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637:—yea, come, Texas; come, Mexico; come, Canada; and come, all the world: let us be brethren, let us be one great family, and let there be a universal peace. Abolish the cruel custom of prisons (except certain cases), penitentiaries, courts-martial for desertion; and let reason and friendship reign over the ruins of ignorance and barbarity; yea, I would, as the universal friend of man, open the prisons, open the eyes, open the ears, and open the hearts of all people, to behold and enjoy freedom—unadulterated freedom.
645:), on the principle that "The governor himself may be a mobber; and instead of being punished, as he should be, for murder or treason, he may destroy the very lives, rights, and property he should protect." Smith favored a constitutional amendment providing for capital punishment of public officials who refused to assist those denied their constitutional rights. He wrote, "The
357:, the five leading contenders for the presidency, inquiring about their plans for ending the persecution that the Mormons were suffering in Missouri. Only Calhoun, Cass, and Clay responded to Joseph Smith's letters, and they did not commit to helping the Latter Day Saints. Smith wrote scathing replies to these letters, denouncing the subterfuges of politicians.
587:, and using the buildings for "seminaries of learning" so that intelligence would banish barbarism. Smith suggested reforming criminals through "reason and friendship" and wrote, "Petition your State legislatures to pardon every convict in their several penitentiaries, blessing them as they go, and saying to them, in the name of the Lord,
468:, that held a nomination convention on 17 May which was attended by delegates from all 26 states and ten Illinois counties. The nomination of Smith and Rigdon was uncontested, and a platform was adopted stating that the party would support Smith for the presidency, "the better to carry out the principles of liberty and equal rights,
361:
any wise as
President of the United States, or candidate for that office, if I and my friends could have had the privilege of enjoying our religious and civil rights as American citizens, even those rights which the Constitution guarantees unto all her citizens alike." On March 11, 1844, Smith organized the
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Motivations that have been cited for Smith's candidacy include wanting to give the Saints a candidate they could support in good conscience; avoiding a political party fiasco between the Whigs and
Democrats in Illinois; publicizing the Latter Day Saint cause to help obtain redress for Church members'
360:
On
January 29, 1844, Smith held a meeting in the mayor's office at Nauvoo with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and others. It was unanimously decided that Smith would run for president on an independent platform. Smith remarked, "I would not have suffered my name to have been used by my friends on
251:
In his campaign platform, Smith proposed to gradually end slavery, to reduce the size of
Congress, to re-establish a national bank, to annex Texas, California, and Oregon, to reform prisons, and to authorize the federal government to protect the liberties of Latter Day Saints and other minorities.
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to two members per million of population, believing that a smaller body would "do more business than the army that now occupy the halls of the national legislature." More generally, he warned, "No honest man can doubt for a moment but the glory of
American liberty is on the wane" and exhorted the
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but then began to suspect that victory might be attainable. Smith wrote in his journal, "There is oratory enough in the church to carry me into the presidential chair on the first slide" and "When I look into the
Eastern papers and see how popular I am, I am afraid I shall be president."
593:. Advise your legislators, when they make laws for larceny, burglary, or any felony, to make the penalty applicable to work upon roads, public works, or any place where the culprit can be taught more wisdom and more virtue, and become more enlightened." Smith advocated elimination of
216:, which was then the second most populous city in Illinois with 12,000 residents. Latter Day Saint leaders requested that adherents vote in a bloc behind candidates endorsed by church leaders. As a result, the city's Latter Day Saint residents held the balance of power between the
519:
Smith's platform was published in the pamphlet "Views of the Powers and Policy of the
Government of the United States", which his electioneers distributed and presented in public and private meetings, and read to congregations of the church and the general public.
309:, ended in riots, and that judging "from the troubles in Illinois, Massachusetts and Tennessee due largely to the announcement of his candidacy, the United States may have been saved from the bloodiest election in its history by the death of the Prophet."
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Scholars have debated what Smith thought his chances of winning were. At the same time that Smith was running for president, he was also making plans to move the Saints from Nauvoo to Texas or Oregon, for the safety of them and their property. Historian
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that each elector cast at least one of his votes (for president and vice president) for a candidate who is not an inhabitant of the same state as himself, Smith wanted to choose a running mate who was not a resident of
Illinois. New York educator
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are hospitable and noble. They will help to rid so free a country of every vestige of slavery, whenever they are assured of an equivalent for their property." Smith's compensated emancipation proposal was reportedly well received in
Kentucky.
