1912:
an extraordinary session in Cairo, decided, without objection (Jordan herself was absent from the meeting), that the
Jordanian annexation measure constituted a violation of the Council's resolution of April 13, 1950, and considered the expulsion of Jordan from the League; but it was decided that discussion of punitive measures be postponed to another meeting, set for June 12, 1950. At that meeting of the League Council it had before it Jordanian Memorandum asserting that "annexation of Arab Palestine was irrevocable, although without prejudice to any final settlement of the Palestine question." This formula enabled the Council to adopt a face-saving resolution "to treat the Arab part of Palestine annexed by Jordan as a trust in its hands until the Palestine case is fully solved in the interests of its inhabitants."
418:
970:
935:
954:
90:
919:
75:
244:
63:
623:), and the Jordanians described them as "military" governors, so that it would not anger the other Arab states, which opposed Jordan's plans to incorporate the Arab part of Palestine into the kingdom. The king made other smaller moves towards the annexation of the West Bank: He ordered Palestinian policemen to wear the uniforms of the Jordanian police and its symbols; he instituted the use of Jordanian
269:
1939:
Government to declare... that the annexation of the part of
Palestine in question was a measure necessitated by practical considerations, that Jordan would hold that part on trust until a final settlement of the Palestine question was reached and that Jordan would accept in regard to it whatever might be unanimously decided by the other member states.
1911:
On April 13, 1950... the
Council of the Arab League decided that "annexation of Arab Palestine by any Arab State would be considered a violation of the League Charter, and subject to sanctions." Three weeks after the said proclamation - on May 15, 1950 - the Political Committee of the Arab League, in
457:
which envisaged the division of
Palestine into three parts: an Arab State, a Jewish State and the City of Jerusalem. The proposed Arab State would include the central and part of western Galilee, with the town of Acre, the hill country of Samaria and Judea, an enclave at Jaffa, and the southern coast
1299:
The policy of the
Department, as stated in a paper on this subject prepared for the Foreign Ministers meetings in London in May was in favor of the incorporation of Central Palestine into Jordan but desired that it be done gradually and not by sudden proclamation. Once the annexation took place, the
886:
On 28 July 1988, King
Hussein announced the cessation of a $ 1.3 billion development program for the West Bank. He explained that the aim of this move was to allow the PLO to take more responsibility for these territories. Two days later the king dissolved Jordan's lower house of parliament, half of
696:
extended formal recognition to the union between the
Hashemite Kingdom and that part of Palestine under Jordanian control - with the exception of Jerusalem. The British government stated that it regarded the provisions of the Anglo-Jordan Treaty of Alliance of 1948 as applicable to all the territory
646:
on 26 April 1949. Military occupation concluded on 2 November 1949 via promulgation of the Law
Amending Public Administration Law in Palestine whereby the laws of Palestine were declared to remain applicable. In the Jordanian parliament, the West and East Banks received 30 seats each, having roughly
1812:
May 12: Jordan's
Foreign Minister walks out of the Political Committee during the discussion of Jordan's annexation of Arab Palestine. May 15: The Political Committee agrees that Jordan's annexation of Arab Palestine was illegal and violated the Arab League resolution of Apr. 12, 1948. A meeting is
1362:
The US State
Department also favoured the union. Although it used the words 'annexation','incorporation' and 'union' interchangeably in its internal assessment of Jordanian politics, it also acknowledged that the Act of Union represented "a logical development of the situation which took place as a
466:
In March 1948, the British Cabinet had agreed that the civil and military authorities in Palestine should make no effort to oppose the setting up of a Jewish State or a move into Palestine from Transjordan. The United States, together with the United Kingdom, favoured the annexation by Transjordan.
1689:
Palestinians were granted Jordanian Citizenship. Article 3 of the 1954 law states that a Jordanian national is: 'Any person with previous Palestinian nationality except the Jews before the date of May 15, 1948 residing in the Kingdom during the period from December 20, 1949 and February 16, 1954.'
890:
On 31 July 1988, King Hussein announced the severance of all legal and administrative ties with the West Bank, except for the Jordanian sponsorship of the Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, and recognised the PLO as "the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.". In his
462:
was to include Bethlehem and the surrounding areas. The proposed Jewish State covered 56.47% of Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jerusalem) with a population of 498,000 Jews and 325,000 Arabs while the proposed Arab State covered 43.53% of Mandatory Palestine (excluding Jerusalem), with 807,000 Arab
902:
was initialled one day after the Oslo Accords were signed. "On July 25, 1994, King Hussein met with Israeli Prime Minister Rabin in the Rose Garden of the White House, where they signed the Washington Declaration, formally ending the 46-year state of war between Jordan and Israel." Finally, on 26
671:
described it as a move that "entirely lacked legal justification." The annexation formed part of Jordan's "Greater Syria Plan" expansionist policy, and in response, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Syria joined Egypt in demanding Jordan's expulsion from the Arab League. A motion to expel Jordan from the
655:
A 1949 amendment to the British Mandate's 1928 Nationality Law in 1949 effectively imposed Jordanian citizenship on the region's 420,000 local Palestinians, 280,000 Palestinian refugees in the West Bank and 70,000 Palestinian refugees in the East Bank, ahead of formal annexation on 24 April 1950.
