4635:(MSA) is spoken in formal TV programs, and in Modern Standard Arabic classes, as well as to quote poetry and historical phrases. It is also the language used to write and read in formal situations if English is not being used. However, MSA is not spoken during regular conversations. MSA is taught in most schools and a large number of Jordanian citizens are proficient in reading and writing formal Arabic. However, foreigners residing in Jordan who learn the Levantine language generally find it difficult to comprehend formal MSA, particularly if they did not attend a school that teaches it.
3757:
5126:
4700:
5306:
5402:
4572:
4654:. Many loan words from these languages can be found in the Jordanian dialects, particularly English. However, students also have the option of learning French in schools. Currently, there is a small society of French speakers called Francophone and it is quite notable in the country. The language is also spoken by people who are interested in the cultural and commercial features of France.
3809:
There are many ways of representing
Levantine Arabic in writing. The most common is the scholastic Jordanian Latin alphabet (JLA) system which uses many accents to distinguish between the sounds (this system is used within this article). Other Levantine countries, however, use their own alphabets and
402:
as capital of the
Jordanian kingdom early in the 20th century. It is the result of the merger of the language of populations who moved from northern Jordan, southern Jordan, Saudi Arabia and later from Palestine. For this reason, it mixes features of the Arabic varieties spoken by these populations.
567:
typically employ a manner of speech characterized by politeness and indirectness. This contrasts with the more direct and assertive communication style commonly adopted by men. Understanding these nuances is crucial for grasping the full spectrum of language variation in
Jordanian Arabic.
1232:/iC-/ is used in words that start with a consonant produced by the blade of the tongue (t, ṭ, d, ḍ, r, z, ẓ, ž, s, ṣ, š, n. Sometimes and as well depending on the dialect). This causes a doubling of the consonant. This e is pronounced as in a rounded short backward vowel or as in an
512:, Bani Atiya, the Bdul of Petra, and N’emat tribes in Southern Jordan. According to Palva, the dialects spoken in Jordan belong to the Eastern group of NWA dialects. Nevertheless, the dialects of the Bdul and N’emat share features with the Western group of NWA dialects spoken in the
199:
385:
Although there is a common
Jordanian dialect mutually understood by most Jordanians, the daily language spoken throughout the country varies significantly through regions. These variants impact altogether pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.
1197:
One syllable of every
Jordanian word has more stress than the other syllables of that word. Some meaning is communicated in Jordanian by the location of the stress of the vowel. So, changing the stress position changes the meaning (e.g. means
3743:. This is common in many countries that speak languages or dialects derived from Arabic and can prove to be quite confusing. Whenever a book is published, it is usually published in English, French, or in MSA and not in Levantine.
460:
and their countrysides, it is replete with city-to-city and village-to-village differences. In this dialect, the pronunciation of the final vowel (æ~a~ə) commonly written with tāʾ marbūtah (ة) is raised to . For example, Maktaba
3598:
The vowel of the short base of the perfect usually has the same quality as the vowel of the imperfect: gām~ygūm~gumt and gām~ygīm~gimt. An exception is šāf~yšūf~šuft. Verbs with yCāC imperfects usually have CiCt perfects.
3615:
Form IV is not productive in the sedentary dialects of Amman or Karak. A conservative feature of the sedentary Balqāwi-Hōrani group is the preservation of Form IV, which is productive in three uses:
563:
In addition to geographical distinctions, variations in speech patterns are also influenced by social factors, including gender. In
Jordanian society, women engaged in public activities and
554:, both types being identical except for the presence of /n/ in the plural imperfect of the latter group. The Central “ygulu” dialects are spoken by the Ajarma, Adwan, and Ababid tribes.
3818:
There are some phonemes of the
Jordanian language that are easily pronounced by English speakers; others are completely foreign to English, making these sounds difficult to pronounce.
429:
in the far north. As in all sedentary areas, local variations are many. The pronunciation has /q/ pronounced and /k/ mostly (). This dialect is part of the southern dialect of the
2151:
In Amman, Form I strong verbs usually have perfect CaCaC with imperfect CCuC/CCaC, and perfect CiCiC with imperfect CCaC. In Salt, CaCaC and CiCiC can occur with imperfect CCiC.
1006:/t͡ʃ/ is a lexically-distributed alternant of /k/ in sedentary Horani/Balqawi dialects. is historically also an allophone of /k/ in the Syro-Mesopotamian Bedouin dialects.
4981:
2817:
Geminate verbs generally have perfect CaCC and imperfect CiCC. In Amman and Salt, the 2nd person singular masculine and the 1st person singular perfect inflect as CaCCēt:
1275:
Contrary to MSA, dual pronouns do not exist in
Jordanian; the plural is used instead. Because conjugated verbs indicate the subject with a prefix or a suffix, independent
4391:
Contrasting with the rich consonant inventory, Jordanian Arabic has much fewer vowels than
English. Yet, as in English, vowel duration is relevant (compare /i/ in
5243:
5144:
930:
1279:
are usually unnecessary and mainly used for emphasis. Feminine plural forms modifying human females are found primarily in rural and
Bedouin areas.
398:
Hybrid variety (Modern Jordanian)/Ammani: It is the most current spoken language among Jordanians. This variety was born after the designation of
377:
is the official language used in most written documents and the media, while daily conversation is conducted in the local colloquial varieties.
389:
Jordanian Arabic can primarily be divided into sedentary and Bedouin varieties, each of which can be further divided into distinct subgroups:
5172:
982:
1181:
as a long back or front among speakers. Among people who are first generation, Palestinian-dialect speakers, it can also be heard as .
