José María Oriol Urquijo - Knowledge (XXG)

2440:, staged a fulminant entry at an annual Carlist gathering at Montejurra. The event galvanised Carlism and triggered response of the Juanistas, compare the letter sent by José María Oriol to Franco on October 11, 1958: "Entiendo, que es la contestación que la parte de mayor peso especifico del antiguo Carlismo, dá a la posición antilegitimista é ineficaz del sector que pudiéremos llamar Huguista. Es a su vez, la afirmación caliente y decidida de unos españoles, que de acuerdo con sus antecesores, han sabido mantener durante más de un siglo de bastardías políticas, una doctrina verdadera", quoted after Ballestero 2014, p. 219. By the javierista Carlists the so-called "estorilos" were unanimously declared traitors; the heading of their periodical demanded: "Quitaros la boina!", Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 25 342: 587:" declaration was rejected by Don Javier; Oriol did not enter Don Juan's Consejo Privado, formed in 1947. However, gradually his efforts started to bear fruit. Some claim that the 1948 meeting between Franco and Don Juan was arranged mostly by Oriol, opening a path for the Alfonsist restoration. In case of the Carlists negotiations produced a schism. In 1957 he joined a large group of juanista-minded Carlist politicians, concerned about growing dynamics of the javieristas, and formally abandoned Don Javier declaring Don Juan the legitimate Traditionalist king. Though he remained on good terms with the claimant, little is known about Oriol's relation with his son, 815:, which reflected financial engagement of the bank in Talgo. Though initially banking duties were very time consuming, Oriol has never considered them his prime activity. He saw his role as representative of the shareholders rather than a manager, supervising financial and operational soundness rather than setting the strategy and running the daily business. He remained in Banesto board until death, periodically entering executive bodies of its daughter banks. With other family members he also co-owned large agricultural estates in the South of Spain. 776: 533:, himself a protégé of Serrano Suñer. On the other hand, he blocked hardline Falangist initiatives, never appeared in blue shirt, added a decisively Carlist flavor to his public style and indeed was reported as turning Biscay into a Carlist fiefdom. He fought whatever was left of Basque nationalism, but permitted Carlism-styled Basque feasts. As a result, he was disdained by both the Carlists and the Falangists. Oriol's rapport with a new civil governor, the former Carlist 537:, was very poor and most Traditionalists viewed him as a traitor. The Falangist rank-and-file resented him as well, the syndicalist radicals perfectly aware of his high bourgeoisie profile. In December 1940 he ceased as provincial FET jefe and in February 1941 as alcalde of Bilbao; his fate was conscious decision rather than a fall from grace. Oriol was appreciated by Franco for his loyalty and remained one of the few with fairly easy access to the dictator. 406: 853:

management style is described as bold, decisive and even authoritarian, also towards other family members. Endurance, scope and complexity of Oriol-ran businesses, combined with his personal vision, energy and innovative knack, earned him place among the 100 most important Spanish entrepreneurs of the 20th century. He was awarded a number of Spanish and international honors, since 1959 officially acknowledged as 3rd marqués de Casa Oriol.

178: 762:. Anxious that the governmental project would reduce commercial companies to marginal role, he was the moving spirit and the first president of Unidad Eléctrica (Unesa), an industry cartel set up in 1944 by 18 energy producers. It was conceived not as a challenge to official plans, but as a complementary offer to reformat the energy utility market. Personally guaranteeing viability of the scheme to Franco, Oriol kept clashing with 679: 619: 767:

informal representative of private energy sector, he kept confronting INI plans of state domination on the energy utilities market, though the pressure eased after the mid-1950s. When the rotating Unesa presidency again passed to HE, in 1973-1977 Oriol served his second term as its head; in the late 1970s and early 1980s he again stood to fight off governmental consolidation plans, this time advanced by democratic cabinets.