2321:
On 26ā27 May, the Legionnaires took the Hurvat Israel (or "Hurva") Synagogue, the quarter's largest and most sacred building, and then, without reason, blew it up. "This affair will rankle for generations in the heart of world Jewry," predicted one Foreign Office official. The destruction of the
1625:
On November 2, 1949, military rule was declared to be at an end by promulgation of the Law Amending Public Administration Law in Palestine. Under this law, King Abdullah assumed for Jordan the powers previously exercised by Britain as mandatory, and the laws of Palestine were declared to remain
458:
stretching from north of Isdud (now Ashdod) and encompassing what is now the Gaza Strip, with a section of desert along the Egyptian border. The proposed Jewish State would include the fertile Eastern Galilee, the Coastal Plain, stretching from Haifa to Rehovot and most of the Negev desert. The
1754:
For Abdullah, the annexation of Palestine was the first step in the implementation of his Greater Syria Plan. His expansionist policy placed him at odds with Egypt and Saudi Arabic. Syria and Lebanon, which would be included in the Plan were uneasy. The annexation of Palestine was, therefore,
1938:
Nevertheless, in return for the suspension of contacts with Israel, Abdallah extracted a high price: a de facto recognition of the annexation of the West Bank which the Arab states had thus far refused to give. In the summer of 1950 the Arab League adopted a resolution allowing the Jordanian
573:
The remainder of the area designated as part of an Arab state under the UN Partition Plan was partly occupied by Egypt (Gaza Strip), partly occupied and annexed by Israel (West Negev, West Galilee, Jaffa). The intended international enclave of Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan.
339:, hundreds of Palestinian notables in the West Bank gathered, accepted Jordanian rule and recognized Abdullah as ruler. The West Bank was formally annexed on 24 April 1950, but the annexation was widely considered as illegal and void by most of the international community, including the
2255:
Armstrong, Karen, Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths, 1997, "Only clergy, diplomats, UN personnel, and a few privileged tourists were permitted to go from one side to the other. The Jordanians required most tourists to produce baptismal certificates ā to prove they were not Jewish ...
1300:
Department approved of the action 'in the sense that it represents a logical development of the situation which took place as a result of a free expression of the will of the people.ā¦ The United States continues to wish to avoid a public expression of approval of the union.'
1783:
On April 13, 1950, the council of the League resolved that Jordan's annexation of Arab Palestine was illegal, and at a meeting of the League's political committee on May 15, 1950, Saudi Arabia, Lebanon and Syria joined Egypt in demanding Jordan's expulsion from the Arab
762:
Clauses in the 3 April 1949 Armistice Agreements specified that Israelis would have access to the religious sites in East Jerusalem. However, Jordan refused to implement this clause, arguing that Israel's refusal to permit the return of Palestinians to their homes in
1470:), which reads: "The land law in Palestine embraces the system of tenures inherited from the Ottoman regime, enriched by some amendments, mostly of a declaratory character, enacted since the British Occupation on the authority of the Palestine Orders-in-Council."
672:
League was prevented by the dissenting votes of Yemen and Iraq. On 12 June 1950, the Arab League declared the annexation was a temporary, practical measure and that Jordan was holding the territory as a "trustee" pending a future settlement. On 27 July 1953,
969:
680:
was "the alternative capital of the Hashemite Kingdom" and would form an "integral and inseparable part" of Jordan. In an address to parliament in Jerusalem in 1960, Hussein called the city the "second capital of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan".
362:
When Jordan transferred its full citizenship rights to the residents of the West Bank, the annexation more than tripled the population of Jordan, going from 400,000 to 1,300,000. The naturalized Palestinians were given half of the seats of the
2504:
1388:
Mishal, Shaul. "Chapter 4. Conflictual Pressures and Cooperative Interests: Observations on West Bank-Amman Political Relations, 1949ā1967". Palestinian Society and Politics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980, pp. 169-184.
852:
the West Bank (including East Jerusalem). Although the sides were technically at war, a policy known as "open bridges" meant that Jordan continued to pay salaries and pensions to civil servants and to provide services to
2245:
Thomas A Idinopulos, Jerusalem, 1994, p. 300, "So severe were the Jordanian restrictions against Jews gaining access to the old city that visitors wishing to cross over from west Jerusalem...had to produce a baptismal
1850:
The annexation of Palestine was, therefore, condemned by the Arab League's Political Committee on May 15, 1950. A motion to expel Jordan from the League was prevented by the dissenting votes of Yemen and
782:
had been used for construction, paving roads and to build latrines for a nearby Jordanian army barracks. The Jordanians immediately expelled all the Jewish residents of East Jerusalem. Mark Tessler cites
891:
speech to the nation held on that day he announced his decision and explained that this decision was made with the aim of helping the Palestinian people establishing their own independent state.
953:
1482:(Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry), vol. 1, chapter 2, British Mandate Government of Palestine: Jerusalem 1946, p. 24
1277:
It is often stated that Pakistan recognized it as well, but that is disputed; see S. R. Silverburg, Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note, Middle Eastern Studies, 19:2 (1983) 261ā263.