966:
4619:
4593:
3791:
1475:
Bound pronouns typically attach to nouns, prepositions, verbs andalso to certain adverbs, conjunctions and other discourse markers:
4929:"How Arabic regional features become sectarian features: Jordan as a case study. Enam Al-Wer, Uri Horesh, Bruno Herin, Maria Fanis"
3776:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
4748:""Northwest Arabian Arabic." Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics. Vol. III. Leiden – Boston: Brill 2008, pp. 400-408"
828:
712:
5438:
3739:(MSA). A large number of Jordanians, however, call their language "Arabic", while referring to the original Arabic language as
1083:
1077:
798:
228:
5094:
3207:
Note that Salt forms the perfect on a different template than Amman. In any case, the perfect is conjugated as a strong verb:
4597:
842:
3735:
Jordanian Arabic is not regarded as the official language even though it has diverged significantly from Classic Arabic and
4663:
889:
768:
403:
The emergence of the language occurred under the strong influence of the northern Jordanian dialect. As in many countries
3770:
5433:
1099:
1093:
814:
5278:
1048:
1043:
904:
849:
4950:. In Kees Versteegh (ed.), Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics, Vol. II: Leiden: Brill. pp. 505–509.
4582:
3765:
5236:
5266:
1120:
1115:
975:
805:
697:
4601:
4586:
5406:
5229:
879:
835:
81:
5428:
5382:
5295:
5283:
4668:
1062:
1057:
505:
343:
238:
217:
5141:
914:
865:
754:
743:
720:
5354:
5320:
5125:
4699:
4632:
4251:
4002:
3893:
3756:
3740:
3736:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1000:
996:
897:
408:
374:
208:
96:
76:
4755:
954:
936:
662:
651:
338:
Jordanian Arabic can be divided into sedentary and Bedouin varieties. Sedentary varieties belong to the
66:
5194:"Imaginaries of Space and Language: A historical view of the scalar enregisterment of Jordanian Arabic"
4886:
Alsaraireh, Mohammad Yousef; Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib; Khalifah, Lama Ahmed (31 December 2023).
775:
615:
365:
and, to various extents, in other Arabic-speaking regions. As in all Arab countries, language use in
792:
787:
685:
543:
1224:/il-/ is used in most words that don't start with a vowel. It is affixed onto the following word.
5364:
5035:
Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Lutz Edzard, Rudolf de Jong. (Eds), Brill Online
4868:
3706:
638:
630:
600:
5347:
516:. In addition, the dialect of the Zawaida tribe is argued to be closely related to Negev Arabic.
407:
is used to substitute many technical words, even though these words have Arabic counterparts in
1171:, and as in word-final positions, except after velarized, emphatic, back or pharyngeal sounds.
5205:
5168:
5071:
4909:
4860:
4829:
872:
821:
761:
704:
620:
605:
358:
324:
71:
5162:
5252:
5193:
5061:
4899:
4819:
4651:
4647:
4639:
857:
737:
596:
591:
586:
486:
430:
404:
339:
261:
91:
86:
5342:
5335:
5148:
5098:
4768:
4643:
1276:
918:
645:
610:
198:
147:
58:
5387:
680:
414:
140:
5305:
4724:"A general classification for the Arabic dialects spoken in Palestine and Transjordan"
542:
Syro-Mesopotamian Bedouin dialects: These dialects show many similarities with Iraqi “
189:
183:
5422:
5330:
5325:
1025:
283:
267:
1716:- “for, to”, and the bound pronouns. Note that geminated forms like Ammani after-CC
5288:
5091:
729:
564:
551:
536:
528:
351:
347:
4904:
4887:
5049:
361:. They are spoken by more than 8.5 million people, and understood throughout the
4571:
1236:
followed by the first letter of the word that follows the article. For example:
1037:
1020:
547:
520:
5118:
4692:
1107:
1030:
5209:
5113:
5075:
4913:
4864:
4833:
4824:
4807:
1070:
370:
176:
160:
4806:
Herin, Bruno; Younes, Igor; Al-Wer, Enam; Al-Sirour, Youssef (March 2022).
1143:/o/ and /u/ are only contrastive word-finally as shown by the minimal pair
1132:/e/ and /i/ are only contrastive word-finally as shown by the minimal pair
4687:
342:
dialect continuum. Bedouin varieties are further divided into two groups,
167:
5271:
509:
453:
445:
246:
234:
4927:
Al-Wer, Enam; Horesh, Uri; Fanis, Maria; Herin, Bruno (1 January 2015).
4872:
4848:
550:. Herin divides this group into a Central “ygulu” and Northern “ygulun”
532:
524:
457:
449:
242:
5066:
4808:"The Classification of Bedouin Arabic: Insights from Northern Jordan"
3716:
An in-depth example of the negation: Baqdarelhomm figuratively means
482:
418:
366:
362:
332:
328:
39:
5151:. Itunes.apple.com (16 February 2007). Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
5142:
iTunes – Podcasts – Jordanian Arabic Language Lessons by Peace Corps
4928:
4783:
4723:
2825:. In Amman, the active participle alternates between CāCC and CāCC (
1206:). This means one has to listen and pronounce the stress carefully.
5221:
5030:
4747:
3653:
to derive causative verbs from intransitive verbs with stem CvCvC:
4247:
3810:
transliterations, making cross-border communication inconvenient.
513:
492:
441:
426:
422:
399:
4430:(the latter linked to the presence of ṣ, ḍ, ṭ, ẓ, ẖ, ʿ, ḥ or ṛ).
4888:"The use of question tags in Jordanian Arabic by Facebook users"
4254:
apart from the dialect of Ma'daba or that of the Hauran Druzes.
1184:
A central can be epenthetic within some long vowel sounds like
478:
437:
5225:
4788:
Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics Online Edition
4565:
3750:
1404:
1398:
1712:
Indirect object / dative pronouns arise from the merging of
485:, this dialect belongs to the outer southern dialect of the
3925:(depending on accent and individual speaker's preference).
16:
Variety of Levantine Arabic spoken in the Kingdom of Jordan
4849:"The Bedouin Dialect of Al-Zawaida Tribe, Southern Jordan"
1998:
Demonstratives can appear pre-nominally or post-nominally
1720:“I wrote for him” are not to be found in Salti, which has
245:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
523:, and Bani Khalid tribes. They are further divided into
3619:
to create transitive verbs from nouns and adjectives:
277:
27:
5375:
5313:
5259:
4246:, but pronounced further back in the mouth, at the
4191:. It is pronounced as ḥ but with vibrating larynx.