301:, María Gracia Ibarra y Lasso de la Vega (1908-1981), daughter of 3rd conde de Ibarra. The couple had 7 children, José Luis (1930), María de Gracia (1931), Miguel (1933), Iñigo (1934), Maria del dulce Nombre (1937) Carlos (1940), and Begoña. José Luis, Iñigo and Carlos were active in family business and became recognized nationwide as entrepreneurs, while Miguel made his name as architect, author of 515: 557: 826:, a supreme corporate organization grouping all engineering branches. At this job he was involved in discussions on professional certificates, technical education, internal organization of the engineer corps and some specific questions related to national economy, like future of the nuclear energy in Spain. Re-elected 2 times, he stepped down in 1971. Invited in 1959, he formally entered 385:; some sources claim he was heading the Investigación y Información section, some claim he directed the transport section. It is not clear whether Oriol carried on with these duties when in November 1936 he was nominated alférez provisional and joined an unidentified Carlist requeté battalion from Álava; his 2 brothers were already serving as requeté volunteers. He is known as present in 842: 744: 443: 695:; he entered its Consejo de Administración in 1928, its Comisión Ejecutiva in 1930 and became its president in 1941, the post held until 1985. When he commenced at the helm of the company it served 0,3m customers and produced 559m kWh annually, almost all generated by hydropower; when he resigned, the company served 7m customers, produced 14.773m kWh and was dependent in 28% on 3253:"It can be said that Basque industrialists and bankers enjoyed a proximity to power that was difficult to match during the dictatorship", quoting Oriol as one of 3 key examples: "he managed to keep politics his secondary interest, but certainly did not separate himself from it. In reality, he had never stopped practicing politics", Mercedes Cabrera, Fernando del Rey Reguillo, 2059:. The project was intended as solution to fuel shortages, aggravated by outbreak of the Second World War. Unlike conventional buses, trolleybuses would rely on electricity generated by coal-based power plants nearby. Switching from buses to trolleybuses was not uncommon in countries suffering from fuel shortages, e.g. the Nazis launched the same project in occupied 290: 503:; the former ended in failure, the latter turned into a lasting investment. Starting 1940 he initiated public works intended to address unemployment problem, resulting from collapse of European coal market following the outbreak of the Second World War. The municipal budget was kept well under control. Oriol contributed also to Bilbao sport by donating the 2551: 602:, opposed parliamentary elections and despised syndicalism, claiming that representation should be exercised by traditional social bodies. In the 1940s convinced that the Francoist regime must evolve towards an authoritarian monarchical solution, in the 1950s he realized that this path was a long-time perspective. In 1955 he entered the 2555: 2538: 2525: 2512: 2487: 2499: 58: 358:, in May 1932 José María was nominated to its Junta Vasco-Navarra. Following re-organization of 1934 he was nominated assessor of Delegación Especial de Juventudes. He is known mostly as supporting own father, successfully organising his electoral campaigns in Álava. In 1936 Oriol became member of Junta Militar, a 1954:"no seria leal a mi conciencia si al hacer saber mi disconformidad con las orientaciones que sigue la actual politica del Movimiento, no presentase al mismo tiempo la renuncia al cargo de Vocal de la Junta Política", a letter from Oriol to FET jefe Muñoz Grandez of 20.11.39, quoted after Ballestero 2014, p. 61 1171:

the question of Oriol's military status is not entirely clear. Ballestero 2014, p. 55 claims that he completed military obligations in 1927 "como sargento destinado en la Escolta Real de Alfonso XIII". A contemporary newspaper claims that in 1929 a certain Barcelona-related José María Oriol served as

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advocating that Rodezno is appointed official Don Juan representative in Spain, Ballestero 2014, p. 79, Cantabrana Morras 2005, p. 145. At that time he seems to have been already expulsed from Carlism (for the second time), as in December 1942 Fal Conde offered to re-admit the expulsed provided they

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according to an internal Falangist document, during Oriol's tenure as FET jefe Biscay was "dominio absoluto del elemento tradicionalista", Martorell Pérez 2009, p. 222. At that time competition for power between the Falangists and the Carlists was taking place in all 4 vasco-navarrese provinces. For

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As in mid-1940s TALGO transformed into the Oriol family business, José María was heavily engaged in technical work related to construction of the rolling stock. Since the company was incapable of addressing the problems domestically, production was developed in the United States, with Oriol spending

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for the first time and kept advocating him as a compromise royal candidate. In 1945 he emerged as key liaison between caudillo and the Alfonsist claimant, attempting to arrange a meeting between the two. Unlike most Juanista negotiators he did not intend to outsmart the dictator. Genuinely committed

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Oriol was proposed among the tutorial team supposed to supervise education of Juan Carlos; he was rejected by Don Juan's entourage as "traído y llevado", Vázquez de Prada 2010, p. 41. In mid-1960s José María's brother Lucas politically supported Juan Carlos and was anxious that the Francoist regime

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the marquesado, awarded in 1870, apparently was not claimed by heirs of Buenaventura. Franco made Jose Luis the 2nd marquis of Oriol, which skipped his grandfather (entitled since Buenaventura's death in 1891) and father (entitled since his father's death in 1899); according to the orthodox Carlist

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Ballestero 2014, p. 59. Already in March 1937 "Fal Conde tuvo que escribir a José María Oriol con fecha de 30 de marzo de 1937 instándole a que no hiciera política contra lo decidido por "el Príncipe y la Asamblea de Insua", y a que abandonara la Comunión Tradicionalista", Martorell Pérez 2009, p.