627:
instead of the British ones; Palestinian municipalities were not allowed to collect taxes and issue licenses; and the radio of Ramallah called the locals to disobey the instructions of pro-
2956:
587:
After the invasion, Jordan began making moves to perpetuate the Jordanian occupation over the Arab part of Palestine. King Abdullah appointed governors on his behalf in the Arab cities of
467:
The UK preferred to permit King Abdullah to annex the territory at the earliest date, while the United States preferred to wait until after the conclusion of negotiations brokered by the
1666:
2926:
732:
in East Jerusalem by a Palestinian gunman following rumours that he was discussing a peace treaty with Israel. The trial found that this assassination had been planned by Colonel
1314:
Joseph Massad said that the members of the Arab League granted de facto recognition and that the United States had formally recognized the annexation, except for Jerusalem. See
2921:
934:
2682:
1375:
918:
343:, which ultimately decided to treat Jordan as a temporary trustee pending future settlement. Recognition of Jordan's declaration of annexation was granted only by the
1096:
Raphael Israeli, Jerusalem divided: the armistice regime, 1947ā1967, Volume 23 of Cass series ā Israeli history, politics, and society, Psychology Press, 2002, p. 23.
770:
The special committee that was to make arrangements for visits to holy places was never formed and Israelis, irrespective of religion, were barred from entering the
2846:
1199:
This purported annexation was, however, widely regarded as illegal and void, by the Arab League and others, and was recognized only by Britain, Iraq, and Pakistan.
417:
2856:
2535:
1344:
Victor Kattan (13 December 2022). "Chapter 17: Jordan and Palestine: union (1950) and secession (1988)". In Jure Vidmar, Sarah McGibbon, and Lea Raible (ed.).
2986:
2981:
2976:
454:
787:
as writing that during Jordanian rule, "34 out of the Old City's 35 synagogues were dynamited. Some were turned into stables, others into chicken coops."
647:
equal populations. The first elections were held on 11 April 1950. Although the West Bank had not yet been annexed, its residents were permitted to vote.
879:. The decision forced King Hussein to relinquish his claim to speak for the Palestinian people during peace negotiations and to recognize an independent
463:
inhabitants and 10,000 Jewish inhabitants and in Jerusalem, an international trusteeship regime where the population was 100,000 Jews and 105,000 Arabs.
197:
2961:
818:
were expelled or fled to Jordan. After 1967, all religious groups were granted administration over their own holy sites, while administration of the
480:
778:, which had also been used as a military base in the conflict, were destroyed. It was said that some gravestones from the Jewish cemetery on the
767:
voided that clause in the agreement. Tourists entering East Jerusalem had to present baptismal certificates or other proof they were not Jewish.
2886:
976:
507:
By the end of the war, Jordanian forces had control over the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. On 3 April 1949, Israel and Jordan signed an
468:
2837:
2813:
2789:
2763:
2742:
2649:
2463:
2436:
2354:
2307:
2230:
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2177:
2053:
2019:
1989:
1962:
1904:
1874:
1836:
1740:
1713:
1649:
1618:
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1466:, British Mandate government printing office, Jerusalem 1946, vol. 1, p. 225, of chapter 8, section 1, paragraph 1 (Reprinted in 1991 by the
1413:
1328:
1192:
1159:
1081:
1000:
2896:
2554:
1673:
774:
and other holy sites. Significant parts of the Jewish Quarter, much of it severely damaged in the war, together with synagogues such as the
2486:
1492:
1005:
849:
408:, as custodians of the land, implemented the land tenure laws in Palestine, which it had inherited from the Ottomans (as defined in the
287:
262:
2966:
2079:
412:). Toward the expiration of the British Mandate, Arabs aspired to independence and self-determination, as did the Jews of the country.
2891:
712:
Tensions continued between Jordan and Israel through the early 1950s, with Palestinian guerrillas and Israeli commandos crossing the
89:
2971:
2941:
1355:
872:
698:
861:
2371:
656:
Then in 1954, Jordan's Nationality Law clarified the conditions under which Palestinian Arabs could obtain Jordanian citizenship.
990:
2755:
Palestinian Leadership on the West Bank (RLE Israel and Palestine): The Changing Role of the Arab Mayors Under Jordan and Israel
1467:
2866:
904:
899:
839:
308:
officially began on April 24, 1950, and ended with the decision to sever ties on July 31, 1988. The period started during the
2946:
554:
1690:
Thus Palestinians in the East Bank and the West Bank of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan were granted Jordanian nationality.
1345:
1626:
applicable. Thus, in the West Bank Jordan viewed itself as playing a role similar to that being assumed by Egypt in Gaza.
1574:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V - Office of the Historian"
1291:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1950, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, Volume V - Office of the Historian"
74:
2901:
2692:
1232:
1049:
The term "West Bank" was first used by the British Foreign Office and by the Jordanians towards the second half of 1949.
995:
944:
459:
321:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2690:
Van Arkadie, Brian (Winter 1977). "The Impact of the Israeli Occupation on the Economies of the West Bank and Gaza".