1728:Jordanian Arabic indirect object / dative pronouns
174:
158:
153:
137:
122:
55:
45:
35:
21:
3724:, the same statement meaning can be achieved by
5050:"Do Jordanians really speak like Palestinians?"
4986:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics
4933:Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik (ZAL).2015
1283:Jordanian Arabic independent personal pronouns
5101:. Iguide.travel. Retrieved on 19 October 2011.
3607:In the perfect, both CaCa and CiCi are found.
519:North Arabian dialects: Spoken by the Sirhan,
282:appearing as two different characters. If so,
5237:
4782:Younes, Igor; Herin, Bruno (1 January 2016).
535:-type dialects which are related to Northern
284:apply this custom style in your user settings
8:
4250:. It is rare, mostly in words borrowed from
4001:. It is rare, mostly in words borrowed from
3892:. It is rare, mostly in words borrowed from
527:-type dialects which are related to Central
271:
5198:International Journal of Arabic Linguistics
4600:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5244:
5230:
5222:
5087:
5085:
4441:The previous one but longer (you hear in
4145:Simultaneous pronunciation of unaspirated
197:
18:
5137:
5135:
5065:
4903:
4823:
4620:Learn how and when to remove this message
3792:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:, across different speakers and dialects.
4401:
3820:
3209:
2844:
2482:
2153:
2002:Jordanian Arabic demonstrative pronouns
2000:
1726:
1477:
1281:
1014:
580:
4680:
239:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
5109:
5107:
5024:
5022:
4764:
4753:
327:of mutually intelligible varieties of
262:Levantine written in Arabic characters
5054:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
3709:; if the word ends in a vowel then a
1964:
1920:
1732:
1688:
1660:
1483:
583:
481:kingdom that was located in southern
7:
5092:Jordanian Arabic phrasebook – iGuide
4801:
4799:
4797:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4598:adding citations to reliable sources
4039:As is Scottish, Italian or Spanish.
278:
28:
5167:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 19.
3685:is the infinitive form of the verb
381:Regional Jordanian Arabic varieties
272:
4275:(without the English aspiration).
3871:(without the English aspiration).
1163:can occur as a back mostly after
999:is realized as a voiced fricative
14:
1119:
1114:
1098:
1092:
1082:
1076:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1042:
981:
974:
965:
935:
929:
903:
896:
888:
878:
871:
864:
848:
841:
834:
827:
820:
813:
804:
797:
774:
767:
760:
753:
742:
728:
719:
711:
703:
696:
661:
650:
421:: Mostly spoken in the area from
5401:
5400:
5304:
5124:
4722:Palva, Heikki (1 January 1984).
4698:
4570:
3755:
1479:Jordanian Arabic bound pronouns
1177:is heard within the position or
331:spoken by the population of the
121:
5029:Herin, Bruno (1 January 2014).
357:Jordanian Arabic varieties are
5031:"The dialect of Salt (Jordan)"
4847:Sakarna, Ahmad Khalaf (2002).
4166:Simultaneous pronunciation of
4124:Simultaneous pronunciation of
4103:Simultaneous pronunciation of
4018:Simultaneous pronunciation of
3705:to the end of a verb makes it
440:: Spoken in the area south of
1:
4905:10.1080/23311983.2023.2261198
4664:English-based creole language
1157:can be heard as in lax form.
4980:Al-Wer, Enam (30 May 2011),
4892:Cogent Arts & Humanities
3942:, but deeper in the throat.
1405:
1399:
1105:
1035:
346:varieties of the south, and
4524:, or slightly more closed.
3638:to create “weather verbs”:
2484:Form I Strong (CiCiC/CCaC)
2155:Form I Strong (CaCaC/CCuC)
2124:haḏ(o)lāk(a), haḏ̣(o)lāk(a)
333:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
5455:
4982:"Jordanian Arabic (Amman)"
3382:
3227:
3017:
2862:
2655:
2500:
2326:
2171:
477:. Named after the ancient
5396:
5302:
4946:Sawaie, Mohammed (2008).
4638:Other influences include
3560:
3554:
3523:
3517:
3496:
3451:
3406:
3385:
3360:
3354:
3332:
3326:
3311:
3278:
3245:
3230:
3217:
3174:
3168:
3142:
3136:
3117:
3076:
3035:
3020:
2995:
2989:
2967:
2961:
2946:
2913:
2880:
2865:
2852:
2788:
2782:
2760:
2754:
2739:
2706:
2673:
2658:
2633:
2627:
2605:
2599:
2584:
2551:
2518:
2503:
2490:
2459:
2453:
2431:
2425:
2410:
2377:
2344:
2329:
2304:
2298:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2222:
2189:
2174:
2161:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2078:
2075:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2019:
2016:
2006:
1958:
1952:
1914:
1908:
1890:
1881:
1862:
1846:
1834:
1828:
1821:
1809:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1762:
1759:
1737:
1734:
1703:
1693:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1654:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1590:
1534:
1507:
1488:
1485:
1451:
1445:
1423:
1417:
1394:
1353:
1316:
1297:
1287:
953:
913:
786:
679:
644:
619:
614:
609:
604:
595:
590:
585:
225:
196:
26:
5383:Northwest Arabian Arabic
4948:Jordanian Arabic (Amman)
4825:10.3390/languages7010001
4669:Jordan Academy of Arabic
3663:“to wake sth. up” (from
1167:, an open-front before
506:Northwest Arabian Arabic
354:varieties of the north.
344:Northwest Arabian Arabic
287:
5192:Doughan, Yazan (2017).
3764:Some of this section's
3720:, Baqdarelhommeş means
2833:). In Salt, only CāCC (
51:9.9 million (2022)
5439:South Levantine Arabic
5147:21 August 2010 at the
5114:South Levantine Arabic
5097:6 October 2011 at the
4763:Cite journal requires
4688:South Levantine Arabic
4633:Modern Standard Arabic
3938:Somewhat like English
3737:Modern Standard Arabic
3180:yōklu, byāklu~b(y)ōklu
3088:yōkil, byākul~b(y)ōkil
1266:that is the telephone.