305:, was a great disadvantage to Smith when he was arrested and imprisoned at Carthage, and that these missing apostles were then hurriedly recalled, but arrived at Nauvoo too late. He also notes that Mormon political conventions in Boston and
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people, "Curtail the officers of government in pay, number, and power". He argued, "More economy in the national and state governments would make less taxes among the people". Praising the vision of the "respected and venerable
397:, a call was made for volunteers to electioneer for Joseph Smith to be the next president. Hundreds of elders volunteered, and the Quorum of the Twelve scheduled public political conferences in each state. Electioneers included
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was invited to be Smith's running mate, but the invitation was withdrawn due to a misunderstanding regarding Bennet's supposed birth in
Ireland, which would have made him ineligible for the presidency under the Constitution's
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would be owned by the federal government, and the bank's branches would be owned by their respective states. The officers and directors would be elected annually by the people. Smith proposed the adoption of a "judicious
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Smith called for a day when "the neighbor from any State or from any country, of whatever color, clime, or tongue, could rejoice when he put his foot on the sacred soil of freedom, and exclaim, The very name of
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576:", he remarked, "what a beautiful prospect an innocent, virtuous nation presents to the sage's eye where there is space for enterprise, hands for industry, heads for heroes, and hearts for moral greatness."
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670:
McBride, Spencer W. (2020). "'Many Think This Is a Hoax': The Newspaper Response to Joseph Smith's 1844 Presidential Campaign", in Spencer W. McBride, Brent M. Rogers, and Keith A. Erekson,
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lost property in Missouri; and bringing the tenets of the church and the political ideas of its prophet to the attention of the nation. Another effect of the campaign was to protect the
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Many of the electioneers used the campaign as a proselytizing opportunity as well as a political mission, and therefore continued on their mission of preaching, baptizing, visiting
369:
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Susan Sessions Rugh (2006). "Review: Junius and Joseph: Presidential Politics and the Assassination of the First Mormon Prophet by Robert S. Wicks; Fred R. Foister".
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were the only two apostles left behind in Nauvoo. On the other hand, George R. Gayler notes that the absence of Mormon leaders such as Young,
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Although Smith warned, "Speculators will urge a national bank as a savior of credit and comfort," he also put forward his own proposal for a
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209:, on June 27. Smith was the first Latter Day Saint to seek the presidency, and the first American presidential candidate to be assassinated.
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Smith advocated granting of power to the president to suppress mobs without waiting for a request from state governors (as required by
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480:, and the protection of person and property." Arrangements were entered into to hold a national convention in New York on 13 July.
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Illinois, where the Latter Day Saint population was in a position to play a pivotal role in presidential politics, had been a
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909:"Susan Easton Black presents on how Joseph Smith was a dark-horse presidential candidate of the 1844 election"
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390:, was then offered the position, but he declined. Rigdon, a Pennsylvanian, then became Smith's running mate.
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822:"The Campaign and the Kingdom: The Activities of the Electioneers in Joseph Smith's Presidential Campaign"
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And when a neighboring realm petitioned to join the union of the sons of liberty, my voice would be
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890:"Scholar Discusses Joseph Smith's 1844 Presidential Election Campaign – Church News and Events"
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Contingent Citizens: Shifting Perceptions of Latter-day Saints in American Political Culture
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funded with revenue from the sale of public lands, and with the savings from cutting the
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after Smith's death ended the campaign. They began referring to Smith as a martyr.
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was sent to Baltimore to observe and possibly lobby for the Smith candidacy at the
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Gayler, G. (1 April 1956). "The Mormons and Politics in Illinois: 1839–1844".
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in state elections. Smith also commanded a quasi-public military force, the
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were present at events surrounding the raid on the jail where Smith was
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Carthage Conspiracy: The Trial of the Accused Assassins of Joseph Smith
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of that year was scheduled for November 1 to December 4, but Smith was
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Views of the Powers and Policy of the Government of the United States
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871:"Well Before Romney, Joseph Smith, Mormon Founder Ran For President"
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Luke Perry, Christopher Cronin. "First a Catholic, Then a Mormon?".
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365:, a deliberative political body to promote Smith's candidacy.
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Matthew L Harris; Newell G. Bringhurst (15 November 2015).
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platform was the result of a collaboration between Smith,
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where they were traveling, they were out of reach of the
269:, from mob violence, since in the faraway places such as
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The Latter Day Saints formed a new political party, the
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Mormons in American Politics: From Persecution to Power
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Smith advocated reforming the penal system by mostly
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agriculture, manufactures, navigation, and commerce.
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The Mormon Church and Blacks: A Documentary History
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Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution
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535:from $ 8/day to $ 2/day. Smith explained, "The
236:that political operatives with ties to Smith's
934:"The Rise and Fall of Nauvoo by B. H. Roberts"
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8:
114:Smith was assassinated prior to the election
1035:. University of Illinois Press. p. 8.
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93:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
85:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
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725:"The First Mormon Presidential Candidate"
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686:Oaks, Dallin H.; Hill, Marvin S. (1975).
567:Smith also called for a reduction in the
1101:1844 United States presidential election
873:. 26 October 2011 – via Huff Post.
794:(4). Brigham Young University: 162–164.
