Joseph Tomlinson (civil engineer)

740:

on May 5, 1871. His duties in regards to new lighthouses were to select sites, visit sites prior to construction, prepare plans and specifications, visit sites during construction, and examine and report on the lighthouses once finished. He was also to inspect existing lighthouses, report on their condition, and recommend needed repairs. Tomlinson initially faced the difficult job of integrating the policies and practices of more than a dozen local, provincial, and regional lighthouse boards into a common code. He then had to develop designs for lighthouses. This project was especially difficult, as almost no plans for existing lighthouses existed to help inform

664:

I-beam braces sideways rather than vertically, weakening the ability of the braces to reinforce the bridge. There is evidence that some I-beams were then installed correctly, but that the angle blocks were damaged in the process. Furthermore, in every other joint, the diagonal chords were fitted to the angle blocks using shims rather than tightening the vertical beams and putting the diagonals under compression. Rather than rely on the truss design to carry live loads, the shims carried this weight by themselves. At the ends of the bridge, where Stone used only a single diagonal, only half of the angle block received load. This put enormous

488:, and forced Tomlinson to design a lenticular bridge. The bridge opened on December 1, 1858. At 7 AM on December 18, the bridge collapsed after the tension-bar chain snapped in two places. Two men were killed. The cause of the collapse was defective iron, which became brittle in cold weather. The Board of Works assumed complete responsibility for the failure of the bridge, and Tomlinson declined to charge the government for his work. He designed a 630-foot (190 m) suspension bridge as a replacement; that bridge remained standing for decades, and became the best-known of his bridges. 792: 441: 690:, thrust stress from improperly fitting chords and vertical beams, and low temperatures (which caused the cast iron to become brittle). This caused the horizontal deck beams to buckle, and the bridge to collapse. State investigators later concluded that the bridge had been improperly designed. However, faulty materials were also use in its construction. There was also extensive evidence that the bridge had been poorly constructed: Vertical beams were not in the correct place, chords were not tied together, the 374:. He also worked for several bridge construction firms, learning the trade and principles of American bridge design. In his spare time, he drafted and designed bridges for himself, seeking criticism and advice from Housatonic Railroad bridge engineers he worked under. In time, the Housatonic asked him to study bridges designed by other engineers and make reports about them. He was eventually employed as a bridge construction worker and supervisor for the Housatonic Railroad, the 1058:. Nearly all Howe truss bridges had two diagonal chords in each "panel", with vertical beams on each end. End panels had three vertical beams. Only five Howe truss bridges ever built by 1863 had just one diagonal chord and more than two vertical beams in the end panels. These were known as "Single Howe" bridges. Amasa Stone used the "Single Howe" design for the end panels. Thus, the bridge's entire structure relied on just six beams (three at each end). 581: 651:(its ability to carry trains). He also concluded that the beams Stone intended to use were undersized. Stone demanded that Tomlinson make the changes he required. Tomlinson refused, and was fired. Stone then ordered the CP&A's chief engineer, Charles Collins, to make the desired changes to the bridge design. Collins refused, and was fired. Stone himself then made the changes to the design. 38: 780:, this was the first balanced cantilevered truss bridge in the world to be built with a steel deck. Tomlinson also served as a construction superintendent for general contractor John McMullen. Completed in 1884, this bridge has been called "one of the most imposing engineering works on the Canadian Pacific Railway's transcontinental main line" by rail historian Michael Batten. 732: 748:$ 10,000. The number of lighthouses expanded so rapidly in the first five years of Tomlinson's work that in 1876 the Department of Marine and Fisheries established six regional agencies to take over responsibility for their operation and upkeep. Among the hundreds of lighthouses designed by Tomlinson, the East End Light and West End Light on 567:. He communicated with Chanute, expressing his interest in working on the bridge. Chanute hired him as one of the bridge's co-designers in October 1867. Tomlinson relocated to Kansas City from Cleveland to work on the bridge. Tomlinson designed the bridge's superstructure, and supervised the overall construction of the bridge. When the 571:

in the river were washed out, Chanute asked Tomlinson to rebuild them. Tomlinson created entirely new designs for the piers and their foundations, and then oversaw their construction. The bridge opened on July 4, 1869, with a ceremony in which Chanute presented Tomlinson with a gold watch. The bridge

810:. He retained his mental faculties, however. In the months just before his death, Tomlinson began working out the design for an extremely long suspension bridge. He received three patents for his design. Joseph Tomlinson died of a stroke on May 10, 1905, while gardening at his home. He was buried in 739:

Mitchell was well-acquainted with Tomlinson's work in New Brunswick, and asked him to join the new Department of Marine and Fisheries. Tomlinson agreed, and began working for the department on January 1, 1870. He was formally appointed General Superintendent of Lighthouses and Constructive Engineer

452:

in 1854. Tomlinson later estimated he built 13 or 14 bridges a year during his eight years in New Brunswick. Nearly all the bridges he built in New Brunswick were made of wood. His designs were so sturdy that most of the bridges were still standing a half century later. The first bridge he designed

826:

Tomlinson was quite strong, and when younger often engaged in manual labor and construction work. He was an easy-going and kind supervisor, and much admired by his work crews. When others were still erecting bridges primarily from experience and rules of thumb, Tomlinson calculated load limits and

663:

the chords. This worsened the bridge's deadweight problem. Because the angle blocks were not designed to accommodate the braces, Stone ordered workers to cut away portions of the I-beams to make them fit. This further weakened the braces. During the repair work, workers inadvertently installed the

524:

located at Ontario Street and Eagle Avenue. Built in 1867 at a cost of $ 20,000 ($ 436,000 in 2023 dollars), the facility contained space for 200 vendors. Tomlinson also won the contract to build all the marble-topped meat and vegetable stalls inside the market. Tomlinson also designed the Central

1050:

Stone made additional changes to the design as well. The Howe truss bridge chords (the outside members of the truss) extended upward to the support truss. The deck on which the train traveled hung from these chords. Amasa Stone inverted this design so that the chords hung downward, supporting the

715:

into a new self-governing, autonomous dominion, Canada, on July 1, 1867. Departments of the Province of Canada became ministries in the new federal government. Since the Province of Canada had no fisheries or marine departments, the new dominion government absorbed and amalgamated those from New

694:

had been improperly laid, and horizontal beams did not meet the angle blocks straight. The railway had also inadequately inspected and maintained the bridge. Stone categorically denied that there were any design or construction flaws, and blamed the collapse on the derailment of one of the two

948:

Three reasons were given: (1) That the spray of the falls would, in cold weather, form ice on the bridge and cause it to collapse; (2) That the extreme heat of summer and intense cold of winter would cause the tie rods that formed the chain beneath the bridge to expand and contract and become

