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unusual behavior when members of the political right were murdered by
Popular Front members). A judge, Ursicino Gómez Carbajo, did take up the case independently within hours but the case was abruptly taken off his hands by the Guardia de Asalto , seemingly because he was an independent and honest judge. The first political response was from the Communist Party, who decided the assassination represented a time to forward one of their legislative drafts to other Popular Front groups, which essentially called for the banning of numerous right-wing parties, including CEDA, Renovación Española and Falange, the confiscation of their property and the confiscation of several newspapers. Although its presentation before parliament was impossible due parliament's postponement, its provisions were carried out during the civil war in the Republican zone and the Popular Front government seemed to act in its spirit, announcing the decision to close down the centers of both Renovación Española and the CNT in Madrid, despite neither of these groups having anything to do with the killing.
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unarmed before they were allowed to pass. As the unarmed protesters approached the center, they were fired upon by the
Guardia de Asalto and police units, with a few protesters being killed. Three members of Guardia de Asalto who protested this were temporarily arrested, while some police from Castillo's barracks felt their unit's honor had been stained by the assassination and demanded an investigation. Two Guardia de Asalto units were seemingly on the verge of mutiny. The final session of the Cortes before the war on 15 July was dominated by the assassination. Monarchists and rightists accused the government of creating the atmosphere in which Sotelo's killing was made possible. Gil-Robles presented a list of deaths and disorders of the past month. He said that every day he read calls in leftist newspapers for the right to be subject to "extermination" and warned that "the day will come when the violence you have unleashed will be turned against you."
431:
57:
547:, José Calvo Sotelo became the leading speaker of the anti-republican forces in the Parliament, preparing the mood of anti-republican supporters for a coup d'état. Sotelo was aware that there was a planned rebellion within the army and while he would welcome such a development, believing only an authoritarian regime would solve Spain's problems, he was not part of the conspiracy and was not sure when the planned rebellion would happen or if it even would, thus he continued his normal political and personal life.
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seized the moment, accelerating the military coup that had been plotted since the
February election. According to Antony Beevor, Sotelo's assassination inadvertently caused many more people to support the coup than would otherwise have occurred. In 1960, Franco stated that the revolt would never have
581:
Fernando Condés went to Calvo Sotelo's house in a government's car in the early hours of 13 July on a revenge mission. While they also planned to kidnap Gil-Robles as well, he was not in Madrid at the time. Sotelo was arrested and later shot dead in a police truck. His body was dumped at the entrance
519:
was not intended, but the "instauration" of an anti-liberal one. Sotelo had more personal charisma than
Goicoechea and eventually eclipsed him. He became the leading figure of the Bloque Nacional ('National Block'), a newly created electoral project that sought to unite the anti-republican right. The
607:
Sotelo was buried in a public funeral attended by thousands of rightists, many of whom gave the fascist salute, which infuriated the police. Several hundred rightists then marched to the city center in a political demonstration. They were stopped by a police barricade and had to show they were
598:
Though the government denounced the murder and promised to investigate, it made no effort at conciliation. Censorship was immediately imposed to conceal the truth, nothing was done to apprehend those directly responsible and instead numerous
Falangists and rightists were arrested (this was not
406:, sought to reform the structure of the State at a local level and was cemented by the free election of mayors and the councillors. He also promulgated a Provincial Statute in 1925. Neither statute got to be enforced. Primo de Rivera then appointed Calvo Sotelo as finance minister of the
528:) nor the leader of the Falange Española de las JONS (José Antonio Primo de Rivera) endorsed the initiative, which, aside from members of Renovación Española, drew most of its support from the ranks of the traditionalist Carlists. It was also supported by the small group headed by the
332:
446:
on 14 April 1931, Calvo Sotelo, because of his prior collaboration with the dictatorship and his fear of being subject to trial, went into exile to
Portugal and later France along with other politicians. He was welcomed the day after his arrival in Lisbon by
359:, Pío Zabala, Antonio Ballesteros Beretta, Pío Ballesteros Álava, Quintiliano Saldaña, Manuel Palacios Olmedo, Rogerio Sánchez and Fernando Suárez de Tangil. He became Secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of the
1998:
1993:
520:
foundational manifesto espoused a return to traditional values, through the means of an authoritarian monarchy and the role of the Armed Forces as counter-revolutionary agent. Neither the leader of the
430:
402:, Calvo Sotelo lent support to the dictatorship. Appointed Director General of Local Administration in 1923, he was the creator of the 1924 Municipal Statute that, inspired by previous projects of
382:
in exchange for a seat in another district, the 25 year-old Calvo Sotelo put himself forward as a candidate. Challenging mainstream conservative candidate
Leopoldo García Durán, a follower of
410:
of the dictatorship in 1925, and he served from
December 1925 until January 1930. During his tenure as Minister of Finance, his programme to achieve economic growth featured
582:
of one of the city's cemeteries. According to all later investigations, the perpetrator of the murder was a socialist gunman, Luis Cuenca, who was known as the bodyguard of
1831:
1482:
1988:
1978:
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2018:
1983:
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After the passing of an amnesty law on 20 April 1934, he returned to Spain with the intention of leaving an imprint on the
Alfonsine right, then represented by
140:
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kidnapped and murdered by the F.B.I.? Unthinkable, one might say. And that is the point: in Spain in the summer of 1936, the unthinkable had become normal.