565:social media platforms
409:modern standard Arabic
375:Modern Standard Arabic
260:This article contains
227:This article contains
5048:Herin, Bruno (2013).
3497:1st person pl. (m/f)
3386:1st person sg. (m/f)
3312:1st person pl. (m/f)
3231:1st person sg. (m/f)
3118:1st person pl. (m/f)
3021:1st person sg. (m/f)
2947:1st person pl. (m/f)
2866:1st person sg. (m/f)
2740:1st person pl. (m/f)
2659:1st person sg. (m/f)
2585:1st person pl. (m/f)
2504:1st person sg. (m/f)
2411:1st person pl. (m/f)
2330:1st person sg. (m/f)
2256:1st person pl. (m/f)
2175:1st person sg. (m/f)
1882:1st person pl. (m/f)
1760:1st person sg. (m/f)
1639:1st person pl. (m/f)
1508:1st person sg. (m/f)
1395:1st person pl. (m/f)
1298:1st person sg. (m/f)
5161:Diana Darke (2006).
4594:improve this section
3722:I cannot handle them
3148:tōklu, btāklu~btōklu
3126:nōkil, bnākul~bnōkil
3107:tōkil, btākul~btōkil
3066:tōkli, btākli~btōkli
3047:tōkil, btākul~btōkil
546:”-dialects and with
444:, in cities such as
369:is characterized by
5434:Languages of Jordan
4562:External Influences
4242:Similar to English
3629:“to go away” (from
3212:
2847:
2790:yikbaru, b(y)ikbaru
2777:tigdarin, btigdarin
2485:
2461:yudrusu, b(y)udrusu
2448:tumurgin, btumurgin
2156:
2091:haḏāk(a), haḏ̣āk(a)
2065:haḏōl(a), haḏ̣ōl(a)
2003:
1729:
1480:
1284:
393:Sedentary varieties
4088:⟨sh⟩
3995:⟨th⟩
3957:⟨ch⟩
3886:⟨th⟩
3726:Baqdareş l'ıl homm
3713:should be enough.
3210:
2845:
2805:yigdarin, bigdarin
2483:
2476:yumurgin, bumurgin
2154:
2001:
1727:
1478:
1282:
1215:Nominal morphology
1147:“he wrote it” vs.
299:'Segoe UI'
5416:
5415:
5376:Related varieties
5174:978-1-84162-162-3
5122:(25th ed., 2022)
5067:10.5617/jais.4629
4728:Studia Orientalia
4696:(27th ed., 2024)
4630:
4629:
4622:
4559:
4558:
4384:
4383:
4374:⟨y⟩
4357:⟨w⟩
4340:⟨h⟩
4323:⟨n⟩
4306:⟨m⟩
4290:⟨l⟩
4269:⟨k⟩
4244:⟨k⟩
4227:⟨f⟩
4206:⟨g⟩
4168:⟨z⟩
4147:⟨t⟩
4126:⟨d⟩
4105:⟨s⟩
4071:⟨s⟩
4054:⟨z⟩
4020:⟨r⟩
3978:⟨d⟩
3940:⟨h⟩
3919:⟨s⟩
3911:⟨j⟩
3865:⟨t⟩
3848:⟨b⟩
3802:
3801:
3794:
3718:I can handle them
3591:
3590:
3211:Form I Weak Iw/y
3200:
3199:
2810:
2809:
2767:tigdaru, btigdaru
2762:tikbaru, btikbaru
2714:yikbar, b(y)ikbar
2701:tigdari, btigdari
2696:tikbari, btikbari
2656:Imperfect (CCaC)
2481:
2480:
2438:tumurgu, btumurgu
2433:tudrusu, btudrusu
2385:yudrus, b(y)udrus
2372:tumurgi, btumurgi
2367:tudrusi, btudrusi
2327:Imperfect (CCuC)
2137:Verbal morphology
2134:
2133:
1996:
1995:
1710:
1709:
1473:
1472:
1129:
1128:
993:
992:
500:Bedouin varieties
325:dialect continuum
268:rendering support
253:
252:
235:rendering support
231:phonetic symbols.
5446:
5404:
5403:
5308:
5253:Levantine Arabic
5246:
5239:
5232:
5223:
5213:
5179:
5178:
5158:
5152:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5111:
5102:
5089:
5080:
5079:
5069:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5026:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4977:
4952:
4951:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4907:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4827:
4803:
4792:
4791:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4685:
4625:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4605:
4574:
4566:
4402:
4375:
4358:
4341:
4324:
4307:
4291:
4270:
4245:
4228:
4207:
4169:
4148:
4127:
4106:
4089:
4072:
4055:
4021:
3996:
3979:
3958:
3941:
3920:
3912:
3887:
3866:
3849:
3824:Arabic consonant
3821:
3797:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3777:
3759:
3751:
3583:yaṣalin~yiṣalin,
3213:
2863:Perfect (CaCaC)
2848:
2795:yigdaru, bigdaru
2501:Perfect (CiCiC)
2486:
2466:yumurgu, bumurgu
2172:Perfect (CaCaC)
2157:
2004:
1730:
1481:
1408:
1402:
1285:
1277:subject pronouns
1262:hāda' et-téléfón
1187:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1123:
1118:
1102:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1015:
1002:
998:
985:
978:
969:
939:
933:
907:
900:
892:
882:
875:
868:
852:
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
808:
801:
778:
771:
764:
757:
746:
732:
723:
715:
707:
700:
665:
654:
581:
508:: Spoken by the
487:Levantine Arabic
465:becomes Maktabe
431:Levantine Arabic
340:Levantine Arabic
321:Jordanian Arabic
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
281:
280:
275:
274:
218:Levantine Bedawi
215:
206:
201:
192:
186:
163:
143:
102:Jordanian Arabic
92:Levantine Arabic
61:
31:
30:
22:Jordanian Arabic
19:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5429:Arabs in Jordan
5419:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5392:
5371:
5355:South Levantine
5321:North Levantine
5309:
5300:
5255:
5250:
5220:
5191:
5188:
5186:Further reading
5183:
5182:
5175:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5149:Wayback Machine
5140:
5133:
5123:
5112:
5105:
5099:Wayback Machine
5090:
5083:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5028:
5027:
5000:
4991:
4989:
4979:
4978:
4955:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4762:
4752:
4746:Palva, Heikki.