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José Luis considered his life just a transitory phase, see Ballestero 2014, p. 53. Apart from a month spent in hiding in Bilbao in July–August 1936, his intimate experience with death included an aviation disaster; when travelling from Madrid to Bilbao on December 4, 1953, the aircraft crashed in

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and INI; when his term expired in 1949 the threat of nationalization was largely averted and Unesa recorded enormous progress in terms of integrating private energy network, previously a patchy structure of overproduction and unmet demand areas. Also later on, as HE representative in Unesa and as

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Together with other members of Oriol, Ibarra and Urquijo families he formed part of one of the most powerful Spanish oligarchic groups. He is noted as exemplary case of Spanish entrepreneur who took advantage of his political profile, thriving in a peculiar business environment of Francoism. His

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in Biscay, one of 9 Carlists out of 31 provincial nominees; on this position he kept supporting the Navarrese Carlist junta financially. Franco preferred not to appointed Oriol in Álava, sort of local fiefdom of his father, in what seemed like playing son against father in a bid to terminate the

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late 1930s and early 1940s seem to have been a rather awkward period for the Oriols. While José María enjoyed his political climax in Biscay, influence of José Luis was being gradually eradicated in Álava, as Falange was bent on terminating the "oriolismo", perhaps a typical Franco's strategy,

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and remained appointed to 6 successive legislatures also in 1958, 1961, 1964, 1967 and 1971. Oriol did not consider the quasi-parliament a forum of political exchange and approached it as a mere technical body of the regime. He was a number of times considered a ministerial candidate, in 1961

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while the war was ongoing Oriol kept supervising recruitment to Carlist tercios and Falangist banderas; afterwards he triggered setup of Brigada de Investigación y Vigilancia de FET, a feared party version of secret police, Cantabrana Morras 2005, p. 152, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p.

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entered commercial service. As his father and brother, primary managers of the company, stepped down in the mid-1950s, in 1955 José María assumed presidency of the board and in 1957 he became CEO of the company. His key projects were launching own rolling stock factories in

3323:), Medalla de Oro de Bilbao, Medalla de Voluntario de Vizcaya y de Álava, Cruz del Mérito Militar, Gran Cruz de la Medhauia, Gran Cruz de la Orden del Mérito Civil and many honorary memberships, e.g. in Colegio Nacional de Economistas or Instituto de la Ingeniería de España 1650:

Aróstegui 2013. For Antonio Maria see pp. 444, 718, 798, 800, for Fernando see p. 444, for José Maria see p. 718, for Lucas María see pp. 718, 720, 800, 802, 804; Note that when José María joined the ranks, his brother Luis Fernando was already dead, Ruiz Llano 2012, p.

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her father, Lucas de Urquijo, was co-founder of Hidroeléctrica Española, co-owner of Banco Urquijo (set up by his brother) and a number of other companies (like La Salobreña in Granada or Compañía Minero-Metalúrgica Los Guindos); for details see Onésimo Díaz Hernández,

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Turn of the decades produced the climax of Oriol's political career, marked mostly by his vacillation between Carlism and Falangism. Re-admitted to semi-legal Traditionalist structures, at the same time as provincial FET jefe he was busy laying the foundations of the

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with Falangist representatives Sancho Dávila and Pedro Gamero del Castillo, discussing rapprochement of both groups; it is not clear whether they were authorised by the Carlist leader Manual Fal Conde, Peñas Bernaldo 1996, p. 248, Martin Blinkhorn,

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preponderance over Carlism in the new party, he demonstrated unease; a single source claims that in early 1938 he resigned from Junta Política and together with other collaborative Carlists personally protested to Franco. In 1939 he spoke against a

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In the 1927/8 season, when Atlético was a branch of Athletic Club of Bilbao, Ballestero 2014, p. 55. Probably he played either as amateur or in a reserve team, as none of numerous sites dedicated to Atlético Madrid lists his name, compare

758:, a family owned company he managed from 1941, another major thread of Oriol's energy business was Unesa. In the early 1940s he was consumed by negotiations between private energy producers, totally dominating on the Spanish market, and 2703:

Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 193. During the government-forming process which finally led to appointment of Suarez, Oriol was listed as one of 39 candidates proposed by all members of Consejo del Reino, Ballestero 2014, p.