2023:
2008:
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2043:
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It is hard perhaps to convey the enormity of this deed, for it is almost impossible to transport it to other countries and different circumstances.
508:, who understood his leadership was being challenged and deemed the Galician politician as "reactionary". By the 9 May Calvo Sotelo was in the
351:
to Pedro Calvo y Camina, a judge, and Elisa Sotelo
Lafuente. He received a degree in Law and moved to the capital, Madrid. In 1913 he joined a
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1529:(2008). "La violencia y sus discursos: los límites de la "fascistización" de la derecha española durante el régimen de la Segunda República".
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In the 1919 election to the Congress of Deputies, despite Maura having in mind the plan of not putting forward a Maurista in the district of
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1973:
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González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos; Montero, Feliciano (2001). "Los conservadores españoles en el siglo XX". In Antonio Morales Moya (ed.).
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, pp.324-325
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.332-333
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.326-327
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.324-325
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2003:
1311:
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.326
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.325
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.321
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Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933-1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, p.322
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493:
299:
56:
1107:
734:
2013:
448:
1828:
Reaccionarios y golpistas: la extrema derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia, 1967-1982
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356:
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Tortella, Gabriel; García Ruiz, José Luis (2013). "From Dictatorship to Republic: Spain and the Great Depression".
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developed the strength necessary if not for the assassination. The uprising of part of the Army, starting with the
457:
regime. After being given a passport by the Portuguese authorities, he lived between February 1932 and May 1934 in
372:
1559:"Los discursos catastrofistas de los líderes de la derecha y la difusión del mito del "golpe de Estado comunista""
1286:(1981). "La Dictadura de Primo de Rivera y el final de la Monarquía Parlamentaria". In José Andrés-Gallego (ed.).
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286:(6 May 1893 – 13 July 1936) was a Spanish jurist and politician. He was the minister of finance during the
1504:
649:
399:
87:
1666:
726:
632:
540:
246:
1667:""Hermanos o extranjeros": la postura de ABC ante el nacionalismo catalán durante la Segunda República"
386:(Count of Bugallal), Calvo Sotelo won the seat in the election. In 1922, he was made Civil Governor of
1479:
La defensa armada contra la revolución: una historia de las guardias cívicas en la España del siglo XX
1968:
1963:
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115:
1306:
1347:
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516:
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165:
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in France. Despite his exile he had been elected as member of the parliament for the district of
295:
214:
44:
1371:"El maurismo en Galicia. Un modelo de modernización conservadora en el marco de la Restauración"
856:"Ministros y miembros de organismos de gobierno. Regencias, Juntas de Gobierno, etc (1808-2000)"
616:
314:
that was plotted since February 1936, the partial failure of which marked the beginning of the
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Arango, E.R. and Arango, E.R., 2019. The Spanish political system: Franco's legacy. Routledge.
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1307:"L'Action Française ante la Guerra Civil Española: simpatías pronacionales de un movimiento"
920:– via Ponencias presentadas al Coloquio Internacional sobre la IIa República Española.
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657:
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435:
307:
375:. In his first post he was an administrative officer in the Ministry of Grace and Justice.
462:
383:
348:
344:
161:
1241:
Alexander, Gerard (2002). "The Right and the Breakdown of Spanish Democracy, 1931-1936".
1219:
Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. Hachette UK, 2012.
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circle in the Ateneo where he socialised with other members of the Maurist Youth such as
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1957:
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pm on 12 July 1936, a group of Guardia de Asalto and other leftist militiamen led by
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20:
1905:
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451:, then minister of Finance. Calvo Sotelo spent his time in Portugal studying the
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1782:
El eclipse de la democracia: la Guerra Civil española y sus orígenes, 1931-1939
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1408:
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590:. Both Condés and Cuenca later died in the first few days of the civil war.