4745:
4744:
4735:
4721:
4720:
4707:
4697:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4660:
4626:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4591:
4575:
4564:
4389:
4373:
4356:
4339:
4322:
4305:
4289:
4268:
4243:
4226:
4205:
4167:
4146:
4125:
4104:
4087:
4070:
4053:
4019:
3994:
3977:
3956:
3939:
3918:
3910:
3885:
3864:
3847:
3816:
3807:
3805:General remarks
3798:
3787:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3760:
3749:
3747:Writing systems
3733:
3689:. Baqdar means
3680:
3613:
3605:
3596:
3555:3rd person pl.
3518:2nd person pl.
3452:3rd person sg,
3407:2nd person sg.
3355:3rd person pl.
3327:2nd person pl.
3279:3rd person sg,
3246:2nd person sg.
3205:
3169:3rd person pl.
3163:tōklin, btōklin
3137:2nd person pl.
3077:3rd person sg,
3036:2nd person sg.
2990:3rd person pl.
2962:2nd person pl.
2914:3rd person sg,
2881:2nd person sg.
2846:Form I Weak Iʾ
2843:
2815:
2813:Geminated verbs
2783:3rd person pl.
2755:2nd person pl.
2749:nigdar, mnigdar
2744:nikbar, bnikbar
2734:tigdar, btigdar
2729:tikbar, btikbar
2707:3rd person sg,
2686:tigdar, btigdar
2681:tikbar, btikbar
2674:2nd person sg.
2628:3rd person pl.
2600:2nd person pl.
2552:3rd person sg,
2519:2nd person sg.
2454:3rd person pl.
2426:2nd person pl.
2420:numrug, mnumrug
2415:nudrus, bnudrus
2405:tumrug, btumrug
2400:tudrus, btudrus
2378:3rd person sg,
2357:tumrug, btumrug
2352:tudrus, btudrus
2345:2nd person sg.
2299:3rd person pl.
2271:2nd person pl.
2223:3rd person sg,
2190:2nd person sg.
2149:
2144:
2139:
2032:hāḏ(a), hāḏ̣(a)
1953:3rd person pl.
1909:2nd person pl.
1829:3rd person sg,
1782:2nd person sg.
1683:3rd person pl.
1655:2nd person pl.
1591:3rd person sg,
1535:2nd person sg.
1446:3rd person pl.
1418:2nd person pl.
1354:3rd person sg,
1317:2nd person sg.
1273:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1195:
1136:“dog (f.)” and
1013:
579:
574:
561:
559:Social dynamics
383:
318:
317:
316:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
266:Without proper
233:Without proper
221:
220:
213:
211:
209:South Levantine
204:
188:
187:
182:
159:
148:Arabic alphabet
144:
139:
128:Fellahi (rural)
118:
97:South Levantine
82:Central Semitic
62:
59:Language family
57:
48:
47:Native speakers
29:اللهجة الأردنية
17:
12:
11:
5:
5452:
5450:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5421:
5420:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5388:Cypriot Arabic
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5310:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5234:
5226:
5219:
5218:External links
5216:
5215:
5214:
5187:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5153:
5131:
5103:
5081:
5040:
4998:
4953:
4938:
4919:
4878:
4839:
4793:
4774:
4765:|journal=
4733:
4705:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4628:
4627:
4578:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4520:As in English
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4494:As in English
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4481:As in English
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4468:As in English
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4455:As in English
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4445:). Amman is .
4439:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4406:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3815:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3766:listed sources
3763:
3761:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3732:
3729:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3671:“to sit down”)
3651:
3650:
3649:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3570:yaṣalu~yiṣalu,
3567:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:yōklin, bōklin
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2842:
2839:
2837:) is present.
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2719:yigdar, bigdar
2716:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2390:yumrug, bumrug
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2007:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1861:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1272:
1269:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1172:
1158:
1152:
1141:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1089:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1054:
1052:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
991:
990:
988:
986:
979:
972:
970:
963:
961:
959:
957:
951:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
940:
927:
925:
923:
921:
911:
910:
908:
901:
894:
885:
883:
876:
869:
862:
860:
854:
853:
846:
839:
832:
825:
818:
811:
809:
802:
795:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
749:
747:
740:
734:
733:
726:
724:
717:
708:
701:
694:
692:
690:
688:
683:
677:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
659:
657:
655:
648:
642:
641:
636:
633:
628:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
594:
589:
584:
578:
575:
573:
570:
560:
557:
556:
555:
540:
517:
497:
496:
490:
434:
412:
382:
379:
288:
270:, you may see
258:
257:
256:
251:
250:
237:, you may see
223:
222:
212:
203:
202:
194:
193:
180:
172:
171:
164:
156:
155:
154:Language codes
151:
150:
145:
141:Writing system
138:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:Madani (urban)
129:
124:
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
104:
65:
63:
56:
53:
52:
49:
46:
43:
42:
37:
36:Native to
33:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5451:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5409:
5408:
5399:
5398:
5395:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5235:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5224:
5217:
5211:
5207:
5204:(2): 77–109.
5203:
5199:
5195:
5190:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5157:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
4999:
4987:
4983:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4923:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4784:"Šāwi Arabic"
4778:
4775:
4770:
4757:
4749:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4681:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4634:
4624:
4621:
4613:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4579:This section
4577:
4573:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4554:
4551:) or German (
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4534:As in French
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4274:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3796:
3793:
3785:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:, I can't is
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:tōklu, btōklu
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3131:nōkil, mnōkil
3129:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:tōkil, btōkil
3110:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:tōkli, btōkli
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:tōkil, btōkil
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2668:agdar, bagdar
2666:
2664:
2663:akbar, bakbar
2661:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:amrug, bamrug
2337:
2335:
2334:adrus, badrus
2332:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:hāy(e) ~ hāḏi
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:-ilna (-inna)
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1204:they wrote it
1202:while means
1201:
1192:
1183:
1173:
1159:
1153:
1151:“they wrote”.
