures as
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visited him there. Palmer briefly tried to establish a second communal enterprise, founding the
Leominster and Harvard Benevolent Association with
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that refuted attempts to justify the imprisonment of those whose words or behavior arouse violent reactions in others.
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Palmer died in 1873, by which time beards had become widely fashionable again. He is buried in
Evergreen Cemetery in
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and his grave marker bears a bearded portrait of him with the inscription "Persecuted for
Wearing the Beard".
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Search for a New Eden: James
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161:(1920). In the context of World War I restrictions on free speech, he called Palmer's case the
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American member of the
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He appears as the character Moses White in Louisa May Alcott's
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Eden's
Outcasts: The Story of Louisa May Alcott and fer Father
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Stewart Holbrook (Autumn 1944). "The Beard of Joseph Palmer".
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A farmer from Notown, a village on the outskirts of
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37:(1789 – October 30, 1873) was a member of the
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261:(Associated University Presses, 1999), 219,
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59:Leominster, Massachusetts
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101:William Lloyd Garrison
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163:reductio ad abusurdum
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195:The American Scholar
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274:Zechariah Chafee,
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