570:
1441:"Un partido para acabar con los partidos: el fascismo español, 1931-1936"
387:
1693:(1972). "Alfonsist Monarchism and the Coming of the Spanish Civil War".
1546:
1759:
The Politics of Revenge: Fascism and the Military in 20th-century Spain
1399:
653:
352:
283:
226:
24:
1716:
1650:. Vol. 4. Sociedad Estatal España Nuevo Milenio. pp. 39–62.
1419:(1984). "El alfonsismo radical en las elecciones de febrero de 1936".
1457:
181:
904:
Coloquio Internacional sobre la IIa República Española. Tarragona, S
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on 17 July 1936, under the assumed command of Generals Emilio Mola,
1558:
1108:"José Calvo Sotelo, el diputado asesinado antes de la Guerra Civil"
1999:
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Second Spanish Republic
615:
458:
429:
330:
965:
963:
521:
303:
1288:
Historia General de España y América: Revolución y Restauración
1994:
Members of the Congress of Deputies of the Spanish Restoration
1802:(1993). "Los orígenes del pensamiento reaccionario español".
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807:
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kidnapped and murdered by Special Branch detectives? Senator
798:
492:. After his return, he had also tried to join the Fascist
838:
836:
834:
627:
Brian Crozier explains the significance of the killing:
1328:
Bullón de Mendoza y Gómez de Valugera, Alfonso (2004).
1584:"El pensamiento socio-político de la derecha maurista"
1033:
722:
The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism
434:
Calvo Sotelo giving a speech in the Urumea Fronton of
294:. During this period. he became an important part of
872:
858:. Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CCHS) del
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310:was an immediate prelude to the triggering of the
1290:. Vol. 16. Madrid: Rialp. pp. 523–580.
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1832:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
1483:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
1021:
997:
985:
969:
825:
786:
774:
31: and the second or maternal family name is
1445:Bulletin d'Histoire Contemporaine de l'Espagne
751:"José Calvo Sotelo | Spanish political leader"
515:He stated that the "Restoration" of the prior
461:, where he became connected with the ideas of
8:
1609:Maeztu: Biografía de un Nacionalista Español
643:Anti-republican conspirators led by General
1906:Newspaper clippings about José Calvo Sotelo
897:
895:
893:
884:
335:Calvo Sotelo dressed in the uniform of the
280:José Calvo Sotelo, 1st Duke of Calvo Sotelo
1918:
1804:Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia
1588:Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia
1511:. Madrid: Marcial Pons. pp. 403–436.
813:
79:3 December 1925 – 21 January 1930
55:
39:
1456:
1398:
1388:
1207:
16:Spanish jurist and politician (1893–1936)
1784:. Madrid: Siglo XXI de España Editores.
1671:Studia Historica. Historia Contemporánea
799:González Calleja & Rey Reguillo 1995
1243:The Sources of Democratic Consolidation
1073:
1057:
1045:
954:
942:
842:
680:
343:Calvo Sotelo was born on 6 May 1893 in
1989:Economy and finance ministers of Spain
1979:Conservative Party (Spain) politicians
1607:González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (2003).
1582:González Cuevas, Pedro Carlos (1993).
1376:Hispania. Revista Española de Historia
1369:Cabo, Miguel; Miguez, Antonio (2009).
1352:La noche en que mataron a Calvo Sotelo
288:dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera
2049:Politicians assassinated in the 1930s
2019:Leaders of political parties in Spain
1851:Por qué y cómo mataron a Calvo Sotelo
1509:Alfonso XIII, un político en el trono
1477:; Rey Reguillo, Fernando del (1995).
1141:
481:both in the 1931 and 1933 elections.
7:
1870:Spanish Money and Banking. A History
1648:Las claves de la España del siglo XX
1390:10.3989/hispania.2009.v69.i231.100
1305:Blasco de la Llave, Laura (2015).
1034:González Cuevas & Montero 2001
557:Assassination of José Calvo Sotelo
398:Following the 1923 coup d'état by
312:Spanish military coup of July 1936
14:
1266:La Iglesia que buscó la concordia
539:After the victory of the leftist
302:in July 1936 by the bodyguard of
128:1919 – 1920; 1934 – 1936
2024:Assassinated Spanish politicians
2009:Politicians from Galicia (Spain)
1611:. Madrid: Marcial Pons Historia.
1354:. Barcelona: Plaza & Janés.
504:, his application was vetoed by
290:and a leading figure during the
265:
2044:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
1984:Renovación Española politicians
1696:Journal of Contemporary History
1665:Luis Martín, Francisco (1994).
1264:Arbeloa, Víctor Manuel (2008).