830:

Tomlinson was a skilled carpenter, and built furniture for his own home throughout his life. From his farming father, Tomlinson learned a love of farming and gardening. Until the end of his life, he remained an avid home gardener, and had a deep fondness for flowers. Influenced by the

654:

The Ashtabula River bridge was erected in 1865 using Stone's design and partly under his supervision. When the temporary wooden trestle supporting the new bridge was removed, the bridge buckled where the chords were connected to the deck. To correct this problem, Stone added more iron

629:

bridge, a commonly used type of railroad bridge, and personally designed the new bridge. At 154 feet (47 m) long and 20 feet (6.1 m) high, it would be the longest and highest Howe truss bridge in the nation. Stone also decided to award the contract for the ironwork to the

432:. When Tomlinson received the commission to design the dig and completed tunnel, he worked on his plans for 72 hours without a break or sleep. The tunnel, which ran partly beneath Church Street in Whitehall, was 682 feet (208 m) long, with walls of stone and arches of brick. 358:

Shortly after his arrival in New Milford, Tomlinson observed a bridge being constructed near the town. Concerned that the bridge had not been properly designed, he informed the builder only to have his opinion disregarded. Tomlinson then informed his new friend, Rev.

1040:

Brockman says that the design changes were made with the assistance of A.L. Rogers, a carpenter who had never built a bridge before. Amasa Stone, however, said in 1877 that Rogers only had supervision of construction. Rogers himself denied designing any of the

868:, shortly after his first wife's death. He married Sarah A. Wyles (also an emigrant from Lincolnshire) on September 10, 1853. The couple had five children: Ann (wife of Robert Nicholas Slater), Joseph, Alfred, Fannie (who died at the age of five), and Frances. 520:(LS&MS). He designed and built between 12 and 15 bridges a year for the railroad. Tomlinson moved into architecture as well, designing a number of buildings in Cleveland. Among the most important of Tomlinson's commissions was the Central Market, an indoor 994:

The Lake Shore & Southern Michigan Railway was formed on April 6, 1969. Many sources say that the LS&MS built the bridge over the Ashtabula River, but these sources appear to be using a form of literary shorthand—using the company's better-known later

803:, he purchased another 1,280 acres (520 ha) of farmland for $ 800 ($ 16,600 in 2023 dollars). Tomlinson sold a portion of his land at some point, because by 1878 he only retained about 816 acres (330 ha). His eldest son managed the farm for him. 759:

Tomlinson transferred to the Department of Railways on February 9, 1880, taking a position as inspector of bridges in railways. During his time with the department, he created standardized designs for wooden bridges and trestles for those portions of the

544: 1164:

The West End Light, erected in 1873, was dismantled in 1888 due to erosion and replaced. The East End Light, also built in 1873, was destroyed by weather in 1917. The Greenly Island Lighthouse was erected in 1876, and was destroyed by fire in

642:

in Cleveland. Tomlinson fleshed out the bridge design for Stone. He was alarmed when Stone demanded that the bridge be constructed completely of iron, rather than a combination of wood and iron. An all-iron bridge would have a much greater

350:, who persuaded him to settle in that town. Although trained as a mechanic, Tomlinson discovered the practice mechanical construction in the United States was much different than that in the United Kingdom, and he found himself unemployed. 1107:

Locomotive engineers reported hearing "snapping sounds" as they crossed the bridge for some years prior to the collapse. This likely indicates that some shims had broken and fallen off, creating space between the diagonals and horizontal

958:

Most architects in the United States trained as carpenters and builders, as there were no formal apprenticeships or educational programs until late in the 19th century. Only a handful of American architects engaged in formal study at the

1137:

had been under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland since 1809, but it was not until March 1, 1927, however, the British government settled a long-running border dispute with the Dominion of Canada (and its predecessors, the

859:

Joseph Tomlinson married Ann R. Northrop of New Milford on December 10, 1843. The couple had three daughters: Ida (wife of George Venable Smith), Ione, and Maria (who died in childhood). The Tomlinsons moved to

1093:

At least one of the broken angle blocks had a void in the center. The void itself weakens the integrity of the block. Voids also encourage the formation of large grains and can accumulate impurities like

637:

Amasa Stone's bridge was, by his own admission, experimental. He had constructed only one all-iron Howe truss bridge before, a 5-foot (1.5 m) high, 30-foot (9.1 m) long railroad bridge over the

675:. Two locomotives hauling 11 passenger railcars of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway plunged 150 feet (46 m) into the ice-clogged river below. The wooden cars burst into flame when their 930:, calling out readings and identifying the places where it will be used. He also holds the range pole, assists the levelman in identifying landscape contours, and makes computations for the levelman. 595: 536:. He sold these contracts to others when the railroads failed to fund construction. From 1848 to 1849, he worked for Schuyler Bros., designing and overseeing some of the early construction on the 725: 248:, holding that position beginning in January 1870. For eight years, he worked building railroad bridges for the Canadian government, and designed one of the most impressive bridges on the 390:. Although most railroad bridges at the time were made of wood, Tomlinson foresaw that iron and steel would swiftly supplant wood as the primary construction material. A lifelong 1191:

reported he retired in 1883. Anderson and Waddell and Heydon both claim he retired in 1885. The 1883 date seems unlikely, as Tomlinson was at work on the Cisco Bridge until 1884.

744:

in lighthouse construction. By 1872, the department had erected 93 lighthouses with another 43 under contract. All of the structures were wooden, and each cost less than

264:, but was fired from the project after he refused to make supervisor-ordered changes to the design which he considered unsafe. The bridge failed on December 29, 1876, 3487: 960: 367:), about his misgivings. The bridge partially collapsed under its own weight as Tomlinson had predicted, and he was employed to help repair and strengthen it. 532:

His efforts on behalf of the LS&MS garnered him widespread notice in the railroad industry, and he signed several contracts to build railroad bridges in

285: 1126: 1122: 3275: 679:-fed heating stoves and oil lamps overturned, and rescue personnel made no attempt to extinguish the fire. The accident killed 92 people and injured 64. 2757: 3492: 3306: 599: 517: 2345: 2534: 686:

of the bridge collapse was the failure of the two angle blocks on the west end of the bridge due to fatigue (caused by bending and shear stress),

322:. Tomlinson spent seven years as an apprentice, and soon his work surpassed even that of his teachers. During this time, he also enrolled at the 2496: 2477: 1067:

Amasa Stone fired Tomlinson for "inefficiency" at some point during the bridge's construction. Tomlinson was replaced by carpenter A.L. Rogers.