1150:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1005:
995:
994:
989:
987:
984:
980:
977:
973:
971:
968:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
938:
932:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
881:
877:
874:
870:
867:
863:
861:
859:
856:
855:
851:
847:
844:
840:
837:
833:
830:
826:
823:
819:
816:
812:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
794:
791:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
750:
748:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
731:
727:
725:
722:
718:
714:
709:
706:
702:
699:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
684:
682:
678:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
664:
660:
658:
656:
653:
649:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
632:
629:
626:
625:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
598:
593:
588:
582:
576:
571:
569:
566:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:
502:
501:
494:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
401:
397:
396:
395:
394:
390:
387:
380:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
285:
269:
265:
263:
255:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
230:
224:
219:
210:
200:
195:
191:
185:
181:
179:
178:
173:
169:
165:
162:
157:
152:
149:
146:
142:
136:
130:
127:
126:
125:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
68:
64:
60:
54:
50:
44:
41:
38:
34:
25:
20:
5405:
5359:
5289:Semitic root
5201:
5197:
5163:
5156:
5117:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5034:
4990:, retrieved
4985:
4947:
4941:
4932:
4922:
4895:
4891:
4881:
4856:
4853:Al-'Arabiyya
4852:
4842:
4815:
4811:
4787:
4777:
4756:cite journal
4727:
4691:
4683:
4637:
4631:
4616:
4607:
4592:Please help
4580:
4552:
4548:
4535:
4521:
4508:
4495:
4482:
4469:
4456:
4442:
4427:
4423:
4411:Explanation
4396:
4392:
4390:
4377:
4272:
4209:
4188:
4187:This is the
4171:
4150:
4129:
4108:
4023:
3998:
3960:
3922:
3914:
3889:
3868:
3833:Explanation
3817:
3808:
3788:
3779:
3768:
3734:
3731:Legal status
3725:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3697:, adding an
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3645:
3641:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3603:Verbs IIIw/y
3597:
3585:
3582:
3572:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3548:
3545:
3535:
3532:
3527:
3524:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3500:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3469:
3467:yaṣal~yiṣal,
3466:
3461:
3458:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3434:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3413:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3239:
3234:
3206:
3194:
3185:yōklu, bōklu
3184:
3179:
3175:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3093:yōkil, bōkil
3092:
3087:
3083:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3030:ʾōkil, bōkil
3029:
3024:
3011:
3001:
2996:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2955:
2950:
2940:
2935:
2925:
2920:
2907:
2902:
2892:
2887:
2874:
2869:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2776:
2766:
2761:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2700:
2695:
2685:
2680:
2667:
2662:
2649:
2639:
2634:
2621:
2611:
2606:
2593:
2588:
2578:
2573:
2563:
2558:
2545:
2540:
2530:
2525:
2512:
2507:
2475:
2465:
2460:
2447:
2437:
2432:
2419:
2414:
2404:
2399:
2389:
2384:
2371:
2366:
2356:
2351:
2338:
2333:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2292:
2282:
2277:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2216:
2211:
2201:
2196:
2183:
2178:
2150:
2147:Strong verbs
2123:
2118:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2064:
2059:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2026:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1858:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1722:katab(ə)t-lo
1721:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1676:
1666:
1661:
1648:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1541:
1528:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1474:
1467:
1457:
1452:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1411:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1220:Definiteness
1203:
1199:
1196:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1133:
562:
552:Shawi Arabic
537:Najdi Arabic
529:Najdi Arabic
499:
498:
474:
473:and Mektaba
470:
466:
462:
392:
391:
388:
384:
356:
352:Shawi Arabic
348:Najdi Arabic
337:
320:
319:
259:
254:
226:
175:
166:(covered by
101:
77:West Semitic
67:Afro-Asiatic
5365:Palestinian
4610:August 2022
4547:As French (
4422:As English
4372:As English
4355:As English
4338:As English
4321:As English
4304:As English
4288:As English
4267:As English
4225:As English
4208:of Spanish
4170:and a weak
4149:and a weak
4128:and a weak
4107:and a weak
4086:As English
4069:As English
4052:As English
4022:and a weak
3993:As English
3976:As English
3909:As English
3884:As English
3863:As English
3846:As English
3782:August 2022
3769:may not be
3594:Verbs IIw/y
3025:ākul, bākul
1898:-lna (-nna)
1718:katabt-illo
955:Approximant
592:Interdental
548:Gulf Arabic
469:, Maktabeh
293:font-family
241:instead of
5423:Categories
5279:Vocabulary
5119:Ethnologue
5060:: 99–114.
4693:Ethnologue
4675:References
3955:As German
3814:Consonants
3565:b(y)uwṣalu
3383:Imperfect
3203:Verbs Iw/y
3018:Imperfect
2042:hāy ~ hādi
1250:the jacket
1200:they wrote
616:Pharyngeal
577:Consonants
521:Bani Saxar
5360:Jordanian
5336:Damascene
5267:Phonology
5210:2421-9835
5076:0806-198X
4914:2331-1983
4865:0889-8731
4859:: 61–86.
4834:2226-471X
4812:Languages
4581:does not
3648:“to rain”
3462:b(y)uwṣal
2197:daras(i)t
2179:daras(i)t
1749:after-CC
1230:the door.
1140:“my dog”.
793:voiceless
788:Fricative
686:voiceless
572:Phonology
489:language.
436:Southern/
433:language.
371:diglossia
177:Glottolog
161:ISO 639-3
5407:Category
5348:Cilician
5343:Lebanese
5331:Aleppine
5314:Dialects
5260:Overview
5145:Archived
5095:Archived
4992:4 August
4873:43192846
4818:(1): 1.