2512:
2778:"Conflictual Pressures and Cooperative Interests: Observations on West Bank - Amman Political Relations, 1949-1967"
1123:
660:
898:
between the PLO and Israel "opened the road for Jordan to proceed on its own negotiating track with Israel." The
810:, the formerly Jordanian-controlled West Bank with its one million Palestinian population had come under Israeli
757:
508:
409:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2455:
Jordan and the Palestinians:The Severance of Administrative Ties to the West Bank and its Implications (1988)
2951:
2936:
2931:
979:
of the recognition of the State of Israel and also of the annexation of the West Bank by the State of Jordan
815:
737:
295:
823:
673:
569:, and other matters. The committee was never formed, and access to the Holy Places was denied to Israelis.
1925:
2138:
1211:
784:
397:
309:
161:
907:, which normalized relations between the two countries and resolved territorial disputes between them.
2536:"Hussein surrenders claims on West Bank to the P.L.O.; U.S. peace plan in jeopardy; Internal Tensions"
62:
2346:
2339:
940:
771:
717:
639:
524:
364:
611:, that were captured by Legion in the invasion. These governors were mostly Palestinians (including
3006:
1037:
925:
811:
713:
496:
381:
313:
249:
2560:
2127:
2709:
2620:
1926:"Peace Negotiations Between Israel and Jordan After the 1948 and 1967 Wars: A Comparative Survey"
1573:
1403:
1369:
1290:
876:
635:
336:
291:
2453:
1866:
Abdullah al-Tall - Arab Legion Officer: Arab Nationalism and Opposition to the Hashemite Regime
545:
A Special Committee was to be formed to make arrangements for safe movement of traffic between
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2833:
2809:
2785:
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2759:
2738:
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2459:
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2015:
1985:
1958:
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1900:
1894:
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1832:
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1709:
1703:
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2633:
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1979:
1864:
1826:
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724:
of Transjordan in 1921 and King in 1923, was assassinated in July 1951 during a visit to the
2870:
2701:
2108:
1532:
1522:
Foreign relations of the United States, 1950. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, p. 1096
733:
17:
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2165:
2151:
1890:
1606:
1178:
960:
779:
775:
741:
215:
124:
1813:
called for June 12 to decide whether to expel Jordan or take punitive action against her.
1436:
359:
while avoiding public approval, also recognized this extension of Jordanian sovereignty.
2615:
2610:
2375:
2005:
1029:
764:
693:
685:
677:
616:
520:
405:
401:
344:
317:
2184:"Of the states of the world, only Britain and Pakistan formally recognized the merger.
2880:
1896:
Will "Justice" Bring Peace?: International Law - Selected Articles and Legal Opinions
1316:
1033:
705:
is claimed to have recognized Jordan's annexation too, but this is disputed. Despite
624:
356:
1638:
Albanese, Francesca P.; Takkenberg, Lex (2020). "3.2.3 Legal status and treatment".
864:
which would include the West Bank and Jordan. This proposal never came to fruition.
857:
and educational affairs and in general to play an active role in West Bank affairs.
642:
voted in favor of annexation into what was then Transjordan. Transjordan became the
2823:
2799:
2773:
2591:
2334:
2293:
895:
835:
819:
729:
725:
612:
550:
534:. In return, Israel agreed to allow Jordanian forces to take over positions in the
531:
139:
2827:
2803:
2753:
2398:
2009:
1797:
1768:
1639:
1251:
2577:
1548:
1450:
1025:
868:
845:
807:
801:
706:
566:
492:
488:
340:
329:
184:
134:
2664:
2112:
1028:, Israel has held the entirety of the territory under belligerent occupation.
389:
2133:. Tel Aviv, Israel: Jaffee Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University.
2641:
1390:
887:
whose members represented constituencies in the Israeli-occupied West Bank.
667:) were given Jordanian citizenship on the same basis as existing residents.
664:
608:
600:
562:
546:
535:
516:
385:
305:
2638:
The Palestinian Economy: Studies in Development under Prolonged Occupation
2170:
The statehood of Palestine: international law in the Middle East conflict
2099:
Silverburg, S. R. (1983). "Pakistan and the West Bank: A research note".
1767:
American Jewish Committee; Jewish Publication Society of America (1951).
1611:
The statehood of Palestine: international law in the Middle East conflict
1405:
Citizenship and the State in the Middle East: Approaches and Applications
822:ā sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims ā remained in the hands of the
702:
588:
438: Allotted for Arab state, occupied by Egypt Feb 1949/Jordan Apr 1949
352:
2458:. Contemporain publications. Presses de lāIfpo. 2013. pp. 230ā245.
709:
opposition, the inhabitants of the West Bank became citizens of Jordan.
2713:
2624:
2084:
2198:
Jerusalem Unbound: Geography, History, and the Future of the Holy City
596:
592:
558:
484:
393:
325:
104:
2805:
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881ā1999
2705:
1402:
Nils August Butenschon; Uri Davis; Manuel Sarkis Hassassian (2000).
332:
and eventually Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988.
2675:
Economic Costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people
1755:
condemned by the Arab League's Political Committee on May 15, 1950.