2848: 1174:

The bridge was moved slightly from its original location in 1911 and heavily reinforced in 1940, but remained otherwise unaltered as of 1985.

3433:

Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, for the Adjourned Session of the Sixty-Second General Assembly. Volume LXXIII

3422:

Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, for the Adjourned Session of the Sixty-Second General Assembly. Volume LXXIII

3329:

Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio, for the Adjourned Session of the Sixty-Second General Assembly. Volume LXXIII

1022:

The patented Howe truss bridge design used wooden beams for the diagonal and horizontal members, and iron beams for the vertical members.

370:

Tomlinson turned to the practice of engineering on the advice of Rev. Porter. To learn his new trade, he found work as a rodman with the

20: 1139: 3497: 501: 497: 614:

was president of the CP&A. His construction firm had built the CP&A main line from 1850 to 1852, and Stone had purchased the

3452: 3409: 3388: 3367: 3348: 3296: 3233: 3212: 3162: 3095: 3074: 3033: 2981: 2960: 2939: 2910: 2889: 2789: 2357: 672: 265: 848: 844: 683: 405: 2932:

Twisted Rails, Sunken Ships: The Rhetoric of Nineteenth Century Steamboat and Railroad Accident Investigation Reports, 1833-1879

3482: 889: 477: 3154:

Looking Back: Pioneers of Bytown and March, Nicholas Sparks and Hamnett Kirkes Pinhey, Their Antecedents and Their Descendants

383: 811: 799:

Tomlinson retired to a home at 217 North 13th Street in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, leaving the Department of Railways. After the

454: 409: 96: 982: 375: 304: 717: 462: 1118: 481: 1146:) to settle Labrador's current boundary. The Province of Newfoundland and Labrador confederated on March 31, 1949. 791: 1130: 839:

in adolescence and continued to advocate for socialist political goals throughout his life. Tomlinson was also a

795:

Grave of Joseph Tomlinson and his second wife, Sarah Ann Wyles Tomlinson, at Woodland Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio

537: 3380:

Delaware and Hudson: The History of an Important Railroad Whose Antecedent Was a Canal Network to Transport Coal

2552:

Triangulation in Newfoundland: West Coast and Strait of Belle Isle. Geodetic Survey of Canada Publication No. 64

3266:

Seventh Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs of Ohio for the Year Ending June 30, 1873

761: 619: 448:

Tomlinson took a job as a bridge engineer with the government of the British colony (now Canadian province) of

347: 249: 440: 1515:

Second Annual Report of the Public Service Commission, Second District, for the Year Ending December 31, 1908

1051:

truss. Inverted Howe truss bridges had a tendency to buckle where the chords where attached to the deck with

398: 807: 631: 466: 327: 323: 126: 2596:

Sessional Papers of the First Session of the Fifth Parliament of the Dominion of Canada. Volume 16, Issue 6

753: 704: 682:

An investigation was immediately begun into the cause of the bridge's collapse. This took two months. The

310:

Tomlinson showed a strong interest in mechanical design as a child, but his parents sought to give him a

3055:

Annual Report of the Minister of Public Works for the Fiscal Year 1886-87 on the Works Under His Control

1901: 783:

Tomlinson left the employ of the Department of Railways on either October 16, 1886 or February 9, 1888.

564: 3243: 394:

who studied and read widely, he learned the principles of iron and steel construction and engineering.

3108:

Journal of the Legislative Council of the Province of New Brunswick From the 17th to 26th of July 1856

949:

damaged; and (3) That too many suspension bridges had collapsed, rendering their design too uncertain.

671:

At 7:30 PM on December 29, 1876, the Ashtabula River bridge collapsed in what came to be known as the

3477: 3472: 881: 244:. He was the first person to hold the position of General Superintendent of Lighthouses for the new 2859: 1129:

on November 19, 1866, but did not confederate with the Dominion of Canada until July 20, 1871. The

765: 639: 568: 540:

during this time as well. He left this work after the railroad encountered financial difficulties.

371: 3139: 865: 800: 708: 505: 84: 1076:

It is also possible that the shims created uneven contact, causing angle blocks to undergo both

586: 412:. The tunnel was to carry a branch line of the railroad, which would terminate on the shores of 939:

The tunnell was turned into an open cut spanned by bridges. Work on this project began in 1927.

3448: 3405: 3384: 3363: 3344: 3292: 3229: 3208: 3158: 3152: 3091: 3070: 3029: 3010: 2977: 2956: 2935: 2906: 2885: 2785: 2353: 1155:

The department oversaw 251 existing lighthouses at the time of Tomlinson's initial employment.

1117:

The Province of Prince Edward Island did not enter into confederation until July 1, 1873. The

773: 634:, an iron and steel company based in Cleveland, Ohio, run by his older brother, Andros Stone. 485: 214: 115: 1591: 885:

called him one of the most preeminent bridge designers of the last half of the 19th century.

346:

Tomlinson emigrated to the United States in 1840. During the ocean voyage, he met a man from

3129: 2835: 2599: 1055: 721: 379: 2822:

Annual Report of the Department of Marine and Fisheries for the Year Ending 30th June, 1871

2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 580: 2992: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 861: 745: 648: 644: 607: 603: 556: 391: 364: 257: 237: 1407: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1334: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1326: 1324: 879:

called Tomlinson "a pioneer designer and builder of steel bridges in this country." The

806:

In the last years of his life, Tomlinson suffered from declining health, which included

1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 741: 691: 560: 552: 526: 458: 413: 315: 245: 241: 3025:

Sable Island: The Strange Origins and Curious History of a Dune Adrift in the Atlantic

851:. He was a member of Grace Episcopal Church in Cedar Rapids at the time of his death. 3466: 3143: 769: 660: 449: 401:. It was constructed in 1844, and Tomlinson himself acted as the general contractor. 2839: 2603: 1568: 1566: 1143: 1081: 777: 749: 665: 473: 425: 281: 253: 236:

and the United States. In 1868, he co-designed and oversaw the construction of the

221: 65: 2397: 2395: 864:, in 1852, where Ann Tomlinson fell ill and died on January 15, 1853. He moved to 3442: 3431: 3420: 3399: 3378: 3338: 3327: 3286: 3264: 3223: 3202: 3191: 3180: 3106: 3085: 3064: 3053: 3023: 2971: 2950: 2920: 2900: 2879: 2820: 2800: 2779: 1513: 1200:

Heydon lists Ann's middle initial as "B", and spells the last name as "Northrup".