4658:See also
3771:reliable
3707:negative
3695:Baqdareş
3678:Negation
3562:yuwṣalu,
3549:btaṣalin
3546:taṣalin,
3528:btuwṣalu
3525:tuwṣalu,
3438:btuwṣali
3435:tuwṣali,
3349:waṣaltin
3253:wṣil(i)t
3235:wṣil(i)t
3228:Perfect
2984:ʾakaltin
2841:Verbs Iʾ
2293:maragtin
2106:haḏīč(e)
1755:after-C
1752:after-V
1746:after-C
1743:after-V
1503:after-V
1500:after-C
1497:after-V
1494:after-C
1271:Pronouns
1264:meaning
1256:meaning
1248:meaning
1246:ej-jakét
1242:the desk
1240:meaning
1228:meaning
601:Alveolar
533:Shammari
475:(Bedawi)
247:Help:IPA
190:east2690
184:sout3123
123:Dialects
5284:Grammar
4988:, Brill
4652:Persian
4648:Turkish
4640:English
4602:removed
4587:sources
4507:French
4174:below.
4153:below.
4132:below.
4111:below.
4026:below.
3611:Form IV
3586:baṣalin
3536:btaṣalu
3533:taṣalu,
3504:bnuwṣal
3501:nuwṣal,
3483:btuwṣal
3480:tuwṣal,
3459:yuwṣal,
3446:btaṣali
3443:taṣali,
3417:btuwṣal
3414:tuwṣal,
3390:ʾawṣal,
3377:waṣalin
3339:waṣaltu
3321:waṣalna
3273:waṣalti
3012:ʾakalin
2974:ʾakaltu
2969:ʾakaltu
2956:ʾakalna
2951:ʾakalna
2908:ʾakalti
2903:ʾakalti
2622:gdirtin
2321:maragin
2283:maragtu
2278:darastu
2265:maragna
2260:darasna
2217:maragti
2212:darasti
2119:hadolāk
1523:-i, -ni
1512:-i, -ni
1258:the sex
1254:es-seks
1238:ed-desk
1210:Grammar
1026:Central
621:Glottal
606:Palatal
495:variety
471:(North)
463:(Fuṣḥa)
458:Shoubak
450:Tafilah
415:Balgawi
405:English
359:Semitic
243:Unicode
72:Semitic
5326:Syrian
5208:
5171:
5074:
4912:
4871:
4863:
4832:
4650:, and
4644:French
4443:father
4387:Vowels
4378:yellow
4204:As in
3923:vision
3669:yugʿud
3661:yigʿid
3633:“far”)
3627:yibʿid
3573:baṣalu
3512:mnaṣal
3509:naṣal,
3491:btaṣal
3488:taṣal,
3425:btaṣal
3422:taṣal,
3398:ʾaṣal,
3393:bawṣal
3367:waṣalu
3334:wṣiltu
3316:wṣilna
3306:waṣlat
3301:wiṣlat
3268:wṣilti
3258:waṣalt
3240:waṣalt
3220:Amman
3002:ʾakalu
2997:ʾakalu
2941:ʾaklat
2936:ʾaklat
2893:ʾakalt
2888:ʾakalt
2875:ʾakalt
2870:ʾakalt
2855:Amman
2823:šaddēt
2819:ḥassēt
2650:gidrin
2612:gdirtu
2607:kbirtu
2594:gdirna
2589:kbirna
2579:gidrat
2574:kibrat
2546:gdirti
2541:kbirti
2493:Amman
2311:maragu
2306:darasu
2250:margat
2245:darsat
2202:maragt
2184:maragt
2164:Amman
2142:Form I
2027:hād(a)
2009:Amman
1991:-ilhin
1976:-ilhum
1966:-ilhum
1947:-ilčin
1922:-ilkum
1735:Amman
1486:Amman
1290:Amman
1226:Il-bāb
1193:Stress
1149:katabu
1145:katabo
1011:Vowels
858:voiced
738:voiced
635:plain
627:plain
597:Dental
587:Labial
531:, and
510:Hwetat
483:Jordan
467:(Moab)
419:Horani
367:Jordan
363:Levant
329:Arabic
305:Tahoma
216:
214:
207:
205:
87:Arabic
40:Jordan
5272:Imāla
5164:Syria
4898:(1).
4869:JSTOR
4549:faune
4536:côté.
4496:fool.
4470:heat.
4273:skill
4248:uvula
4210:pagar
3890:thief
3869:still
3741:Fusħa
3691:I can
3665:gaʿad
3646:tišti
3470:baṣal
3401:baṣal
3362:wiṣlu
3291:waṣal
3286:wiṣil
3223:Salt
3176:yāklu
3144:tāklu
3122:nākul
3103:tākul
3084:yākul
3062:tākli
3043:tākul
2926:ʾakal
2921:ʾakal
2858:Salt
2831:ḥāsis
2640:gidru
2635:kibru
2564:gidir
2559:kibir
2531:gdirt
2526:kbirt
2513:gdirt
2508:kbirt
2496:Salt
2235:marag
2230:daras
2167:Salt
2101:hadīk
2086:hadāk
2060:hadōl
2017:Near
2012:Salt
1986:-lhin
1971:-lhum
1942:-lčin
1932:-ilku
1864:-ilha
1818:illik
1796:illak
1738:Salt
1489:Salt
1468:hinne
1458:hummu
1453:humme
1440:intin
1400:niḥna
1389:hiyye
1380:hiyye
1370:huwwe
1361:huwwe
1293:Salt
1138:kalbi
1134:kalbe
1038:Close
1021:Front
997:/d͡ʒ/
919:Trill
646:Nasal
639:emph.
631:emph.
611:Velar
544:gelet
525:Anazi
514:Negev
493:Aqaba
454:Ma'an
446:Karak
442:Amman
427:Irbid
423:Amman
400:Amman
323:is a
279:احنا
273:احنا
5206:ISSN
5169:ISBN
5072:ISSN
4994:2022
4910:ISSN
4861:ISSN
4830:ISSN
4769:help
4585:any
4583:cite
4553:Sohn
4522:pear
4509:été.
4483:put.
4457:hit.
4397:bean
4395:and
3999:this
3961:Bach
3683:Qdar
3657:gʿad
3642:štat
3631:bʿīd
3623:bʿad
2835:ḥāss
2829:and
2827:ḥāss
2112:pl.