1212:"Jordan's Annexation in Palestine is Called Illegal by Arab League"
604:
114:
854:
721:
539:
530:
Jordan withdrew its forces from its front posts overlooking the
348:
312:, when Jordan occupied and subsequently annexed the portion of
1036:
by Israel, however Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is
638:, a meeting of prominent Palestinian leaders convened by King
444: Allotted for Arab state, occupied by Israel Feb/Apr 1949
396:) had been administered by the British Empire pursuant to the
320:. The territory remained under Jordanian control until it was
515:
Jordanian forces remained in most positions they held in the
1464:
The Survey of Palestine under the British Mandate: 1920ā1948
631:
officials and obey those of the Jordanian-backed governors.
2487:"Jordan Drops $ 1.3 Billion Plan For West Bank Development"
2413:
Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank
1321:
Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan
1266:
Jordan's illegal occupation and Annexation of the West Bank
1105:"Under Jordanian occupation since the 1948 Palestine war,"
659:
Unlike any other Arab country to which they fled after the
1593:
The Arab States and the Arab League: a Documentary Record
1513:
CAB/128/12 formerly C.M.(48) 24 conclusions 22 March 1948
701:
also recognized this extension of Jordanian sovereignty.
491:, under the leadership of Sir John Bagot Glubb, known as
2225:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 39.
1451:"Seventy+ Years of Suffocation | Chapter 2: Jordan"
2559:. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from
2829:
The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited
2735:
Nationalist Voices in Jordan: The Street and the State
1363:
result of a free expression of the will of the people"
860:
In 1972, King Hussein conceived a plan to establish a
688:
formally recognized the annexation of the West Bank,
1828:
Jordan: a study in political development (1921-1965)
1732:
Jordan: a study in political development (1921-1965)
1323:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 229.
663:, Palestinian refugees in the West Bank (and on the
2200:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 48.
875:(PLO) as the sole legitimate representative of the
487:'s declaration of independence on 14 May 1948, the
453:On 29 November 1947 the UN General Assembly passed
283:
211:
194:
181:
171:
158:
146:
130:
120:
110:
99:
34:
2338:
475:Entry of Transjordan forces into Mandate Palestine
1802:. Council for Middle Eastern Affairs. p. 206
1250:George Washington University. Law School (2005).
959:Arab Legion soldier standing in the ruins of the
2957:History of the Palestine Liberation Organization
1555:; KinneretāZmora-BitanāDvir Publishing, 2004,
1253:The George Washington international law review
1151:Britain and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948-51
316:that became known as the West Bank, including
2927:States and territories disestablished in 1967
2784:. Princeton University Press. pp. 169ā.
2578:"Jordan ā History ā The Madrid Peace Process"
2431:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 23ā25.
2400:A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
2299:1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War
1076:. Princeton University Press. pp. 108ā.
8:
2737:. University of Texas Press. pp. 114ā.
2659:Tuma, Elias H.; Darin-Drabkin, Haim (1978).
2128:"Beyond the Veil: Israel-Pakistan Relations"
1773:. American Jewish Committee. pp. 405ā06
1374:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (
1117:
1115:
692:in the case of East Jerusalem. In 1950, the
39:
2172:. Cambridge University Press. p. 119.
1796:Council for Middle Eastern Affairs (1950).
1705:Israel, the West Bank and International Law
1613:. Cambridge University Press. p. 118.
1256:. George Washington University. p. 390
1187:. Princeton University Press. p. 108.
2922:States and territories established in 1948
2372:"Between the Green Line and the Blue Line"
1024:Since capturing the West Bank in the 1967
88:
31:
2572:
2570:
2221:Friedland, Roger; Hecht, Richard (2000).
2080:"JORDAN AND ISRAEL (GOVERNMENT DECISION)"
2042:Tamar Mayer; Suleiman Ali Mourad (2008).
1672:. Forced Migration Online. Archived from
1641:Palestinian Refugees in International Law
1391:https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854479.169
736:, ex-military governor of Jerusalem, and
2729:Anderson, Betty S. (15 September 2009).
1954:The Middle East in the twentieth century
796:Six-Day War and end of Jordanian control
499:and secure the UN-designated Arab area.
481:End of the British Mandate for Palestine
416:
2403:. Indiana University Press. p. 329
2074:
2072:
1981:Is the Two-State Solution Already Dead?
1154:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 77ā.
1124:"Jordan Formally Annexes the West Bank"
1062:
1017:
914:
2847:Hussein Move May Snag Peace Initiative
2345:. New York: Ballantine Books. p.
2302:. Yale University Press. p. 218.
2147:
2136:
1367:
1233:"Arab League Delay on Jordan Ban Seen"
423:Armistice Demarcation Lines, 1949ā1967
2613:(Spring 1984). "The War over Water".
2048:. Taylor & Francis. p. 260.
1310:
1308:
1285:
1283:
1001:Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt
193:
180:
170:
157:
153:
7:
2014:. J. Wiley & Sons. p. 254.
1173:
1171:
304:The Jordanian administration of the
2280:
2268:'Jerusalem in the Twentieth Century
1184:The international law of occupation
1122:Cavendish, Richard (4 April 2000).