764:

being built by the federal government. In 1882, the department sent Tomlinson to

1630: 1628: 927: 840: 720:, the former Premier of the Colony of New Brunswick, was named to the inaugural 712: 611: 521: 417: 360: 335: 3118:"Bringing Old Mapping of Sable Island Into a Modern Geographic Reference Frame" 37: 3134: 3117: 3087:

Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890

626: 543: 428:. Several previous attempts to dig a tunnel had failed due to the presence of 296: 290: 277: 229: 61: 1796: 1183:

The date of his retirement is the source of some confusion in other sources.

1031:

Each I-beam was 6 inches (150 mm) thick and 8 inches (200 mm) wide.

2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 1052: 923: 836: 815: 768:

in England to supervise the manufacture and prefabrication of the metalwork

509: 457:, finished in 1855. The following year he built a 100-foot (30 m) long 429: 421: 397:

The first bridge to be built to a Tomlinson design was a railroad bridge in

319: 100: 3014: 2994:

Canadian Historic Sites: Occasional Papers in Archaeology and History No. 9

444:

The Grand Falls Bridge, the first bridge designed by Tomlinson to collapse.

314:

education. When he proved disinterested in the classics, he was allowed to

3401:

Locomotive to Aeromotive: Octave Chanute and the Transportation Revolution

731: 1134: 832: 687: 676: 508:, Tomlinson moved there in 1862 and briefly took up farming. He moved to 311: 217: 2659: 2616: 1411: 1231: 1077: 533: 387: 331: 1875: 972:

The Central Market survived until 1949, when it burned down in a fire.

1615: 1613: 656: 615: 300: 233: 225: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2413: 2401: 790: 730: 579: 542: 439: 2563: 2561: 1572: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 2598:. Ottawa: MacLean, Roger & Co. 1883. p. Appendix 3–10. 1252: 1250: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1095: 513: 261: 104: 1634: 547:

The Hannibal Bridge in July 1869, Tomlinson is on the far left

2902:

Trains and Technology. Volume 4: Bridges and Tunnels, Signals

1496: 1494: 1492: 453:

and built was a 250-foot (76 m) long structure over the

408:

resolved to build a tunnel through a hill in the village of

3430:

Tomlinson, Joseph (1877). "Testimony of Joseph Tomlinson".

2286: 2284: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1528: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 2762:. Troy, N.Y.: Rensselaer Society of Engineers. p. 63. 2695: 2386: 2131: 2129: 2127: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 3090:. Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press. 2739: 2737: 2735: 2554:. Ottawa: Department of Mines and Resources. p. 62. 2303: 2301: 2299: 2223: 2221: 2189: 2187: 2018: 2016: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1930: 1928: 1926: 572:

was the first permanent crossing of the Missouri River.

2952:

Documents on the Confederation of British North America

2805:

Transactions of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers

2578: 2576: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1277: 3263:

Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1874).

3182:

Problems in Surveying, Railroad Surveying, and Geodesy

2539:. Montreal: MacLean, Roger & Co. 1879. p. 38. 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2078: 2076: 1780: 1778: 1364: 913:

His mother's maiden name is also listed as "Sherwood".

516:, later that year and began designing bridges for the 472:

The first Tomlinson-designed bridge to collapse was a

1518:. Albany, N.Y.: J.B. Lyon Company. 1909. p. 737. 1378: 1376: 1098:, both of which increase the brittleness of the iron. 3122:

Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science

1338: 625:

truss bridge in 1842. Stone resolved to construct a

484:. The New Brunswick Board of Works argued against a 303:, and the family was related to Canadian politician 3269:. Columbus, Ohio: Nevins and Myers, State Printers. 2991:Bush, Edward F. (1974). "The Canadian Lighthouse". 2460: 2458: 200: 165: 140: 132: 121: 111: 92: 73: 47: 28: 1797:Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1874 3419:Stone, Amasa (1877). "Testimony of Amasa Stone". 3404:. Champaign, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. 3326:Rogers, A.L. (1877). "Testimony of A.L. Rogers". 2825:. Ottawa: I.B. Taylor, Printer to the King. 1872. 2521: 602:), decided to replace the wooden bridge over the 416:. This would give the railroad a connection with 136:Bridge builder, lighthouse engineer, cabinetmaker 3179:Ives, Howard Chapin; Hilts, Harold Ezra (1906). 2759:Papers Read Before the Pi Eta Scientific Society 1133:acquired dominion status on September 26, 1907. 888:Tomlinson was inducted as an honorary member of 3228:. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. 3009:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. 2973:The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History 2726: 2714: 2567: 2449: 1619: 1557: 1459: 1256: 1125:(established August 2, 1858) merged into a new 555:was attempting to build a railroad bridge (the 551:Tomlinson got word in 1867 that civil engineer 2905:. Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press. 2799:Anderson, William P.; Waddell, J.A.L. (1905). 461:with a 40-foot (12 m) draw span over the 3383:. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. 2955:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. 2849:"The Great Cantilever Bridge 100 Years Later" 2660:Biographical Record of Linn County, Iowa 1901 2617:Biographical Record of Linn County, Iowa 1901 1412:Biographical Record of Linn County, Iowa 1901 1232:Biographical Record of Linn County, Iowa 1901 1013:This bridge was Ohio's first all-iron bridge. 596:Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad 8: 3436:. Springfield, Ohio: Elifritz & Winters. 3425:. Springfield, Ohio: Elifritz & Winters. 3332:. Springfield, Ohio: Elifritz & Winters. 2536:The Year Book and Almanac of Canada for 1879 1909:Society for Industrial Archeology Newsletter 3288:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 3111:. Fredericton, N.B.: John Simpson, Printer. 3066:Misfortune on Cleveland's Millionaires' Row 2934:. Amityville, N.Y.: Baywood Publishing Co. 2925:. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. 1901. 1500: 1004:The bridge was 19.5 feet (5.9 m) wide. 338:and was considered an outstanding student. 3360:A People's History of Prince Edward Island 3105:General Assembly of New Brunswick (1856). 3022:De Villiers, Marq; Hirtle, Sheila (2004). 703:Culminating an almost 17 year effort, the 598:(CP&A; one of the predecessors of the 36: 25: 3291:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 3133: 3047:. Cleveland: Delaware and Hudson Company. 3045:Delaware and Hudson Company Annual Report 3005:Chadwick, Gerald William St John (1967). 2135: 2118: 2067: 2046: 1990: 1965: 1946: 1876:"Springfield Bridge for Western Railroad" 1869: 1867: 1865: 1832: 1813: 1471: 1430: 256:. He designed a railroad bridge over the 144:Ann B. Northrup (m. 1843-1853; her death) 2976:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2922:Biographical Record of Linn County, Iowa 2884:. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing. 2756:Rensselaer Society of Engineers (1879). 2640: 2319: 1844: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1189:Biographical Record of Linn County, Iowa 926:assistant. The rodman usually holds the 600:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 518:Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway 3207:. Chicago: Western Historical Company. 3201:Linn County Historical Society (1878). 3069:. Charleston, S.C.: The History Press. 2414:Department of Marine and Fisheries 1872 2402:Department of Marine and Fisheries 1872 2331: 2227: 2193: 2178: 2166: 2147: 2106: 2022: 2007: 1934: 1739:"Regular Meeting of the City Council". 1590:Smith, S.T. Vernon (January 21, 1859). 1483: 1213: 1121:(established January 13, 1849) and the 906: 266:killing 92 people in a train derailment 16:English American engineer and architect 3488:British emigrants to the United States 3444:Design of Modern Steel Railway Bridges 3277:A History of Cleveland, Ohio. Volume I 3157:. Ottawa, Ontario: Nemo Publications. 2743: 2683: 2671: 2628: 2582: 2307: 2290: 2275: 2263: 2251: 2239: 2094: 1680: 1661: 1573:General Assembly of New Brunswick 1856 1295: 1268: 424:, and connect the lake by rail to the 240:, the first permanent crossing of the 213:(June 22, 1816 – May 10, 1905) was an 19:For the British railway engineer, see 3280:. Chicago: S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. 2832:Ashcroft's Railway Directory for 1865 2212: 2082: 2034: 1784: 1769: 1382: 981:The other designers were Chanute and 707:confederated the British colonies of 289: 276:Tomlinson was born June 22, 1816, in 7: 3196:. Philadelphia: Everts & Ensign. 3043:Delaware and Hudson Company (1927). 2847:Batten, Michael (March–April 1985). 2464: 2437: 2425: 1856: 3193:History of Washington Co., New York 3052:Department of Public Works (1887). 1874:Griggs, Frank Jr. (November 2014). 1635:Linn County Historical Society 1878 1474:, pp. 6, 54, 105–108, 115–116. 827:strain using advanced mathematics. 476:bridge over the Grand Falls of the 21:Joseph Tomlinson (railway engineer) 3362:. Toronto: Steel Rail Publishing. 3058:. Ottawa: MacLean, Roger & Co. 3007:Newfoundland: Island Into Province 14: 772:. The 535-foot (163 m) long 673:Ashtabula River railroad disaster 576:Ashtabula River railroad disaster 307:. Joseph was one of 14 children. 3493:19th-century American architects 3204:The History of Linn County, Iowa 3185:. New York: J. Wiley & Sons. 2970:Buckner, Phillip Alfred (1995). 2858:. pp. 40–45. Archived from 2784:. London: Taylor & Francis. 2344:Smith, William (February 1873). 1900:Gasparini, Dario (Winter 2003). 1747:"City Council—Regular Meeting". 1693:"City Council—Regular Meeting". 1529:Delaware and Hudson Company 1927 726:Minister of Marine and Fisheries 480:at the recently founded city of 406:Saratoga and Washington Railroad 3447:. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. 3340:Civil War America: 1850 to 1875 3244:"Noted Engineer Ends Life Work" 2696:Department of Public Works 1887 2387:Department of Public Works 1887 1724:"Meeting of the City Council". 1708:"Meeting of the City Council". 847:, and a lifelong member of the 756:are examples of his best work. 695:locomotives pulling the train. 496:After purchasing a farm on the 204:Joseph Tomlinson, Ann Shearwood 155: 3222:Middleton, William D. (2001). 2899:Bianculli, Anthony J. (2003). 2781:Understanding Bridge Collapses 1759:. October 24, 1866. p. 3. 1651:. January 12, 1877. p. 4. 384:Rutland and Whitehall Railroad 295:) Tomlinson. His father was a 1: 3285:Panton, Kenneth John (2015). 3151:Heydon, Naomi Slater (1980). 3028:. New York: Walker & Co. 2522:De Villiers & Hirtle 2004 2503:. November 1888. p. 1002 1751:. October 17, 1866. p. 3 890:The Pi Eta Scientific Society 835:movement, Tomlinson became a 2801:"Memoir of Joseph Tomlinson" 1743:. October 3, 1866. p. 3 606:just east of the village of 584:Wood engraving published in 3343:. New York: Facts on File. 3337:Selcer, Richard F. (2006). 