568:
primary difference being that
Figueres had gained the power with which to enact the laws, holding the complete support of virtually all the country. Both of these leaders' programs were in many cases exactly like the ones Franklin D. Roosevelt passed during the Great Depression that helped lift the US out of its own economic slump and social decline it had faced in the 1930s. Figueres admired what president Franklin D. Roosevelt did; however, he noted that "the price he had to pay to get his programs through was to leave the business community free overseas to set up dictatorships and do whatever they liked...What we need now is an international New Deal, to change the relations between North and South."
789:(IOS) mutual funds in the 1970s. Mr. Vesco not only had a personal and business relationship with Mr. Figueres but he also made contributions to the campaign coffers of both leading political parties in the 1974 elections. Figueres made it clear, however, that he would not hesitate to extradite Vesco if the United States requested it. Figueres tried to intervene with president Jimmy Carter on Vesco's behalf. In the resulting political uproar in Costa Rica, Figueres' party lost the 1978 presidential election. Mr. Vesco fled Costa Rica after the Presidential elections of 1978 were won by
498:
478:, an irregular force of 700. Figueres launched a revolution along with other landowners and student agitators, hoping to overthrow the Costa Rican government. With plans of using Costa Rica as a base, the Legion planned next to remove the three Central American dictators. Washington officials closely watched the Legion's activities, especially after Figueres carried out a series of terrorist attacks inside Costa Rica during 1945 and 1946 that were supposed to climax in a general strike, but the people did not respond.
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769:, he and Mr. Figueres had a falling out over the growth of Communist influence on the island. In March, 1959, Figueres was invited to Havana, and during a public speech, he warned Castro about the ideological deviations he had observed in Cuba, and immediately the microphone was taken from him. Figueres supported John F. Kennedy's
567:
Once
Figueres gained control, the legislation he passed regarding social reform was not that much different from Calderón's proposals. In fact, it is believed by some historians, such as David LaWare, that Figueres' social reforms were more or less the same as Calderón's Labor Code of 1943, with the
436:
Figueres became a successful coffee grower and rope manufacturer, employing more than 1,000 sharecroppers and factory laborers. Describing himself as a "farmer-socialist", he built housing and provided medical care and recreation for his workers and established a community vegetable farm and a dairy
668:
it. Many people were invited to speak before it, including
Figueres, who testified on 9 June 1958. Figueres condemned the Venezuelans, but said that he understood them, criticising the United States for their support of Rafael Trujillo, resource extraction, and enabling of corruption and autocracy.
802:
Earlier, in a 1973 interview, Figueres said that he had been introduced to Vesco in Costa Rica in 1972 and that Vesco had then arranged for the investment of $ 2.15 million in
Sociedad Agricola Industrial San Cristobal, S.A. The financially troubled company was founded by Figueres and owned by him
667:
was spat at by anti-American protesters who also disrupted and assaulted Nixon's motorcade, pelting his limousine with rocks, shattering windows, and injuring
Venezuela's foreign minister. The event prompted the United States Congress to create a special committee to investigate the reasons behind
485:
had allegedly defeated Calderón in his second term bid with fraud. In March–April 1948, the protests over the election results mushroomed into armed conflict, then into revolution. Figueres defeated
Communist-led guerrillas and the Costa Rican Army, which had joined forces with President Picado.
699:
seized a plane flying from
Managua to Miami and forced it to land in San José in 1971, holding the passengers hostage and demanding fuel for a diverted flight to Cuba, Figueres ordered Costa Rican soldiers to shoot out the engines and tires. The hijackers demanded a new plane in return for the
578:"Your hands are not clean to fight communism when you don't fight dictatorships", Figueres told American interviewers in 1951. "It seems that the United States is not interested in honest government down here, as long as a government is not communist and pays lip service to democracy."
899:
His son, José María, also served as president from 1994 to 1998. His daughter, Muni
Figueres Boggs, is the current Ambassador from Costa Rica to the United States. His other daughter, Christiana, is a Costa Rican diplomat who served from 2010 to 2016 as the Executive Secretary of the
70:
532:", which he read in 1920 while at MIT. "The future of mankind cannot include armed forces. Police, yes, because people are imperfect.", he declared. Ever since, Costa Rica has had no army and has maintained a 7,500-member national police force for a population of over five million.