1073:The International Law of Occupation
1006:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
578:Jordanian occupation and annexation
288:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
263:Israeli occupation of the West Bank
40:
2987:1960s in the West Bank Governorate
2982:1950s in the West Bank Governorate
2977:1940s in the West Bank Governorate
2634:"The West Bank Economy: 1948-1984"
2374:. City-journal.org. Archived from
2011:Jerusalem in the twentieth century
1863:Ronen Yitzhak (18 February 2022).
1595:. Beirut: Khayats. pp. 53ā54.
25:
2428:Israel, Jordan, and Peace Process
2425:Yehuda Lukacs (1 December 1999).
873:Palestine Liberation Organization
699:United States Department of State
469:Palestine Conciliation Commission
2782:Palestinian Society and Politics
2126:P. R. Kumaraswamy (March 2000).
1702:Gerson, Allan (1 January 1978).
1667:"Palestinian refugees in Jordan"
991:List of East Jerusalem locations
968:
952:
933:
917:
903:October 1994, Jordan signed the
607:and the Arab controlled part of
267:
242:
73:
61:
2661:The Economic Case for Palestine
2452:"Jordan and the Palestinians".
2085:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1930:The Journal of Conflict Studies
1468:Institute for Palestine Studies
883:that is independent of Jordan.
376:Partition and 1947/48 diplomacy
2857:Hussein Muddies Mideast Waters
2832:. Cambridge University Press.
2619:. No. 54. pp. 3ā26.
2534:Kifner, John (1 August 1988).
2322:synagogue shook Jewish morale.
1869:. Liverpool University Press.
1347:Research Handbook on Secession
740:. He was succeeded by his son
555:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
400:, having captured it from the
380:Prior to hostilities in 1948,
1:
2887:History of Palestine (region)
1978:El-Hasan, Hasan Afif (2010).
1408:. Syracuse University Press.
928:, Old City of Jerusalem, 1948
198:Surrender of Jordanian claims
2962:IsraeliāPalestinian conflict
2693:Journal of Palestine Studies
2636:. In Abed, George T. (ed.).
2594:. The Royal Hashemite Court.
2592:"The Washington Declaration"
2580:. The Royal Hashemite Court.
996:List of military occupations
945:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
924:Arab Legionnaires attacking
816:300,000 Palestinian refugees
565:Highway, free access to the
511:. The main points included:
18:Jordanian-occupied West Bank
2780:. In Joel S. Migdal (ed.).
2752:Maoz, Moshe (22 May 2015).
2045:Jerusalem: idea and reality
1899:. BRILL. pp. 230ā231.
1825:Naseer Hasan Aruri (1972).
1729:Naseer Hasan Aruri (1972).
1148:Ilan Pappe (26 July 1988).
697:included in the union. The
644:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
105:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
3023:
1957:. Greenwood. p. 187.
905:IsraelāJordan peace treaty
840:IsraelāJordan peace treaty
833:
799:
755:
460:Jerusalem Corpus separatum
2892:20th century in Jerusalem
2632:Mansour, Antoine (2015).
2397:Mark A. Tessler. (1994).
2113:10.1080/00263208308700547
1770:American Jewish year book
1591:Khalil, Muhammad (1962).
1553:Independence Versus Nakba
871:decided to recognize the
758:Islamization of Jerusalem
432: Israel, 15 May 1948
410:Ottoman Land Code of 1858
335:During the December 1948
221:
207:
154:
87:
57:
52:
2972:July 1988 events in Asia
2942:History of the West Bank
2867:King Hussein's Bombshell
2196:Dumper, Michael (2014).
1831:. Springer. p. 90.
1735:. Springer. p. 90.
1537:A Soldier with the Arabs
1437:"Palestinians in Jordan"
1070:Eyal Benvenisti (2004).
2897:IsraelāJordan relations
2672:Unctad (21 July 2016).
2270:. Pimlico. p. 254.
2266:Martin Gilbert (1996).
1951:Sicker, Martin (2001).
1495:. BBC. 29 November 2001
830:Jordanian disengagement
495:, was ordered to enter
294:, widely recognized as
2146:Cite journal requires
2101:Middle Eastern Studies
1984:. Algora. p. 64.
1799:Middle Eastern affairs
900:Washington Declaration
862:united Arab federation
824:Jerusalem Islamic Waqf
744:and then his grandson
738:Musa Abdullah Husseini
674:King Hussein of Jordan
583:The road to annexation
448:
162:First Arab-Israeli War
94:Contemporary map, 1955
2967:ArabāIsraeli conflict
2947:West Bank Governorate
2008:(12 September 1996).
1893:(29 September 2016).
1539:, London 1957, p. 200
1480:A Survey of Palestine
661:1948 ArabāIsraeli War
420:
398:Mandate for Palestine
310:1948 Arab-Israeli War
296:Palestinian territory
121:Common languages
46:Aįø-įøiffah l-Ä arbiyyah
27:1950 annexation event
2553:Shaul Cohen (2007).
1924:Joseph Nevo (1984).
1708:. Psychology Press.
975:Announcement in the
752:Access to holy sites
718:Abdullah I of Jordan
365:Jordanian parliament
103:Area annexed by the
2902:Military occupation
2808:. Alfred A. Knopf.