1343:, p. 170. Born 1913, he was capitán de requetés and lawyer, nominated also Director General de Beneficencia in 1957, Delegado nacional de Auxilio Social and Presidente de Cruz Roja Española and Consejero Nacional del Movimiento 2965:

the ministerial decision approved of "plan de conjugación de sistemas regionales de producción de energia propuesto por don José María de Oriol y Urquijo, Presidente de Unesa, a quien se encomieda su ejecicción", quoted after

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perhaps the key ones were failure to take over the HE key competitor Saltos de Duero, suspension of the Valdecaballeros plant and nationalisation of Electras Marroquies; one might also ponder whether the 1992 merger of HE and

636:, a think-tank intending to ensure continuity of the system by introducing its timid rectifications. When political associations were discussed in the early 1970s he pondered upon creating a Carlist one. Eventually he joined 735:

nuclear power plants. Last years of his presidency were dedicated mostly to conflict related to Valdecaballeros, confronting governmental regulatory plans and proceeding with interchange of assets among companies forming

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Oriol's tenure in Bilbao was marked by continuing political ambivalence. He excelled in organising venerating celebrations of Franco and forged good working relationship with the Falangist civil governor of the province,

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in early 1937; it is not clear whether he took part in any combat activities before moving from the front units to directing Radio Requeté. In February and March 1937 he took part in the Carlist gatherings in Insua and

282:. His studies progressed with some difficulty and were interrupted by military service in 1926-7; he resumed academic career as unenrolled student and graduated as engineer in 1928. A sportsman, he played football in 3266:"not so stringent in their remarks about managerial leadership as Barceló Matutano, but showed a distinct taste for authoritarianism and only a mild inclination to accept human relations concepts", Mauro F. Guillén, 349:

Though some authors suggest that Oriol from the onset sympathized with Carlism, none of the sources consulted confirms (or denies) that he was active in Carlist structures prior to 1931. However, when 3 branches of

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e.g. celebrating single acts commemorating vascologists like Azkue or permitting stage shows of the then Carlist-controlled Pamplona Basque folk group, Muthiko Alaiak, see Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p.

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born 1910, he was teniente provisional en la guerra civil, lawyer (graduated in Oxford), president of VALCA and Prensa Económica SA (publisher of Desarrollo and Nuevo Diario), owner of Vitorian periodical

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Ballestero 2014, pp. 123-4; Electras Marroquies started to consume Oriol efforts in the late 1950s, when Morocco gained independence. The 20-year struggle ended in nationalisation of the company in 1977

2345:, a faction which genuinely intended to combine Francoist structures with juanista monarchist restoration; within this scheme, carlists juanistas are counted among a different group, represented by 2427:

their juanista leaning formally did not breach the loyalty to the regency of Don Javier, as theoretically under the regency various Carlist groups were free to advocate their own royal candidates

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with Lopez Rodó proposed to be a leader, Ballestero 2014, p. 118. Like Hermandad de Maestrazgo, the association was tailored to confront the socialist Partido Carlista, Vallverdú 2014, p. 255

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Ballestero 2014, pp. 102-3. One source claims that Oriol was offered secretariado of Juan, but declined declaring that Franco must accept his role first, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 193

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Ballestero 2014, p. 57; some fairly detailed sources claim he was personally negotiating with Mola, which seems to confuse the father and the son, see Juan Carlos Peñas Bernaldo de Quirós,

487:. He is recognized as effective at gaining official subsidies and credits, having repaired most war damages and commenced major new initiatives, like construction of new bridges across the 1909:

at unspecified time between late 1937 and 1940 Oriol he was re-admitted to the Comunión Tradicionalista following a personal meeting with Don Javier, Martorell Pérez 2009, pp. 173, 223

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Oriol was a keen supporter of the idea of nuclear energy since the late 1940s, participating in numerous commercial and state initiatives. In 1962-1969 he was the first president of

366:, negotiating details of a would-be Carlist and Falangist insurgent alliance. Locally he served as a link between his parent and head of the military plot in Álava, teniente coronel 808:. Talgo served also as a show-case, intended to prove modernizing capacity of the regime and its industrial prowess. Oriol remained at the helm of the company until his death. 633: 1402:

and some suggest he was rather linked to the Alfonsist restoration system: "claramente vinculados al sistema de la restauracion liberal y alfonsina", Manuel Martorell-Pérez,