471:. The highly controversial Calderón had angered Costa Rican elites, enacting a large social security retirement program and implementing national healthcare. Calderón was accused of corruption by the elites, providing a rallying cry for Figueres and the Social Democratic Party.
684:, threatened to cripple the country's economy until Figueres discovered a new market by selling 30,000 tons of coffee to the Soviet Union in 1972. Costa Rica then became the only Central American nation to establish diplomatic relations with Moscow. The
744:
Figueres himself acknowledged in 1981 that he had received help from the
Central Intelligence Agency, saying, "At the time, I was conspiring against the Latin American dictatorships and wanted help from the United States, I was a good friend of
703:
By his own account, he also nearly ruined a 1973 Central
American summit when he lambasted five army generals, saying, "Isn't it odd that all you bastards are generals, and I'm the only civilian, but I'm the only one who's ever fought a war?"
597:
that goes across Central America. He promoted the private industry sector and stimulated the national industry sector. He succeeded in energizing the country's middle class creating a strong buffer between the upper and lower classes.
700:
release of hostages, to which Figueres agreed, and the hostages were released; however, when the four hijackers themselves debarked, Figueres met them with 200 armed soldiers, and a shootout ensued in which 2 hijackers were killed.
605:, even though Figueres had obviously lost interest in the Legion after he gained power. But Figueres still criticized U.S. support for the dictators, going so far as to boycott the 1954 inter-American meeting because it was held in
729:, which he did upon election. Figueres later escalated his relationship with the San Jose residency of the KGB, expanding his activities to providing confidential reports on other countries in Central America and the Caribbean.
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to train Latin American officers in Anti-Communist techniques, more Costa Rican "police" graduated from the School between 1950 and 1965 than did officers of any other hemispheric nation except Nicaragua.
799:"I have always defended asylum and would protect him again if I could because I never abandon my friends. The only thing that pains me is that some friends thought I personally benefitted from Vesco."
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564:"In a short time, we decreed 834 reforms that completely changed the physiognomy of the country and brought a deeper and more human revolution than that of Cuba", Figueres said in a 1981 interview.
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590:(PLN), the most successful party in Costa Rican political history, and was returned to power in 1953. He has been considered to be the most important political figure in Costa Rica's history.
1179:
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After the civil war, Figueres became president at the head of a provisional junta, known as the Founding Council, that held power for 18 months. During that time he took several actions:
524:
abolishing the army (as a precaution against the militarism that has perennially thwarted or undercut democracy in Central America) Figueres said he was inspired to disarm Costa Rica by
761:
Figueres also opposed the dictatorial regime in pre-Castro Cuba and went so far as to dispatch a planeload of weapons for Cuban insurgents led by the young Fidel Castro, a member of
725:
secretly transmitted to Figueres a $ 300,000 loan via the Costa Rican Communist Party to help finance his 1970 campaign, in exchange for establishing diplomatic relations with the
3538:
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620:
749:," and, "The CIA's Cultural Department helped me finance a magazine and some youth conferences here. But I never participated in espionage. I did beg them not to carry out the
440:
His sharecroppers could either sell hemp grown on his plantation to him at market price for use in his rope factory, or sell it elsewhere if they were offered a better price.
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revealed that Figueres had agreed to publish materials advantageous to the KGB. For this reason, he was given $ 10,000 under the guise of stock purchases in his newspaper.
1709:
811:
Figueres was well liked and received in many Latin American countries for his center-left ideals. He has been called one of the greatest contributors to social democracy.
463:, he established the Democratic Party, which a year later transformed into the Social Democratic Party. The party was intended to be a counterweight to the ruling
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nearly cost him his job during this second presidency. Implicated in an invasion of Nicaragua in April 1954 by anti-Somoza exiles linked to the
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from the United States in 1941. They had two children, Muni and José Martí, before the marriage ended in divorce in 1954. He later married
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1966:
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that overthrew dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle in 1979. He railed against U.S. policy when the United States supported Nicaragua's
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The Nicaraguan dictator withdrew, but not before extracting a commitment from Figueres that he would sever links with the exiles.
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and others. It had diverse operations in agriculture and its 3,000 employees made it the fourth-largest employer in Costa Rica.
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Monument to José Figueres Ferrer commemorating his abolishing of Costa Rica's army in 1948, Plaza de la Democracia,
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During his various terms in office he nationalized the banking system and contributed to the construction of the
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Former President Calderón supporters prevented and invalidated the 1 March 1948 presidential election in which
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With more than 2,000 dead, the 44-day civil war was the bloodiest event in 20th-century Costa Rican history.