2731:"Union with Jordan"
2563:on 21 October 2009.
2515:on 16 February 2017
2370:Michael J. Totten.
1493:"UN Partition Plan"
1038:widely unrecognized
1034:effectively annexed
977:UK House of Commons
926:Porat Yosef Yeshiva
812:military occupation
538:previously held by
509:armistice agreement
497:Mandatory Palestine
314:Mandatory Palestine
250:Mandatory Palestine
3002:1960s in Jerusalem
2997:1950s in Jerusalem
2992:1940s in Jerusalem
2491:The New York Times
2296:(1 October 2008).
2283:, pp. 492ā94.
1439:. 16 October 2023.
1237:The New York Times
1219:The New York Times
877:Palestinian people
806:By the end of the
785:John Oesterreicher
636:Jericho Conference
634:The December 1948
449:
337:Jericho Conference
173:ā¢ Annexation
2873:on August 4, 1988
2863:on August 1, 1988
2861:Milwaukee Journal
2839:978-0-521-00967-6
2815:978-0-679-42120-7
2791:978-1-4008-5447-9
2765:978-1-317-45032-0
2744:978-0-292-78395-9
2651:978-1-317-59291-4
2465:978-2-35159-438-4
2438:978-0-8156-2855-2
2356:978-0-345-46192-6
2309:978-0-300-14524-3
2232:978-0-520-22092-8
2223:To Rule Jerusalem
2207:978-0-231-53735-3
2179:978-0-521-15165-8
2055:978-0-415-42128-7
2021:978-0-471-16308-4
1991:978-0-87586-792-2
1964:978-0-275-96893-9
1906:978-90-04-23395-9
1876:978-1-80207-224-2
1838:978-90-247-1217-5
1742:978-90-247-1217-5
1715:978-0-7146-3091-5
1679:on 28 August 2017
1651:978-0-19-108678-6
1620:978-0-521-15165-8
1578:history.state.gov
1561:978-965-517-190-7
1415:978-0-8156-2829-3
1330:978-0-231-12323-5
1317:Massad, Joseph A.
1295:history.state.gov
1194:978-0-691-12130-7
1161:978-1-349-19326-4
1083:978-0-691-12130-7
881:Palestinian state
720:, who had become
669:Elihu Lauterpacht
621:Ahmed Hilmi Pasha
302:
301:
279:
278:
275:
274:
255:
254:
16:(Redirected from
3014:
2871:Pittsburgh Press
2853:on July 31, 1988
2843:
2819:
2795:
2776:(14 July 2014).
2769:
2748:
2717:
2686:
2680:
2668:
2655:
2644:. pp. 71ā.
2628:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2511:. Archived from
2507:The Toronto Star
2501:
2495:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2344:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2166:Quigley, John B.
2162:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2088:. 27 April 1950.
2076:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1822:
1816:
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1809:
1807:
1793:
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1780:
1778:
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1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:Al Abed, Oroub.
1662:
1656:
1655:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1607:Quigley, John B.
1603:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1564:
1546:
1540:
1533:John Bagot Glubb
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1489:
1483:
1477:
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1455:
1454:
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1441:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1365:
1350:. Edward Elgar.
1341:
1335:
1334:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1287:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1179:BenveniÅtĆ®, EyÄl
1175:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1119:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1067:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1022:
972:
956:
937:
921:
848:in 1967, Israel
734:Abdullah el-Tell
443:
437:
431:
328:during the 1967
271:
270:
259:
258:
246:
245:
239:
238:
223:
222:
92:
77:
65:
43:
42:
32:
21:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2917:1960s in Jordan
2912:1950s in Jordan
2907:1940s in Jordan
2877:
2876:
2869:ā published on
2859:ā published on
2851:Palm Beach Post
2849:ā published on
2840:
2822:
2816:
2798:
2792:
2772:
2766:
2751:
2745:
2728:
2725:
2723:Further reading
2720:
2706:10.2307/2535505
2689:
2678:
2671:
2658:
2652:
2631:
2611:Cooley, John K.
2609:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2568:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2493:. 29 July 1988.
2485:
2484:
2480:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2439:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2404:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2378:on 3 March 2016
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2341:Six Days of War
2333:
2332:
2328:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2265:
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2240:
2233:
2220:
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2195:
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2180:
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2159:
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2130:
2125:
2124:
2120:
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2097:
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2078:
2077:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1907:
1891:Blum, Yehuda Z.
1889:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1805:
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1747:
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1313:
1306:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1259:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1239:. 14 June 1950.
1231:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1107:Chicago Tribune
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1023:
1019:
1014:
987:
980:
973:
964:
961:Hurva Synagogue
957:
948:
938:
929:
922:
913:
842:
832:
804:
798:
793:
780:Mount of Olives
776:Hurva Synagogue
760:
754:
676:announced that
653:
585:
580:
505:
477:
451:
450:
447:
441:
435:
429:
425:
378:
373:
351:, and possibly
268:
243:
216:Jordanian dinar
200:
187:
174:
164:
138:
95:
83:
82:
81:
78:
70:
69:
66:
48:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3020:
3018:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2952:1988 in Jordan
2949:
2944:
2939:
2937:1967 in Jordan
2934:
2932:1948 in Jordan
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2864:
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2820:
2814:
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2790:
2770:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2700:(2): 103ā129.