3274:Orth, Samuel Peter (1910). 3190:Johnson, Crisfield (1878). 2930:Brockmann, R. John (2005). 2878:Becker, Thea Gallo (2004). 2834:. New York: John Ashcroft. 2727:Anderson & Waddell 1905 2715:Anderson & Waddell 1905 2568:Anderson & Waddell 1905 2450:Anderson & Waddell 1905 2346:"Sable Island, Nova Scotia" 1712:. April 24, 1867. p. 4 1697:. June 27, 1866. p. 3. 1620:Anderson & Waddell 1905 1558:Anderson & Waddell 1905 1460:Anderson & Waddell 1905 1257:Anderson & Waddell 1905 716:Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 529:, which was built in 1866. 42:Joseph Tomlinson about 1900 3514: 3441:Unsworth, John F. (2010). 1647:"The Ashtabula Accident". 1127:Colony of British Columbia 1123:Colony of British Columbia 1119:Colony of Vancouver Island 594:In 1863, officials of the 18: 3498:American bridge engineers 3377:Shaughnessy, Jim (1997). 3135:10.15273/PNSIS.V48I2.6661 1728:. May 8, 1867. p. 4. 1598:. Vol. 7. p. 48 705:British North America Act 618:rights to brother-in-law 538:Illinois Central Railroad 35: 3248:The Cedar Rapids Gazette 2484:. July 1888. p. 718 1720:. May 8, 1867. p. 4 1592:"The Grand Falls Bridge" 1185:The Cedar Rapids Gazette 762:Canadian Pacific Railway 647:, reducing the bridge's 610:with an iron structure. 525:Way drawbridge over the 348:New Milford, Connecticut 272:Early life and education 250:Canadian Pacific Railway 3116:Gray, David H. (2016). 3063:Dutka, Alan F. (2015). 3000:. Ottawa: Parks Canada. 2840:2027/njp.32101066799063 2830:Ashcroft, John (1865). 2778:Åkesson, Björn (2008). 2604:2027/iau.31858029286790 1755:"Council Proceedings". 808:cerebrovascular disease 774:cantilever truss bridge 632:Cleveland Rolling Mills 467:Musquash, New Brunswick 399:Pittsfield, Connecticut 328:Newark, Nottinghamshire 3483:People from Ruskington 3398:Short, Simine (2011). 3358:Sharpe, Errol (1976). 3311:The Engineering Record 3084:Fisher, Robin (1992). 1902:"Historic Bridge News" 1366:The Engineering Record 1131:Colony of Newfoundland 877:The Engineering Record 796: 736: 591: 548: 445: 2949:Browne, G.P. (2009). 2501:The Nautical Magazine 2482:The Nautical Magazine 2350:The Nautical Magazine 1472:Ives & Hilts 1906 843:, a supporter of the 794: 734: 711:, New Brunswick, and 583: 565:Kansas City, Missouri 546: 443: 252:where it crossed the 3225:The Bridge at Québec 2881:Cleveland: 1796-1929 1949:, pp. 207, 210. 1340:Cedar Rapids Gazette 1271:, pp. 174, 180. 961:École des Beaux-Arts 882:Cedar Rapids Gazette 787:Retirement and death 668:on the angle block. 363:(later President of 324:Mechanics' Institute 127:Mechanics' Institute 2729:, pp. 321–322. 2619:, pp. 173–174. 2452:, pp. 323–324. 2242:, pp. xii–xvi. 2121:, pp. 209–210. 2097:, pp. 121–133. 2049:, pp. 208–209. 1859:, pp. 738–739. 1664:, pp. 362–363. 1622:, pp. 322–323. 766:Newcastle upon Tyne 640:Ohio and Erie Canal 410:Whitehall, New York 372:Housatonic Railroad 288:to Joseph and Ann ( 2550:Ney, C.H. (1948). 2497:"Nautical Notices" 2478:"Nautical Notices" 2150:, pp. 25, 26. 1140:Province of Quebec 866:Brooklyn, New York 855:Wives and children 801:American Civil War 797: 737: 592: 549: 506:Cedar Rapids, Iowa 446: 436:New Brunswick work 246:Dominion of Canada 85:Cedar Rapids, Iowa 2686:, pp. 44–45. 2293:, p. xxviii. 2181:, pp. 26–27. 2169:, pp. 27–28. 2109:, pp. 21–23. 1799:, pp. 92–93. 983:George S. Morison 963:in Paris, France. 812:Woodland Cemetery 492:Ohio and Missouri 486:suspension bridge 354:Early bridge work 208: 207: 97:Woodland Cemetery 3505: 3458: 3437: 3426: 3415: 3394: 3373: 3354: 3333: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3307:"Personal Notes" 3302: 3281: 3270: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3218: 3197: 3186: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3147: 3137: 3112: 3101: 3080: 3059: 3048: 3039: 3018: 3001: 2999: 2987: 2966: 2945: 2926: 2916: 2895: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2865:on July 25, 2020 2864: 2853: 2843: 2826: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2795: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2571: 2565: 2556: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2390: 2384: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2278:, p. xxvii. 2273: 2267: 2261: 2255: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2225: 2216: 2210: 2197: 2191: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2133: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2065: 2050: 2044: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1969: 1963: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1871: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1817: 1811: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757:The Plain Dealer 1752: 1749:The Plain Dealer 1744: 1741:The Plain Dealer 1736: 1730: 1729: 1726:The Plain Dealer 1721: 1718:Cleveland Leader 1716:"City Council". 1713: 1710:The Plain Dealer 1705: 1699: 1698: 1695:The Plain Dealer 1690: 1684: 1678: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1652: 1649:The Plain Dealer 1644: 1638: 1632: 1623: 1617: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1587: 1576: 1570: 1561: 1555: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1510: 1504: 1501:Shaughnessy 1997 1498: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1434: 1428: 1415: 1409: 1386: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1345: 1336: 1299: 1293: 1272: 1266: 1260: 1254: 1235: 1229: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1099: 1091: 1085: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1048: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1023: 1020: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1002: 996: 992: 986: 979: 973: 970: 964: 956: 950: 946: 940: 937: 931: 920: 914: 911: 849:Episcopal Church 845:Republican Party 735:The Cisco Bridge 722:Senate of Canada 699:Return to Canada 624: 590:January 20, 1877 478:Saint John River 474:lenticular truss 294: 215:English American 211:Joseph Tomlinson 159: 157: 116:English American 80: 68:, United Kingdom 57: 55: 40: 30:Joseph Tomlinson 26: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3502: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3440: 3429: 3418: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3376: 3370: 3357: 3351: 3336: 3325: 3316: 3314: 3305: 3299: 3284: 3273: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3242: 3236: 3221: 3215: 3200: 3189: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3150: 3115: 3104: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3051: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2969: 2963: 2948: 2942: 2929: 2919: 2913: 2898: 2892: 2877: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2851: 2846: 2829: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2792: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2559: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2495: 2494: 2487: 2485: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2393: 2385: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2352:. p. 109. 