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Figueres was stubborn about his blunders, most notably his most controversial decision to grant asylum to
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Figueres happily cooperated with North American military plans. After the United States established the
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1407:"Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems"
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When Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1944 following two years in exile for criticising President
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30:"José Figueres" redirects here. For his son and the president of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998, see
1355:"Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961"
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367:: 1948–1949, 1953–1958 and 1970–1974. During his first term in office he abolished the country's
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835:"This is an exemplary little country. We are the example for Latin America", Figueres told the
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A proposal by his supporters for a fourth presidential term in the 1980s was quickly crushed.
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In an interview in 1981, Figueres said that Vesco had "committed many stupidities" but added:
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1381:"Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials"
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The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres
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The Sparrow and the Hawk: Costa Rica and the United States During the Rise of Jose Figueres
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He was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a
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the right to vote, and offered Costa Rican nationality to people of African descent.
885:, Mariano and Kirsten. His wife was a member of the country's Legislative Assembly.
449:
Return to Costa Rica, the Caribbean Legion, and the Costa Rica Civil War (1944–1948)
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What most alarmed U.S. officials was Figueres's material and moral support for the
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785:, the fugitive U.S. financier, accused of looting millions of dollars from the
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The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA)
685:
425:, on a work and study trip. There he studied hydroelectric engineering at the
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Truman Library: Oral History Interview with Jose Figueres Ferrer, 8 July 1970
1224:
575:, and ever since Costa Ricans have settled their arguments constitutionally.
17:
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1120:
Inter-American Relations And Encounters: Recent Directions in the Literature
950:
El Tribunal Supremo de Elecciones: Presidentes de la República de Costa Rica
841:
in a 1986 interview. "In the next century, maybe everyone will be like us."
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After the presidency, as an acknowledged elder statesman, Figueres became a
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launched a counter-attack, allowing the exiled former Costa Rica president
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The World was going our way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
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42:
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showing the symbolic act of the army's abolition on December 1st, 1948
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1454:嚴副總統於八月廿三日以特種大綬卿雲勳章頒贈哥國總統費蓋萊斯，感謝其對促進中哥兩國友誼所作貢獻。{...}創作日期：1973-09-01
1152:"Jose Figueres Ferrer Is Dead at 83; Led Costa Ricans to Democracy"
663:
In 1958, during a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, U.S. Vice President
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Figueres stepped down after 18 months, handing his power over to
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doctor and his wife, a teacher, who had recently immigrated from
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Don Pepe: A political biography of José Figueres of Costa Ricas
1541:. Center for Latin American Studies, Arizona State University.
692:
also delivered millions of dollars to keep the economy afloat.
429:. Figueres returned to Costa Rica in 1928 and bought a farm in
1180:"Costa Rica's Ex-Leader Praises U.S. Policy on Salvadoran War"
904:(UNFCCC), and is widely considered to be the architect of the
722:
1266:
Inevitable Revolutions: the United States in Central America
1122:. Latin American Research Review. 22 June 2000. p. 155.
1093:
Inevitable Revolutions: the United States in Central America
896:, praising his political achievements in one of his essays.
3519:
Recipients of the Order of the Liberator General San Martin
467:(PRN), led by former President Calderón and his successor
410:
in west-central Costa Rica. Figueres' first language was
1579:
363:(25 September 1906 – 8 June 1990) served three terms as
877:, also from the United States. They had four children:
1576:
Costa Rica: Child in the Wind, 1988. (Video) (58 min.)
853:. As a result, for the first time in human history, a
3383:
World Committee for a World Constitutional Convention
382:
served as President of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998.
371:, nationalized its banking sector, granted women and
1533:"Figueres best biographer" according to Mr. La Feber
398:. Figueres was the eldest of the four children of a
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A Bold Peace: Costa Rica's Path of Demilitarization
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3489:National Liberation Party (Costa Rica) politicians
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753:of Cuba, which was madness, but they ignored me."
1026:"Jose Figueres, 82; Former Costa Rican President"
773:but not the C.I.A.'s clandestine wars with Cuba.
493:Figueres as the provisional president (1948–1949)
3544:World Constitutional Convention call signatories
1472:International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation
1203:. University of Alabama Press. pp. 21–22.