2687:
2669:
2656:
2650:
2629:
2616:Foreign Policy
2606:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2583:
2566:
2545:
2540:New York Times
2526:
2496:
2478:
2464:
2444:
2437:
2417:
2389:
2362:
2355:
2326:
2308:
2285:
2281:Collins (1973)
2273:
2258:
2248:
2238:
2231:
2213:
2206:
2188:
2178:
2157:
2148:|journal=
2118:
2091:
2068:
2054:
2034:
2020:
2006:Martin Gilbert
1997:
1990:
1970:
1963:
1943:
1916:
1905:
1882:
1875:
1855:
1837:
1817:
1788:
1759:
1741:
1721:
1714:
1694:
1657:
1650:
1644:. OUP Oxford.
1630:
1619:
1598:
1583:
1565:
1541:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1484:
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1456:
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1428:
1414:
1394:
1381:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1304:
1279:
1270:
1242:
1224:
1221:. 16 May 1950.
1203:
1193:
1167:
1160:
1140:
1111:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1030:East Jerusalem
1016:
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1008:
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993:
986:
983:
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981:
974:
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951:
949:
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923:
916:
912:
909:
844:Following the
831:
828:
800:Main article:
797:
794:
792:
789:
765:West Jerusalem
756:Main article:
753:
750:
686:United Kingdom
678:East Jerusalem
652:
649:
625:postage stamps
617:Ibrahim Hashem
584:
581:
579:
576:
571:
570:
553:campus of the
543:
528:
521:East Jerusalem
504:
501:
479:Following the
476:
473:
455:Resolution 181
446:
445:
439:
433:
426:
421:
415:
414:
377:
374:
372:
369:
345:United Kingdom
318:East Jerusalem
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190:5ā10 June 1967
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38:
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26:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3019:
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3005:
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2858:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:Morris, Benny
2821:
2817:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:Morris, Benny
2797:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2774:Mishal, Shaul
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:. Routledge.
2757:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2684:
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2657:
2653:
2647:
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2639:
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2608:
2607:
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2593:
2587:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2546:
2542:. p. A1.
2541:
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2514:
2510:
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2500:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2479:
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2421:
2418:
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2401:
2393:
2390:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2330:
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2323:
2311:
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2301:
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357:United States
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1127:
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896:Oslo Accords
893:
889:
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859:
843:
836:Oslo Accords
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805:
769:
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730:Temple Mount
726:Jami Al-Aqsa
711:
689:
683:
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643:
633:
613:Aref al-Aref
586:
572:
557:, along the
551:Mount Scopus
532:Sharon plain
519:, including
506:
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452:
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384:(modern-day
379:
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232:Succeeded by
231:
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203:31 July 1988
140:Christianity
80:Coat of arms
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29:
2061:22 December
2027:22 December
1844:22 December
1806:21 December
1777:21 December
1748:22 December
1549:Yoav Gelber
1260:21 December
1026:Six-Day War
963:, Jerusalem
869:Arab League
846:Six-Day War
808:Six-Day War
802:Six-Day War
707:Arab League
567:Holy Places
493:Glubb Pasha
489:Arab Legion
341:Arab League
330:Six Day War
227:Preceded by
185:Six-Day War
167:14 May 1948
135:Sunni Islam
3007:Annexation
2881:Categories
2665:Croom Helm
2519:15 October
1421:18 October
1133:23 January
855:endowments
834:See also:
714:Green Line
651:Annexation
640:Abdullah I
390:Gaza Strip
371:Background
142:(minority)
137:(majority)
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2556:West Bank
1936:: 39ā55.
1370:cite book
1057:Citations
894:The 1993
791:Aftermath
684:Only the
665:East Bank
609:Jerusalem
601:Bethlehem
563:Jerusalem
547:Jerusalem
536:West Bank
517:West Bank
503:Armistice
386:West Bank
382:Palestine
306:West Bank
292:Palestine
131:Religion
53:1948ā1967
36:West Bank
2826:(2004).
2802:(1999).
2509:Archive"
2471:27 April
2407:23 April
2382:20 April
2337:(2003).
2335:Oren, M.
2168:(2010).
1609:(2010).
1499:21 April
1319:(2001).
1181:(2004).
985:See also
850:occupied
814:. About
772:Old City
703:Pakistan
690:de facto
629:Husseini
589:Ramallah
549:and the
525:Old City
523:and the
402:Ottomans
353:Pakistan
322:occupied
212:Currency
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2603:Sources
2315:14 July
1784:League.
911:Gallery
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728:on the
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406:British
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183:ā¢
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597:Nablus
593:Hebron
559:Latrun
485:Israel
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394:Israel
355:. The
326:Israel
150:
125:Arabic
100:Status
2710:JSTOR
2679:(PDF)
2621:JSTOR
2131:(PDF)
1677:(PDF)
1670:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1012:Notes
742:Talal
605:Ramla
540:Iraqi
115:Amman
2834:ISBN
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2760:ISBN
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