2343: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2297: 2289: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2262: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2238: 2234: 2226: 2219: 2211: 2200: 2192: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2165: 2154: 2146: 2142: 2134: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2074: 2066: 2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2014: 2006: 1997: 1989: 1972: 1964: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1933: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1873: 1872: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1820: 1812: 1803: 1795: 1791: 1783: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1754: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1715: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1679: 1668: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1633: 1626: 1618: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1588: 1579: 1571: 1564: 1556: 1535: 1527: 1523: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1437: 1429: 1418: 1410: 1389: 1381: 1374: 1363: 1348: 1337: 1302: 1294: 1275: 1267: 1263: 1255: 1238: 1230: 1215: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1116: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1088: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1008: 1003: 999: 993: 989: 980: 976: 971: 967: 957: 953: 947: 943: 938: 934: 921: 917: 912: 908: 898: 874: 862:Iowa City, Iowa 857: 824: 789: 701: 684:proximate cause 622: 608:Ashtabula, Ohio 604:Ashtabula River 587:Harper's Weekly 578: 557:Hannibal Bridge 502:Putnam Township 494: 438: 376:Harlem Railroad 365:Yale University 356: 344: 332:draughtsmanship 305:Nicholas Sparks 293: Shearwood 274: 258:Ashtabula River 238:Hannibal Bridge 196: 161: 158: 1853) 153: 149: 145: 122:Alma mater 88: 82: 78: 69: 59: 53: 51: 43: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3427: 3416: 3410: 3395: 3389: 3374: 3368: 3355: 3349: 3334: 3323: 3313:. June 3, 1905 3303: 3297: 3282: 3271: 3260: 3250:. May 11, 1905 3240: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3198: 3187: 3176: 3163: 3148: 3113: 3102: 3096: 3081: 3075: 3060: 3049: 3040: 3034: 3019: 3002: 2988: 2982: 2967: 2961: 2946: 2940: 2927: 2917: 2911: 2896: 2890: 2875: 2844: 2827: 2817: 2796: 2790: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2748: 2746:, p. 180. 2731: 2719: 2717:, p. 325. 2700: 2698:, p. 240. 2688: 2676: 2664: 2662:, p. 174. 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2587: 2572: 2570:, p. 324. 2557: 2542: 2526: 2524:, p. 157. 2514: 2469: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2406: 2391: 2389:, p. 220. 2372: 2358: 2336: 2334:, p. 385. 2324: 2322:, p. 132. 2312: 2310:, p. 359. 2295: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2254:, p. 122. 2244: 2232: 2217: 2198: 2183: 2171: 2152: 2140: 2136:Bianculli 2003 2123: 2119:Brockmann 2005 2111: 2099: 2087: 2072: 2070:, p. 209. 2068:Brockmann 2005 2051: 2047:Brockmann 2005 2039: 2027: 2012: 1995: 1993:, p. 210. 1991:Brockmann 2005 1970: 1968:, p. 208. 1966:Brockmann 2005 1951: 1947:Brockmann 2005 1939: 1922: 1892: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1833:Bianculli 2003 1818: 1816:, p. 207. 1814:Brockmann 2005 1801: 1789: 1774: 1762: 1731: 1700: 1685: 1666: 1654: 1639: 1637:, p. 783. 1624: 1609: 1577: 1575:, p. 132. 1562: 1560:, p. 323. 1533: 1521: 1505: 1503:, p. 106. 1488: 1486:, p. 474. 1476: 1464: 1462:, p. 322. 1435: 1433:, p. 326. 1431:Tomlinson 1877 1416: 1414:, p. 173. 1387: 1372: 1346: 1300: 1298:, p. 174. 1273: 1261: 1259:, p. 321. 1236: 1234:, p. 170. 1212: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1193: 1176: 1167: 1157: 1148: 1110: 1100: 1086: 1069: 1060: 1043: 1033: 1024: 1015: 1006: 997: 987: 974: 965: 951: 941: 932: 922:A rodman is a 915: 905: 904: 903: 902: 897: 894: 873: 870: 856: 853: 823: 820: 788: 785: 754:Greenly Island 742:best practices 724:and appointed 718:Peter Mitchell 700: 697: 577: 574: 561:Missouri River 553:Octave Chanute 527:Cuyahoga River 493: 490: 463:Musquash River 437: 434: 414:Lake Champlain 355: 352: 343: 340: 286:United Kingdom 273: 270: 242:Missouri River 206: 205: 202: 198: 197: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 169: 167: 163: 162: 151: 148:Sarah A. Wyles 147: 146: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 94: 90: 89: 83: 81:(aged 88) 75: 71: 70: 60: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3510: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3456: 3454:9781420082180 3450: 3446: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3411:9780252080142 3407: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3390:9780815604556 3386: 3382: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3369:9780887910036 3365: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3350:9780816038671 3346: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3324: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3298:9780810875241 3294: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3279: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3261: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3235:9780253337610 3231: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3214:9781581034189 3210: 3206: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3166: 3164:9780969061502 3160: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3097:9780774804004 3093: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3076:9781467117982 3072: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3035:9780802714329 3031: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2983:9780802069771 2979: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2962:9780773536029 2958: 2954: 2953: 2947: 2943: 2941:9780895032911 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2912:9780874138030 2908: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2893: 2891:9780738532677 2887: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2861: 2857: 2856:Canadian Rail 2850: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2791:9780415436236 2787: 2783: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2770: 2761: 2760: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2674:, p. 40. 2673: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2643:, p. 25. 2642: 2641:Unsworth 2010 2637: 2634: 2631:, p. 43. 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2585:, p. 44. 2584: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2502: 2498: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2443: 2440:, p. 31. 2439: 2434: 2431: 2428:, p. 29. 2427: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2361: 2359:9781108056526 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2320:Chadwick 1967 2316: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2266:, p. 49. 2265: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2230:, p. 27. 2229: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2215:, p. 52. 2214: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2196:, p. 26. 2195: 2190: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2138:, p. 87. 2137: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2085:, p. 76. 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2040: 2037:, p. 49. 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025:, p. 24. 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2010:, p. 20. 2009: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1937:, p. 19. 1936: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1893: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1847:, p. 88. 1846: 1845:Ashcroft 1865 1841: 1838: 1835:, p. 86. 1834: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1790: 1787:, p. 51. 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1772:, p. 50. 