553:gave citizenship to black immigrants' children,
49: and the second or maternal family name is
1310:Andrew, Christopher; Vasili Mitrokhin (2005).
1305:
1303:
632:Border war with Somoza's Nicaragua (1954–1955)
2116:
1703:
1452:
8:
3539:Recipients of the Order of Propitious Clouds
1095:. New York: Norton Press. pp. 102–105.
433:. He named the farm "The Endless Struggle".
27:32nd, 34th, and 38th President of Costa Rica
818:ambassador for subsequent administrations.
556:established civil service to eliminate the
547:directed the writing of a new constitution,
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538:put into effect basic welfare legislation,
390:Figueres was born on 25 September 1906 in
68:
57:
2162:World Constitution Coordinating Committee
1517:Crisis in Costa Rica: The 1948 Revolution
984:. Times Newspapers Limited. 12 June 1990.
902:UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
765:. But soon after the 1959 success of the
2149:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
859:Constitution for the Federation of Earth
695:When opponents of Nicaragua's President
1268:. New York: Norton Press. p. 265.
1245:"Hate Running Loose Hits Out at Nixons"
942:
652:to invade Costa Rica in January 1955.
535:enabled women and illiterates to vote,
437:with free milk for workers' children.
3494:20th-century presidents of Costa Rica
3484:Costa Rican people of Catalan descent
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
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777:Robert Vesco, fugitive U.S. financier
680:funds as well as the collapse of the
631:
427:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
329:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
191:8 May 1948 – 8 November 1949
144:8 November 1953 – 8 May 1958
7:
3549:20th-century Costa Rican politicians
1582:, 2016. (Documentary film) (90 min.)
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582:Second term as President (1953–1958)
550:guaranteed public education for all,
3509:People of the Costa Rican Civil War
1387:. American Foundation for the Blind
1361:. American Foundation for the Blind
672:Third presidential term (1970–1974)
659:1958 testimony before U.S. Congress
361:José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer
233:José María Hipólito Figueres Ferrer
1562:. University of New Mexico Press.
1477:Costa Rica and the 1948 Revolution
1337:"Former president of Costa Rica".
717:According to revelations from the
25:
3479:People from San Ramón, Costa Rica
3514:MIT School of Engineering alumni
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1230:University of Missouri–St. Louis
918:
857:convened to draft and adopt the
787:Investors Overseas Service, Ltd.
346:
97:8 May 1970 – 8 May 1974
3524:Foreign ministers of Costa Rica
2132:World Constitutional Convention
1498:. University of Alabama Press.
616:, a military ruler, held sway.
3534:North American anti-communists
1556:Ameringer, Charles D. (1978).
1253:. 26 May 1958. pp. 32–38.
1178:Omang, Joanne (22 June 1984).
1065:"Costa Rica's Fierce Pacifist"
821:Figueres backed the left-wing
793:, who had vowed to expel him.
682:Central American Common Market
586:In 1953, Figueres created the
1:
3129:(Righteous Among the Nations)
1539:Bibliography of Jose Figueres
1521:. University of Texas Press.
1024:Oliver, Myrna (9 June 1990).
544:outlawed the Communist Party,
461:Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
120:José Joaquín Trejos Fernández
3388:Provisional World Parliament
1453:
961:MIT’s Costa Rican President
888:He was a good friend of the
503:Museo Nacional de Costa Rica
474:Figueres began training the
41:, the first or paternal
3499:Costa Rican revolutionaries
3272:Maurício Campos de Medeiros
2585:Ahmed Ebrahim Haroon Jaffer
2306:Francisco Orlich Bolmarcich
1513:Bell, John Patrick (1971).
1073:. 17 June 1990. p. 20.
690:International Monetary Fund
636:Figueres's support for the
588:Partido Liberación Nacional
3565:
2741:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi
1343:. 10 June 1990. p. 8.
1150:Pace, Eric (9 June 1990).
930:Order of Propitious Clouds
855:World Constituent Assembly
452:
36:
29:
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2645:Ezequiel Padilla Peñaloza
2142:
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1667:
1659:
1649:
1640:
1632:
1622:
1613:
1605:
1600:
732:In 1974, a KGB report to
465:National Republican Party
354:
219:
184:
156:Fernando Esquivel Bonilla
137:
90:
79:
67:
3359:(teacher & pacifist)
3235:(scholar & pacifist)
2801:Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli
1432:
1264:LaFeber, Walter (1993).