2079:sg.
2076:Far
2053:pl.
2020:sg.
1961:lhum
1927:-lku
1917:lkum
1893:ilna
1876:ilha
1843:illo
1823:-lič
1801:-lak
1771:illi
1705:-hin
1695:-hum
1690:-hum
1677:-čin
1662:-kum
1529:y(e)
1430:intu
1425:intu
1412:iḥna
1406:iḥna
1348:inti
1343:inti
1333:inte
1324:inta
1188:as .
1186:/eː/
1175:/aː/
1155:/iu/
1108:Open
1031:Back
681:Stop
479:Moab
438:Moab
350:and
276:and
5296:IPA
5116:at
5062:doi
4900:doi
4820:doi
4690:at
4596:by
4555:).
4438:or
4428:hot
4426:or
4424:hut
4419:or
4408:IPA
4405:JLA
4399:).
4393:bin
4376:in
4271:in
4252:MSA
4189:ayn
4172:ayn
4151:ayn
4130:ayn
4109:ayn
4024:ayn
4003:MSA
3997:in
3959:in
3921:in
3917:or
3915:jam
3894:MSA
3888:in
3867:in
3830:IPA
3827:JLA
3701:or
3687:can
1887:lna
1870:lha
1859:lha
1848:-lo
1812:lik
1790:lak
1776:-li
1667:-ku
1649:-na
1627:-ha
1580:-ič
1569:-ik
1553:-ak
1542:-ak
1329:int
1311:ani
1307:ana
1302:ana
1260:or
1179:/r/
1169:/r/
1165:/r/
1161:/a/
1071:Mid
1001:/ʒ/
915:Tap
769:d͡ʒ
713:t͡ʃ
425:to
229:IPA
168:apc
5425::
5200:.
5196:.
5134:^
5106:^
5084:^
5070:.
5058:13
5056:.
5052:.
5033:.
5001:^
4984:,
4956:^
4931:.
4908:.
4896:10
4894:.
4890:.
4867:.
4857:35
4855:.
4851:.
4828:.
4814:.
4810:.
4796:^
4786:.
4760::
4758:}}
4754:{{
4736:^
4726:.
4708:^
4646:,
4642:,
4380:.
4359:.
4342:.
4325:.
4308:.
4229:.
4212:.
4090:.
4073:.
4056:.
4005:.
3980:.
3963:.
3913:,
3896:.
3850:.
3703:ış
3699:eş
3579:f
3558:m
3542:f
3521:m
3476:f
3455:m
3431:f
3410:m
3373:f
3358:m
3345:f
3330:m
3297:f
3282:m
3264:f
3249:m
3191:f
3172:m
3159:f
3140:m
3099:f
3080:m
3058:f
3039:m
3008:f
2993:m
2980:f
2965:m
2932:f
2917:m
2899:f
2884:m
2821:,
2801:f
2786:m
2773:f
2758:m
2725:f
2710:m
2692:f
2677:m
2646:f
2631:m
2618:f
2603:m
2570:f
2555:m
2537:f
2522:m
2472:f
2457:m
2444:f
2429:m
2396:f
2381:m
2363:f
2348:m
2317:f
2302:m
2289:f
2274:m
2241:f
2226:m
2208:f
2193:m
2130:f
2115:m
2097:f
2082:m
2071:f
2056:m
2038:f
2023:m
1982:f
1956:m
1938:f
1912:m
1854:f
1837:lo
1832:m
1807:f
1785:m
1765:li
1724::
1701:f
1686:m
1673:f
1658:m
1644:na
1633:ha
1623:f
1618:)
1614:-(
1610:-o
1606:)
1602:-(
1598:-o
1594:m
1585:-č
1575:ki
1565:f
1538:m
1464:f
1449:m
1436:f
1421:m
1403:/
1387:~
1385:hī
1376:f
1368:~
1366:hū
1357:m
1339:f
1331:~
1320:m
1309:~
1252:,
1244:,
1121:aː
1100:oː
1097:)
1084:eː
1081:)
1063:uː
1049:iː
934:~
893:)
873:ðˤ
822:sˤ
762:dˤ
716:)
705:tˤ
456:,
452:,
448:,
373:;
335:.
286::
5245:e
5238:t
5231:v
5212:.
5202:3
5177:.
5078:.
5064::
5037:.
4935:.
4916:.
4902::
4875:.
4836:.
4822::
4816:7
4790:.
4771:)
4767:(
4750:.
4730:.
4623:)
4617:(
4612:)
4608:(
4604:.
4590:.
4542:ō
4529:o
4515:ē
4502:e
4489:ū
4476:u
4463:ī
4450:i
4435:ā
4416:a
4367:y
4364:ي
4350:w
4347:و
4333:h
4330:ه
4316:n
4313:ن
4299:m
4296:م
4283:l
4280:ل
4262:k
4259:ك
4237:q
4234:ق
4220:f
4217:ف
4199:ġ
4196:غ
4182:ʿ
4179:ع
4161:ẓ
4158:ظ
4140:ṭ
4137:ط
4119:ḍ
4116:ض
4098:ṣ
4095:ص
4081:š
4078:ش
4064:s
4061:س
4047:z
4044:ز
4034:r
4031:ر
4013:ṛ
4010:ر
3988:ḏ
3985:ذ
3971:d
3968:د
3950:ẖ
3947:خ
3933:ḥ
3930:ح
3904:j
3901:ج
3879:ṯ
3876:ث
3858:t
3855:ت
3841:b
3838:ب
3795:)
3789:(
3784:)
3780:(
3774:.
3711:ş
3667:—
3659:—
3644:—
3625:—
3178:~
3146:~
3124:~
3105:~
3086:~
3064:~
3045:~
1959:-
1915:-
1891:-
1885:-
1874:-
1868:-
1857:-
1841:-
1835:-
1816:-
1810:-
1794:-
1788:-
1769:-
1763:-
1714:l
1642:-
1631:-
1616:h
1604:h
1573:-
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