1771: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1750: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1727: 1719: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1696: 1689: 1686: 1683:, p. 81. 1682: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1658: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1548: 1546: 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1385:, p. 47. 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1370:, p. 64. 1369: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1171: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1073: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1047: 1044: 1037: 1034: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1007: 1001: 998: 991: 988: 984: 978: 975: 969: 966: 962: 955: 952: 945: 942: 936: 933: 929: 925: 919: 916: 910: 907: 900: 899: 895: 893: 891: 886: 884: 883: 878: 871: 869: 867: 863: 854: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 822:Personal life 821: 819: 817: 813: 809: 804: 802: 793: 786: 784: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 729: 727: 723: 719: 714: 710: 706: 698: 696: 693: 689: 685: 680: 678: 674: 669: 667: 662: 658: 652: 650: 646: 641: 635: 633: 628: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 589: 588: 582: 575: 573: 570: 566: 562: 559:) across the 558: 554: 545: 541: 539: 535: 530: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 491: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455:Hammond River 451: 450:New Brunswick 442: 435: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 404:In 1849, the 402: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 353: 351: 349: 341: 339: 337: 333: 330:. He studied 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 292: 287: 283: 279: 271: 269: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 212: 203: 199: 193:Frances Ethel 192: 189: 187:Alfred Thomas 186: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 143: 139: 135: 133:Occupation(s) 131: 128: 124: 120: 117: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 93:Resting place 91: 86: 76: 72: 67: 63: 58:June 22, 1816 50: 46: 39: 34: 27: 22: 3443: 3432: 3421: 3400: 3379: 3359: 3339: 3328: 3315:. Retrieved 3310: 3287: 3276: 3265: 3252:. Retrieved 3247: 3224: 3203: 3192: 3181: 3168:. Retrieved 3153: 3125: 3121: 3107: 3086: 3065: 3054: 3044: 3024: 3006: 2993: 2972: 2951: 2931: 2921: 2901: 2880: 2867:. Retrieved 2860:the original 2855: 2831: 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2804: 2780: 2771:Bibliography 2758: 2751: 2722: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2595: 2590: 2551: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2517: 2505:. Retrieved 2500: 2486:. Retrieved 2481: 2472: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2416:, p. 3. 2409: 2404:, p. 2. 2363:. Retrieved 2349: 2339: 2332:Buckner 1995 2327: 2315: 2271: 2259: 2247: 2235: 2228:Åkesson 2008 2194:Åkesson 2008 2179:Åkesson 2008 2174: 2167:Åkesson 2008 2148:Åkesson 2008 2143: 2114: 2107:Åkesson 2008 2102: 2090: 2042: 2030: 2023:Åkesson 2008 2008:Åkesson 2008 1942: 1935:Åkesson 2008 1913:. Retrieved 1908: 1895: 1883:. Retrieved 1879: 1852: 1840: 1792: 1765: 1756: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1725: 1717: 1709: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1657: 1648: 1642: 1600:. Retrieved 1596:The Engineer 1595: 1531:, p. 9. 1524: 1514: 1508: 1484:Johnson 1878 1479: 1467: 1365: 1344:, p. 3. 1339: 1264: 1196: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1170: 1160: 1151: 1144:Lower Canada 1113: 1103: 1089: 1072: 1063: 1056:angle blocks 1046: 1036: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1000: 990: 977: 968: 954: 944: 935: 918: 909: 887: 880: 876: 875: 858: 829: 825: 805: 798: 782: 778:Fraser River 770:Cisco Bridge 758: 750:Sable Island 738: 702: 681: 670: 666:shear stress 653: 636: 620:William Howe 593: 585: 550: 531: 522:market space 495: 471: 447: 426:Hudson River 403: 396: 392:self-learner 369: 357: 345: 320:cabinetmaker 309: 282:Lincolnshire 275: 254:Fraser River 210: 209: 190:Fannie Wyles 79:(1905-05-10) 77:May 10, 1905 66:Lincolnshire 3478:1905 deaths 3473:1816 births 3317:January 22, 2869:January 24, 2811:January 19, 2744:Heydon 1980 2684:Batten 1985 2672:Batten 1985 2629:Batten 1985 2583:Batten 1985 2507:January 23, 2488:January 23, 2365:January 22, 2308:Panton 2015 2291:Panton 2015 2276:Panton 2015 2264:Fisher 1992 2252:Sharpe 1976 2240:Browne 2009 2095:Rogers 1877 1915:January 19, 1885:January 24, 1681:Becker 2004 1662:Selcer 2006 1602:January 20, 1296:Heydon 1980 1269:Heydon 1980 928:level staff 713:Nova Scotia 612:Amasa Stone 498:Cedar River 482:Grand Falls 418:Great Lakes 361:Noah Porter 336:mathematics 230:lighthouses 112:Nationality 3467:Categories 3254:January 9, 3170:January 8, 3128:(2): 310. 2213:Dutka 2015 2083:Stone 1877 2035:Dutka 2015 1785:Short 2011 1770:Short 2011 1383:Short 2011 924:surveyor's 896:References 645:deadweight 627:Howe truss 459:drawbridge 422:steamships 420:passenger 382:, and the 316:apprentice 297:land owner 278:Ruskington 224:who built 62:Ruskington 54:1816-06-22 3144:132100317 2807:: 321–325 2465:Gray 2016 2438:Bush 1974 2426:Bush 1974 1880:Structure 1857:Orth 1910 1208:Citations 1053:cast iron 841:Freemason 837:socialist 816:Cleveland 776:over the 649:live load 510:Cleveland 430:quicksand 312:classical 284:, in the 222:architect 201:Parent(s) 141:Spouse(s) 101:Cleveland 1187:and the 1135:Labrador 1082:shearing 833:Chartist 818:, Ohio. 692:bearings 688:friction 677:kerosene 380:New York 218:engineer 166:Children 3015:1129739 1078:bending 1041:bridge. 657:I-beams 534:Indiana 388:Vermont 226:bridges 160: 152: 3451: 3408: 3387: 3366: 3347: 3295: 3232: 3211: 3161: 3142: 3094: 3073: 3032: 3013: 2980: 2959: 2938: 2909: 2888: 2788: 2356: 1108:beams. 872:Legacy 709:Canada 623:'s 616:patent 342:Career 301:farmer 234:Canada 184:Joseph 107:, U.S. 87:, U.S. 3140:S2CID 2998:(PDF) 2863:(PDF) 2852:(PDF) 1905:(PDF) 1165:1947. 995:name. 901:Notes 661:brace 569:piers 504:near 318:to a 178:Maria 154:( 150: 3449:ISBN 3406:ISBN 3385:ISBN 3364:ISBN 3345:ISBN 3319:2020 3293:ISBN 3256:2020 3230:ISBN 3209:ISBN 3172:2020 3159:ISBN 3092:ISBN 3071:ISBN 3030:ISBN 3011:OCLC 2978:ISBN 2957:ISBN 2936:ISBN 2907:ISBN 2886:ISBN 2871:2020 2813:2020 2786:ISBN 2509:2020 2490:2020 2367:2020 2354:ISBN 1917:2016 1911:: 14 1887:2020 1604:2020 1368:1905 1342:1905 1142:and 1096:slag 1080:and 752:and 514:Ohio 334:and 299:and 262:Ohio 228:and 220:and 175:Ione 125:The 105:Ohio 74:Died 48:Born 3130:doi 2836:hdl 2600:hdl 814:in 746:CAD 659:to 563:at 500:in 465:at 386:in 378:in 326:in 291:née 260:in 232:in 181:Ann 172:Ida 3469:: 3309:. 3246:. 3138:. 3126:48 3124:. 3120:. 2854:. 2803:. 2734:^ 2703:^ 2648:^ 2575:^ 2560:^ 2499:. 2480:. 2457:^ 2394:^ 2375:^ 2348:. 2298:^ 2283:^ 2220:^ 2201:^ 2186:^ 2155:^ 2126:^ 2075:^ 2054:^ 2015:^ 1998:^ 1973:^ 1954:^ 1925:^ 1907:. 1878:. 1864:^ 1821:^ 1804:^ 1777:^ 1753:; 1745:; 1722:; 1714:; 1669:^ 1627:^ 1612:^ 1594:. 1580:^ 1565:^ 1536:^ 1491:^ 1438:^ 1419:^ 1390:^ 1375:^ 1349:^ 1303:^ 1276:^ 1239:^ 1216:^ 892:. 728:. 512:, 469:. 280:, 268:. 156:m. 103:, 99:, 64:, 3457:. 3414:. 3393:. 3372:. 3353:. 3321:. 3301:. 3258:. 3238:. 3217:. 3174:. 3146:. 3132:: 3100:. 3079:. 3038:. 3017:. 2986:. 2965:. 2944:. 2915:. 2894:. 2873:. 2842:. 2838:: 2815:. 2794:. 2606:. 2602:: 2511:. 2492:. 2467:. 2369:. 1919:. 1889:. 1606:. 1084:. 985:. 56:) 52:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Joseph Tomlinson (civil engineer)

Index