1091:LaFeber, Walter (1993).
697:Anastasio Somoza Debayle
469:Teodoro Picado Michalski
202:Teodoro Picado Michalski
3028:(Chemistry & Peace)
1670:President of Costa Rica
1643:President of Costa Rica
1616:President of Costa Rica
890:Governor of Puerto Rico
807:Career after presidency
646:Anastasio Somoza García
501:Board exhibited at the
365:President of Costa Rica
85:President of Costa Rica
3267:(writer & scholar)
3176:David Alfaro Siqueiros
3126:André and Magda Trocmé
3108:Martin Luther King Jr.
3100:Human rights activists
3060:Edris Rice-Wray Carson
2945:Physiology or Medicine
2813:Patrick Wolrige-Gordon
2609:B. Satya Narayan Reddy
2389:Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
1537:Kantor, Harry (1972).
1494:Longley, Kyle (1997).
1199:Longley, Kyle (1997).
757:Relationship with Cuba
621:School of the Americas
611:President of Venezuela
530:The Outline of History
517:
506:
107:Manuel Aguilar Bonilla
3529:Costa Rican agnostics
2962:Hermann Joseph Muller
2957:Dickinson W. Richards
2765:Komla Agbeli Gbedemah
2342:Léopold Sédar Senghor
2091:Costa Rica portal
1593:Costa Rican Civil War
1442:(in Chinese (Taiwan))
823:Nicaraguan Revolution
771:Alliance for Progress
708:Political connections
678:Alliance for Progress
512:
500:
455:Costa Rican Civil War
417:In 1924, he left for
386:Early life and career
338:Landowner, politician
179:Mario Echandi Jiménez
154:Raúl Blanco Cervantes
109:Jorge Rossi Chavarría
3168:Arthur Ernest Bishop
2952:Albert Szent-Györgyi
2318:José Figueres Ferrer
2042:Rodríguez Echeverría
1385:Helen Keller Archive
1359:Helen Keller Archive
751:Bay of Pigs Invasion
614:Marcos Pérez Jiménez
595:Pan-American Highway
132:Daniel Oduber Quirós
62:José Figueres Ferrer
3339:(cultural theorist)
2988:Salvatore Quasimodo
2852:Dana McLean Greeley
2562:Cornelis Berkhouwer
2366:Otilio Ulate Blanco
2270:Head of governments
1741:Juan Mora Fernández
1663:José Joaquín Trejos
1439:Ministry of Culture
1296:. 19 December 1971.
1290:"President Says No"
1185:The Washington Post
676:The termination of
541:nationalised banks,
380:José María Figueres
214:Otilio Ulate Blanco
167:Otilio Ulate Blanco
32:José María Figueres
3404:World constitution
3232:Hugh J. Schonfield
3192:Edward J. Sparling
2717:Irène de Lipkowski
2705:Inder Kumar Gujral
2354:Muhammad Ayub Khan
1601:Political offices
1157:The New York Times
1070:The New York Times
851:world constitution
560:in government, and
518:
507:
3453:
3452:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3130:
3080:Priyadaranjan Ray
3036:
3035:
3029:
2967:Macfarlane Burnet
2932:
2839:Religious leaders
2833:
2832:
2825:William Beveridge
2633:Diwan Chaman Lall
2534:
2533:
2098:
2097:
2032:Calderón Fournier
1897:Rodríguez Zeledón
1686:
1685:
1677:Succeeded by
1650:Succeeded by
1623:Succeeded by
1031:Los Angeles Times
869:Figueres married
838:Los Angeles Times
719:Mitrokhin Archive
625:Panama Canal Zone
396:Alajuela province
373:Afro-Costa Ricans
358:
357:
243:25 September 1906
16:(Redirected from
3556:
3443:
3442:
3414:World federalism
3409:World government
3366:
3358:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3312:Shigeri Yamataka
3306:
3298:
3296:Rameshwari Nehru
3290:
3282:
3274:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3219:(science editor)
3218:
3210:
3208:Gregorio Bermann
3202:
3194:
3186:
3184:E. M. L. Odjidja
3179:(Social realist)
3178:
3170:
3128:
3050:Charles C. Price
3027:
2983:Bertrand Russell
2930:
2928:Frederick Sanger
2887:
2867:Martin Niemöller
2823:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2775:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2751:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2727:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2679:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2642:
2631:
2630:
2621:Chiyo Sakakibara
2619:
2618:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2582:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2545:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2500:
2499:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2425:
2414:
2413:
2387:
2386:
2364:
2363:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2339:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2315:
2304:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2275:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2152:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2087:
1967:Calderón Guardia
1957:Jiménez Oreamuno
1947:Jiménez Oreamuno
1917:Jiménez Oreamuno
1827:Juan Mora Porras
1712:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1660:Preceded by
1633:Preceded by