873:Tortella & García Ruiz 2013
394:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
244:Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo (brother)
691:Historical Dictionary of Spain
668:, marked the beginning of the
442:After the proclamation of the
236:Enriqueta Grondona (1892–1971)
1:
1629:University of Wisconsin Press
1421:Revista de Estudios Políticos
1312:Revista de Estudios Políticos
1114:(in Spanish). 3 February 2016
337:Cuerpo de Abogados del Estado
1824:Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis
1800:Rodríguez Jiménez, José Luis
506:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
494:Falange Española de las JONS
300:Calvo Sotelo's assassination
23:, the first or paternal
2039:Civil governors of Valencia
1910:20th Century Press Archives
1623:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977
449:António de Oliveira Salazar
2065:
2034:Deaths by firearm in Spain
1947:José Calvo Sotelo Grondona
1780:Ranzato, Gabriele (2006).
1737:Franco, Caudillo de España
1709:10.1177/002200947200700307
902:Pierre Broué, ed. (1983).
725:. New Haven & London:
719:Payne, Stanley G. (2004).
554:
496:, but, albeit endorsed by
361:Ateneo Mercantil de Madrid
18:
1944:
1933:
1928:
1921:
1555:González Calleja, Eduardo
1527:González Calleja, Eduardo
1501:González Calleja, Eduardo
1475:González Calleja, Eduardo
534:Spanish Nationalist Party
357:Melchor Fernández Almagro
298:, a monarchist movement.
273:
192:Manner of death
146:
121:
72:
63:
54:
2029:People murdered in Spain
1974:People from O Baixo Miño
1503:(2003). "El ex-rey". In
1247:Cornell University Press
908:Universitat de Barcelona
696:Rowman & Littlefield
621:Monument to Calvo Sotelo
2004:Spanish Roman Catholics
1882:10.1057/9781137317131_7
1423:(42). Madrid: 101–136.
1383:(231). Madrid: 87–116.
931:Blasco de la Llave 2015
755:Encyclopedia Britannica
662:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano
444:Second Spanish Republic
363:and a professor at the
292:Spanish Second Republic
109:Francisco Moreno Zuleta
1853:. Barcelona: Planeta.
1677:. Salamanca: 129–156.
1437:Gil Pecharromán, Julio
1417:Gil Pecharromán, Julio
1070:Rodríguez Jiménez 1993
814:Cabo & Miguez 2009
641:
624:
545:February 1936 election
439:
400:Miguel Primo de Rivera
340:
88:Miguel Primo de Rivera
1849:Romero, Luis (1982).
1810:(1). Madrid: 31–120.
1086:González Calleja 2016
1010:González Calleja 2003
982:González Calleja 2008
727:Yale University Press
688:Smith, Angel (2018).
633:Sir Alec Douglas-Home
629:
619:
526:José María Gil-Robles
465:. He also befriended
433:
367:. He was a member of
334:
247:Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo
1935:Duke of Calvo Sotelo
1876:. pp. 102–114.
1563:El Argonauta Español
1332:. Barcelona: Ariel.
1249:. pp. 103–137.
1022:Gil Pecharromán 1984
998:Gil Pecharromán 2017
986:Gil Pecharromán 1984
984:, pp. 109–110;
970:González Cuevas 2003
826:González Cuevas 1993
787:González Cuevas 1993
775:González Cuevas 1993
116:Congress of Deputies
1505:Javier Moreno Luzón
1024:, pp. 106–107.
988:, pp. 106–107.
887:, pp. 136–137.
801:, pp. 116–117.
486:Renovación Española
365:Universidad Central
215:Renovación Española
68:Minister of Finance
1874:Palgrave Macmillan
625:
490:Antonio Goicoechea
440:
373:Conservative Party
341:
296:Spanish Renovation
257:politician, jurist
45:The Most Excellent
1952:
1951:
1945:Succeeded by
1939:
1891:978-1-349-34491-8
1860:978-84-320-5678-9
1841:978-84-00-07442-5
1791:978-84-323-1248-9
1772:978-0-203-40037-1
1746:978-84-397-0241-2
1657:978-84-95486-25-7
1638:978-0-299-16560-4
1617:Payne, Stanley G.
1518:978-84-95379-59-7
1492:978-84-00-07552-1
1361:978-84-01-45061-7
1339:978-84-344-6718-7
1330:José Calvo Sotelo
1297:978-84-3212-11-42
1256:978-0-8014-3947-6
816:, pp. 93–94.