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constructed, in the 1970s the river provided 70% of the HE hydropower. Another key project was diversification of energy sources, commenced by the 1957 construction of the

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despite politically liberal leaning of her family Catalina was very religious, donating to construction of Cerro de los Angeles, see Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 190

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until obtaining bachillerato in 1922. Raised to be the future head of the family and especially key person to manage its huge and complex business, he entered the Madrid

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opening of each dam was attended by Franco; the most powerful one was the Alcantara dam, named Central Hidroeléctrica José María de Oriol, Ballestero 2014, pp. 153-154

723:. This path was followed further on in the late 1960s; for 20 years a proponent of nuclear energy, Oriol led HE into joint venture conglomerates which constructed the 3390: 827: 394:, intended to discuss the looming threat of a forceful amalgamation within a state party. Together with his father, Oriol advocated acceptance of what looked like a 2252:

in 1937 he allegedly proposed to Jaime del Burgo that Don Juan is "educated" in Traditionalism, Cantabra Morras 2004, p. 167, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192

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according to one source, his nomination was sort of pre-agreed between Carlists, Falangists and the military already in January 1937, see Javier Ugarte Tellería,

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in 1945 (commerce, the offer which he allegedly turned down as not endorsed by Don Juan, Ballestero 2014, p. 83-86), 1957 (public works) and 1962 (industry)

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supplied by fuel oil. It was Oriol who opted for location near Cartagena, against counter-proposals of Valencia and Alicante, Ballestero 2014, p. 157

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amongst 59 procuradores who voted refused to commit "suicide of the Francoist cortes"; his brother Antonio did vote in favor, Ballestero 2014, p. 120

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Encomienda de la Gran Orden Imperial de las Flechas Rojas (1939), Ordine della Corona d'Italia (from fascist Italy), Schwarzer Adlerorden (from

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Ballestero 2014, p. 65; he is not known as having protested against derogation of traditional Biscay provincial establishments, especially the

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Nostalgia y modernización. La extrema derecha española entre la crisis final del franquismo y la consolidación de la democracia (1973-1986)

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also setting new major streets, e.g. Avenida del Ejercito (now "Lehendakari Agirre") and new bridges, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 201

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In April 1939 Oriol was nominated mayor of Bilbao, later that year re-appointed to Consejo Nacional and Junta Política. Together with the

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Oriol became honorary member of the club in return; he also founded Club Deportivo de Bilbao, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, pp. 202-204

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heavily wounded during the fightings for Ochandiano in Biscay on October 9, 1936, he died in hospital 5 days later, Germán Ruiz Llano,

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many sources underline that José María Oriol enjoyed the privilege of easy access to the dictator, but none clarifies how he gained it

427: 259:; he is considered one of the most important Spanish entrepreneurs of the 20th century. In 1958 he was declared 2nd marquis of Oriol. 887: 637: 232: 181: 134: 3368: 3275: 3241: 2975: 2934: 2749: 2648: 2611: 2415: 2294: 2240: 1865: 1703: 1638: 1600: 1509: 978: 819: 2134:

he used to finish his public harangues with the customary Carlist "Viva Cristo Rey!" war-cry, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 208

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Oriol was one of the few who welcomed the 10-year-old Juan Carlos at the Villaverde station, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 193

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might be secretly financing a competitive potential king, the javierista prince Carlos Hugo, Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, p. 299

1812: 779: 419: 395: 266:. The couple had 8 children, all brought up in a fervently religious ambience; José María was the oldest one. Though born in the 2150:

La Navarra sotto il Franchismo: la lotta per il controllo provinciale tra i governatori civili e la Diputacion Foral (1945-1955)

1869: 1804: 1757:, 9788487863714, p. 53. He is counted among the most prominent profrancoist Carlists, Francisco Javier Caspistegui Gorasurreta, 3400: 3185: 3147: 2888: 2839: 2766: 823: 759: 363: 1828: 1716: 1017: 476: 3449: 3353: 3307: 1766: 1754: 1579: 1497: 1467: 1437: 1340: 1114: 1028: 919: 402:; in the last-minute attempt to stage an internal coup within Carlism, he was proposed to be head of Sección Administrativa. 2384:

the opinion of Julio Danvila, referred after Ballestero 2014, p. 101. See also Mercedes Cabrera, Fernando del Rey Reguillo,

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Lo viejo y lo nuevo: Díputación-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinámica política de la "leal" Alava (Segunda parte: 1938-1943)

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Lo viejo y lo nuevo: Díputación-FET de las JONS. La convulsa dinámica política de la "leal" Alava (Primera parte: 1936-1938)

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development and the banking sector. He is counted among the most influential Spanish business managers of the 20th century.