1606:Preceded by
1598:
1573:
1552:
1532:
1520:
1509:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1147:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1088:
1075:
1074:
1061:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1021:
986:
985:
978:
963:
958:
952:
947:
924:
922:
921:
894:Luis Muñoz Marín
883:Karen Christiana
875:Karen Olsen Beck
767:Cuban Revolution
763:Caribbean Legion
642:Caribbean Legion
638:Caribbean Legion
603:Caribbean Legion
476:Caribbean Legion
444:Political career
350:
302:Karen Olsen Beck
266:
242:
240:
224:Personal details
210:
198:
189:
175:
163:
151:
142:
128:
116:
104:
95:
74:Figueres in 1973
72:
58:
21:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3418:
3392:
3371:
3364:Toyohiko Kagawa
3328:Stanley Slotkin
3299:(social worker)
3156:
3138:
3112:
3094:
3090:Wilder Penfield
3075:Pitirim Sorokin
3032:
3013:
2992:
2971:
2940:
2916:
2882:Nobel laureates
2876:
2829:
2817:
2805:
2793:
2781:
2769:
2757:
2753:Kenzō Matsumura
2745:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2669:Hisato Ichimada
2661:
2649:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2577:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2530:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2401:Prime Ministers
2395:
2381:
2375:Vice-presidents
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2264:
2253:
2251:
2240:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2186:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2076:
2007:Figueres Ferrer
1987:Figueres Ferrer
1977:Figueres Ferrer
1952:González Víquez
1922:González Flores
1912:González Víquez
1907:Esquivel Ibarra
1805:
1729:
1716:
1682:
1673:
1665:
1655:
1646:
1638:
1628:
1619:
1611:
1589:
1570:
1555:
1549:
1536:
1529:
1512:
1506:
1493:
1490:
1488:Further reading
1468:
1463:
1462:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1340:Chicago Tribune
1336:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1316:. Basic Books.
1309:
1308:
1301:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1225:"More on Meyer"
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1188:. pp. A24.
1177:
1176:
1165:
1149:
1148:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1023:
1022:
989:
980:
979:
966:
959:
955:
948:
944:
939:
919:
917:
914:
906:Paris Agreement
871:Henrietta Boggs
867:
847:
809:
779:
759:
742:
734:Leonid Brezhnev
715:
710:
674:
661:
650:Rafael Calderón
634:
584:
495:
457:
451:
446:
388:
300:
298:Henrietta Boggs
284:Political party
268:
264:
244:
238:
236:
235:
234:
208:
196:
190:
185:
173:
161:
155:
149:
143:
138:
126:
114:
108:
102:
96:
91:
75:
63:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3562:
3560:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3504:Male feminists
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3280:Oscar Niemeyer
3277:
3269:
3264:Mark Van Doren
3261:
3253:
3245:
3243:(union leader)
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3152:Hugh B. Hester
3148:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3134:Brock Chisholm
3131:
3122:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3065:Harlow Shapley
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3009:Joseph Rotblat
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Alfred Kastler
2893:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:George MacLeod
2854:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2803:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2623:
2611:
2599:
2587:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2504:
2491:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2440:Tetsu Katayama
2430:
2418:
2416:Clement Attlee
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2330:Julius Nyerere
2320:
2308:
2296:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:Margaret Isely
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2037:Figueres Olsen
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Esquivel Sáenz
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Jiménez Zamora
1844:
1839:
1837:Jiménez Zamora
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1723:heads of state
1717:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1612:
1609:Teodoro Picado
1607:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1553:
1547:
1534:
1527:
1510:
1504:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1466:External links
1464:
1461:
1460:
1423:
1398:
1372:
1346:
1329:
1322:
1299:
1294:New York Times
1281:
1274:
1256:
1236:
1216:
1209:
1191:
1163:
1125:
1108:
1101:
1076:
1045:
987:
964:
953:
941:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
913:
910:
866:
863:
846:
843:
808:
805:
791:Rodrigo Carazo
778:
775:
758:
755:
741:
738:
714:
711:
709:
706:
673:
670:
660:
657:
633:
630:
583:
580:
562:
561:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
494:
491:
453:Main article:
450:
447:
445:
442:
387:
384:
356:
355:
352:
351:
344:
340:
339:
336:
332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
309:
305:
304:
295:
291:
290:
285:
281:
280:
267:(aged 83)
261:
257:
256:
232:
230:
226:
225:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
182:
181:
176:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
150:Vice President
146:
145:
135:
134:
129:
123:
122:
117:
111:
110:
105:
103:Vice President
99:
98:
88:
87:
81:
80:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3561:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3457:
3446:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3344:Tamaki Uemura
3342:
3337:
3334:
3331:(businessman)
3329:
3326:
3323:(theosophist)
3321:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3304:Satish Gujral
3302:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3224:Henri Laugier
3222:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:Varied Fields
3159:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3118:Humanitarians
3115:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3055:Edward Condon
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3026:
3025:Linus Pauling
3023:
3022:
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3007:
3005:
3004:John Boyd Orr
3002:
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2907:Hideki Yukawa
2905:
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2872:Michael Scott
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2548:International
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2514:Setsuo Yamada
2510:
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2465:Culbert Olson
2461:
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2182:Georgia Lloyd
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1680:Daniel Oduber
1672:
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1653:Mario Echandi
1645:
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1569:0-8263-0480-X
1565:
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1548:0-87918-006-4
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1528:0-292-70147-0
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1160:. p. 29.
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988:
983:
982:Jose Figueres
977:
975:
973:
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965:
962:
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946:
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936:
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911:
909:
907:
903:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:Personal life
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
845:Global policy
844:
842:
840:
839:
833:
830:
828:
824:
819:
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806:
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800:
797:
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764:
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748:
739:
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724:
720:
712:
707:
705:
701:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
669:
666:
665:Richard Nixon
658:
656:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
629:
626:
622:
617:
615:
612:
608:
604:
599:
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581:
579:
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569:
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559:
558:spoils system
555:
552:
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543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
527:
523:
522:
521:
516:
511:
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456:
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432:
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423:United States
420:
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409:
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397:
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385:
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366:
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353:
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321:
318:
314:
311:6, including
310:
306:
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292:
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279:
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262:
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255:
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147:
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136:
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118:
112:
106:
100:
94:
89:
86:
82:
78:
71:
66:
59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:José Figueres
3455:
3320:Sophia Wadia
3256:Lloyd Morain
3200:Erich Kahler
2902:C. F. Powell
2862:John Collins
2777:Lewis Silkin
2657:Gerhard Jahn
2597:Akira Kazami
2526:Shinzo Hamai
2317:
2247:Sierra Leone
2172:Philip Isely
2147:
2082:
2006:
1986:
1976:
1756:Joaquín Mora
1668:
1641:
1636:Otilio Ulate
1626:Otilio Ulate
1614:
1558:
1538:
1516:
1495:
1451:
1444:. Retrieved
1437:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1363:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1338:
1332:
1312:
1293:
1284:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1239:
1228:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1183:
1155:
1119:
1092:
1068:
1036:. Retrieved
1034:. p. 34
1029:
981:
956:
945:
898:
887:
868:
848:
836:
834:
831:
820:
815:
813:
810:
801:
798:
795:
783:Robert Vesco
780:
760:
747:Allen Dulles
743:
731:
727:Soviet Union
716:
702:
694:
675:
662:
654:
635:
618:
600:
592:
585:
577:
573:Otilio Ulate
570:
566:
563:
519:
488:
483:Otilio Ulate
480:
473:
458:
439:
435:
416:
389:
377:
360:
359:
265:(1990-06-08)
209:Succeeded by
186:
174:Succeeded by
139:
127:Succeeded by
92:
55:
50:
46:
39:Spanish name
3474:1990 deaths
3469:1906 births
3336:Stuart Hall
3291:(economist)
3288:Ōuchi Hyōei
3283:(architect)
3216:Gerard Piel
3085:René Dumont
2847:Abbé Pierre
2789:N. G. Ranga
2729:John Foster
2540:Politicians
2477:Hiroo Ōhara
2294:Edgar Faure
2137:signatories
1832:Montealegre
1822:Miguel Mora
1433:嚴家淦訪問中南美洲各國
526:H. G. Wells
263:8 June 1990
197:Preceded by
162:Preceded by
115:Preceded by
3463:Categories
3367:(pacifist)
3356:Tano Jōdai
3351:executive)
3315:(feminist)
3259:(humanist)
3211:(humanist)
3195:(educator)
3171:(inventor)
3070:Jean Orcel
3042:Scientists
2976:Literature
2502:E.C. Quaye
2279:Presidents
2208:Costa Rica
2167:Thane Read
2057:Chinchilla
1810:After 1848
1727:Costa Rica
1719:Presidents
1674:1970–1974
1647:1953–1958
1620:1948–1949
1275:0393034348
1210:0817308318
1102:0393034348
937:References
879:José María
686:World Bank
335:Profession
324:Alma mater
317:Christiana
313:José María
278:Costa Rica
254:Costa Rica
239:1906-09-25
3275:(teacher)
3248:Kay Boyle
3240:Kaoru Ōta
3227:(scholar)
3203:(scholar)
3187:(teacher)
2936:Otto Hahn
2921:Chemistry
2450:Governors
2192:Countries
1882:Fernández
1734:1825–1848
408:San Ramón
404:Catalonia
392:San Ramón
343:Signature
294:Spouse(s)
246:San Ramón
187:In office
140:In office
93:In office
3445:Category
3426:Source:
3307:(artist)
3251:(writer)
3144:Veterans
3018:Multiple
2912:Max Born
2571:National
2260:Tanzania
2221:Pakistan
2067:Alvarado
1902:Yglesias
1852:Carranza
1791:Gallegos
1786:Oreamuno
1766:Carrillo
1751:Carrillo
1746:Gallegos
1587:See also
1038:10 April
816:de facto
609:, where
515:San José
378:His son
308:Children
274:San José
270:San José
250:Alajuela
47:Figueres
37:In this
3376:Related
2931:(twice)
2890:Physics
2234:Senegal
2047:Pacheco
1992:Echandi
1937:Aguilar
1872:Guardia
1867:Herrera
1857:Guardia
1771:Morazán
1761:Aguilar
1446:4 April
1416:15 July
827:Contras
623:in the
607:Caracas
431:Tarrazú
412:Catalan
400:Catalan
43:surname
2487:Mayors
2257:
2244:
2231:
2218:
2205:
2072:Chaves
2017:Carazo
2012:Oduber
2002:Trejos
1997:Orlich
1972:Picado
1962:Cortés
1942:Acosta
1932:Quirós
1927:Tinoco
1877:Lizano
1842:Castro
1817:Castro
1801:Castro
1796:Alfaro
1781:Alfaro
1566:
1545:
1525:
1502:
1391:3 July
1365:1 July
1320:
1272:
1207:
1099:
932:(1973)
926:Taiwan
923:
912:Awards
721:, the
419:Boston
51:Ferrer
3397:Other
2997:Peace
2062:Solís
2052:Arias
2027:Arias
2022:Monge
1982:Ulate
1892:Durán
1776:Pinto
3349:YWCA
2135:call
1887:Soto
1721:and
1564:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1448:2020
1418:2023
1393:2023
1367:2023
1318:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1250:Life
1205:ISBN
1097:ISBN
1040:2022
688:and
369:army
315:and
260:Died
229:Born
1725:of
740:CIA
723:KGB
713:KGB
406:to
394:in
288:PLN
45:is
3465::
3432:,
3429:,
1450:.
1436:.
1409:.
1383:.
1357:.
1302:^
1292:.
1247:.
1227:.
1182:.
1166:^
1154:.
1128:^
1111:^
1079:^
1067:.
1048:^
1028:.
990:^
967:^
928::
908:.
892:,
881:,
861:.
829:.
644:,
421:,
414:.
276:,
272:,
252:,
248:,
3347:(
2124:e
2117:t
2110:v
1711:e
1704:t
1697:v
1572:.
1551:.
1531:.
1508:.
1420:.
1395:.
1369:.
1326:.
1278:.
1233:.
1213:.
1105:.
1042:.
528:"
241:)
237:(
53:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