659:1844 United States presidential election
547:, which would operate on a principle of
336:1840 United States presidential election
186:and his vice presidential running mate,
90:Second Counselor in the First Presidency
40:1844 United States presidential election
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22:Joseph Smith 1844 presidential campaign
1013:"The Political Legacy of Joseph Smith"
949:"Joseph Smith's Presidential Campaign"
907:Haddock, Sharon (13 September 2016).
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743:"When Mormons Ruled (June 17, 1956)"
523:In a change from the strongly anti-
317:argues that Smith started out as a
256:Motivations, prospects, and effects
199:United States presidential election
174:Sidney Rigdon, Smith's running mate
248:for treason, among other charges.
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1424:Abolitionism in the United States
788:Brigham Young University Studies
692:. University of Illinois Press.
643:Article Four of the Constitution
212:In 1844, Smith was the mayor of
820:Robertson, Margaret C. (2000).
649:doctrines are what feed mobs."
459:Democratic national conventions
341:In 1843, Smith sent letters to
936:– via www.gutenberg.org.
368:Due to the requirement in the
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232:. Wicks and Foister argue in
155:Super hanc petram aedificabo
674:. Cornell University Press
590:Go thy way, and sin no more
380:natural-born-citizen clause
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983:. The Joseph Smith Papers.
969:. The Joseph Smith Papers.
197:, took place in 1844. The
16:American election campaign
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967:"Bennet, James Arlington"
773:Nauvoo Legion in Illinois
511:(pictured), and possibly
395:church general conference
180:Latter Day Saint movement
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997:. Harold B. Lee Library.
529:compensated emancipation
894:ChurchofJesusChrist.org
599:dishonorably discharged
79:First Counselor in the
1414:Mormonism and politics
1233:Theodore Frelinghuysen
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516:
470:Jeffersonian democracy
375:James Arlington Bennet
351:Richard Mentor Johnson
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953:www.josephsmithjr.org
826:BYU Studies Quarterly
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447:presidential electors
393:At the April 9, 1844
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1409:1844 in Christianity
1369:Other 1844 elections
771:Bennett, Richard E.
615:no tangling alliance
551:. The mother bank's
549:full-reserve banking
413:and his wife Nancy,
403:Franklin D. Richards
1250:for Vice President:
1011:Hickman, Martin B.
981:"Copeland, Solomon"
449:were appointed and
1186:Richard M. Johnson
731:. 6 December 2007.
609:' is fraught with
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332:battleground state
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207:Carthage, Illinois
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513:John M. Bernhisel
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234:Junius and Joseph
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267:Brigham Young
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66:2nd Mayor of
62:
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20:
1399:Joseph Smith
1368:
1348:
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1336:Joseph Smith
1334:
1331:
1324:Reform Party
1310:
1302:
1249:
1230:
1222:
1199:
1151:
1136:
1113:
1105:1848 →
1097:← 1840
1031:
1024:
989:
975:
961:
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902:
893:
865:
851:(1): 48–66.
848:
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791:
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772:
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647:state rights
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610:
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588:
583:, including
578:
566:
542:
525:abolitionist
522:
518:
482:
466:Reform Party
463:
431:Edson Barney
423:Norton Jacob
392:
367:
359:
340:
329:
311:
265:, including
259:
250:
233:
211:
184:Joseph Smith
177:
166:Joseph Smith
119:Headquarters
105:Reform Party
73:
51:Joseph Smith
49:
1303:President:
1286:independent
1282:Third-party
1223:President:
1137:President:
611:friendship!
509:W.W. Phelps
415:John D. Lee
411:Moses Tracy
303:John D. Lee
279:John Taylor
141:W.W. Phelps
101:Affiliation
96:(1832-1833)
88:(1833-1844)
71:(1842-1844)
64:(1830-1844)
1393:Categories
1332:President:
1288:candidates
1253:John Davis
1225:Henry Clay
1207:Convention
1201:Whig Party
1181:Lewis Cass
1121:Convention
708:References
623:California
489:apostasies
474:free trade
382:. Colonel
347:Lewis Cass
299:Orson Hyde
242:Henry Clay
240:opponent
230:U.S. Army
218:Democrats
57:President
46:Candidate
1342:campaign
1216:Nominees
1145:campaign
1130:Nominees
857:40189482
800:43044573
729:ABC News
653:See also
607:American
495:Platform
275:Carthage
182:founder
36:Campaign
562:protect
334:in the
59:of the
1378:Senate
1039:
855:
798:
696:
678:
627:Oregon
625:, and
558:tariff
476:, and
441:, and
326:Events
301:, and
271:Boston
203:killed
151:Slogan
111:Status
1373:House
1016:(PDF)
853:JSTOR
796:JSTOR
619:Texas
560:" to
291:Orson
277:mob.
222:Whigs
1284:and
1099:)
1037:ISBN
832:(3).
694:ISBN
676:ISBN
635:come
457:and
455:Whig
293:and
281:and
238:Whig
220:and
55:1st
205:in
1395::
1371::
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849:49
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830:39
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859:.
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760:.
745:.
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682:.
605:'
515:.
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