670:Spanish Civil War
637:Robert F. Kennedy
563:Guardia de Asalto
471:Jacques Bainville
454:Ditadura Nacional
316:Spanish Civil War
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206:Almudena cemetery
99:José Corral Larre
49:José Calvo Sotelo
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588:Indalecio Prieto
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532:, leader of the
517:liberal monarchy
308:Indalecio Prieto
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198:(gunshot wounds)
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151:Personal details
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2014:Acción Española
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1703:(3–4): 89–114.
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1315:(167). Madrid.
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475:Charles Benoist
463:Charles Maurras
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551:Assassination
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401:
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366:
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1938:(posthumous)
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1245:. New York:
1242:
1235:Bibliography
1224:
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1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1111:
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1074:Ranzato 2006
1065:
1058:Preston 1995
1053:
1046:Ranzato 2006
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977:
955:Arbeloa 2008
950:
943:Preston 1972
938:
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843:Ben-Ami 1981
821:
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758:. Retrieved
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498:Ruiz de Alda
483:
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342:
336:
279:
278:
223:affiliations
177:(1936-07-13)
175:13 July 1936
133:Constituency
123:
105:Succeeded by
74:
37:
32:
28:
21:Spanish name
1969:1936 deaths
1964:1893 births
1400:10347/22715
1348:Gibson, Ian
645:Emilio Mola
579:Civil Guard
488:and led by
467:Léon Daudet
416:nationalist
327:Early years
95:Preceded by
1958:Categories
1830:. Madrid:
1481:. Madrid:
1142:Payne 1999
736:0300130783
676:References
623:in Madrid.
571:falangists
561:After the
422:policies.
380:Carballino
254:Occupation
159:6 May 1893
137:Carballino
1930:New title
1816:0034-0626
1763:Routledge
1757:(1995) .
1725:153479989
1683:0213-2087
1600:0034-0626
1575:1765-2901
1539:1134-2277
1467:1968-3723
1429:0048-7694
1409:0018-2141
1321:0048-7694
760:6 October
612:Aftermath
322:Biography
262:Signature
241:Relations
124:In office
75:In office
1826:(1994).
1735:(1994).
1619:(1999).
1557:(2016).
1547:41325979
1439:(2017).
1350:(1986).
388:Valencia
249:(nephew)
19:In this
1912:of the
1908:in the
1507:(ed.).
1118:13 July
1112:ELMUNDO
654:Melilla
603:Funeral
586:leader
565:leader
543:in the
502:Ledesma
479:Ourense
438:(1935).
353:maurist
349:Galicia
227:Maurist
25:surname
1888:
1857:
1838:
1814:
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1717:259907
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914:
733:
702:
575:
510:Cortes
233:Spouse
182:Madrid
141:Orense
84:Leader
33:Sotelo
1942:1948
1721:S2CID
1713:JSTOR
1543:JSTOR
594:Trial
573:at 10
459:Paris
186:Spain
166:Spain
29:Calvo
1886:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1812:ISSN
1786:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1679:ISSN
1652:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1596:ISSN
1571:ISSN
1535:ISSN
1531:Ayer
1513:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1463:ISSN
1425:ISSN
1405:ISSN
1356:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1317:ISSN
1292:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1120:2019
912:ISBN
860:CSIC
762:2021
731:ISBN
700:ISBN
664:and
584:PSOE
522:CEDA
500:and
473:and
418:and
304:PSOE
172:Died
156:Born
1914:ZBW
1878:doi
1808:190
1705:doi
1592:190
1453:doi
1395:hdl
1385:doi
652:in
371:'s
345:Tui
162:Tui
27:is
1960::
1884:.
1872:.
1834:.
1806:.
1765:.
1761:.
1719:.
1711:.
1699:.
1675:12
1673:.
1669:.
1631:.
1627:.
1590:.
1586:.
1569:.
1567:13
1565:.
1561:.
1541:.
1485:.
1461:.
1449:51
1447:.
1443:.
1403:.
1393:.
1381:69
1379:.
1373:.
1309:.
1110:.
962:^
892:^
833:^
806:^
753:.
694:.
672:.
660:,
536:.
512:.
469:,
414:,
390:.
347:,
318:.
284:GE
282:,
184:,
164:,
139:;
1894:.
1880::
1863:.
1844:.
1818:.
1794:.
1775:.
1749:.
1727:.
1707::
1701:7
1685:.
1660:.
1641:.
1602:.
1577:.
1549:.
1521:.
1495:.
1469:.
1455::
1431:.
1411:.
1397::
1387::
1364:.
1342:.
1323:.
1300:.
1278:.
1259:.
1122:.
1088:.
862:.
764:.
739:.
708:.
524:(
339:.
35:.
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