2667:, Logroño 2002, pp. 549-566. None of these works mentions Oriol as key figure, it is rather his brother Antonio highlighted 1086: 877: 716: 692: 622: 1363: 830:

as académico de número in 1961, in course of 24 years having taken part in 396 of its sessions. He also briefly directed

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Oriol was in Bilbao, where the rebels failed; he went into hiding and left the city on a ship, disguised as a foreigner.

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Actas del V Congreso de la Asociación de historiadores del Presente. Historia de la época socialista: España, 1982-1996

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when discussing the 1950s, one work counts him among top representatives of "neodanvilismo", derived from the name of

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he viewed Basque nationalism as contrived and instigated by the Madrid eggheads, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 205

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e.g. on June 18, 1940 Oriol banned a street demonstration planned by hardline Falangists, Martorell Perez 2009, p. 223

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El carlismo en la guerra del 36. La formación de un cuasi-estado nacional-corporativo y foral en la zona vasco-navarra

1142: 665: 192: 1816: 504: 1872:, Arellano, Mazón and conde de la Florida as the appointees, but does not mention Oriol, see Ballestero 2014, p. 59 1808: 1312: 1621:

some sources claim there were 5 tercios recruited from Álava, see the Carlist site dedicated to requeté available

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La nueva Covadonga insurgente: orígenes sociales y culturales de la sublevación de 1936 en Navarra y el País Vasco

775: 243:. Having wedded Catalina de Urquijo y Vitórica, descendant to a liberal oligarchic family controlling much of the 3474: 831: 728: 371: 252: 208: 608: 461: 455:, especially supervising personal policy, mobilizing support and ensuring compliance. Increasingly perplexed by 3361:

Bilbao desde sus alcaldes: Diccionario biográfico de los alcaldes de Bilbao y gestión municipal en la Dictadura

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break any links with Falange, explicitly excluding Oriol from the scheme, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192

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Bilbao desde sus alcaldes: Diccionario biográfico de los alcaldes de Bilbao y gestión municipal en la Dictadura

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José Luis resigned due to health reasons and Antonio as he assumed political duties, Ballestero 2014, p. 184

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Ballestero 2014, pp. 121-2. By extreme Left he was considered "superfascista", José Luis Rodriguez Jimenez,

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Ballestero 2014, p. 57, see also Tercio de Radio Requeté de Campaña entry at requetes.es service, available

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El archive historic de Iberdrola y la industria eléctrica en España: fondos para la investigación histórica

2060: 1919: 1247: 351: 306: 216: 3385: 755: 318: 200: 2831: 1517: 1378:

Villareal de Alava e Isusquiza: imaginario e idalización del voluntariado alavés durante la guerra civil

1045: 958: 700: 598:. A number of times he spoke against separation of state and the Church, envisioned sort of reversal of 302: 3158:

like Banco de Vitoria and Banco de Desarollo Económico Español Ballestero 2014, p. 190-1, compare also

804:, constructing new generation bi-directional train Talgo III and negotiating co-operation details with 275: 910:

Pablo de Oriol y Lecha from Flix was recorded as "Ciudadano Honrado de Cataluña", Alfonso Ballestero,

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Following the Nationalist conquest of all Vascongadas in June 1937 he was nominated the first jefe of

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finance, he married into enormous wealth. In the early 20th century he replaced his father-in-law as

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The Quest for Survival After Franco: Moderate Francoism and the Slow Journey to the Polls, 1964-1977

1840: 1625:. The units underwent massive organisational changes especially during first months of the war, see 1232: 1199: 1177: 423: 305:. His daughter and José María's granddaughter, Mónica de Oriol Icaza, until 2015 headed the Spanish 231:

and married descendant of a local high bourgeoisie Urigüen family. His son and José María's father,

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Los Carlismos de la Transición – las idiosincrasias carlistas frente al cambio político (1963-1979)

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and accompanied by his British friend Ballestero 2014, p. 57, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191

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Los marqueses de Urquijo: el apogeo de una saga poderosa y los inicios del Banco Urquijo, 1870-1931

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La metamorfosi del carlisme català: del "Déu, Pàtria i Rei" a l'Assamblea de Catalunya (1936-1975)

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La extreme derecha en España: del tardofranquismo a la consolidación de la democracia (1967-1982)

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during his visit in June 1939, marking the second anniversary of Nationalist takeover of the city

1923: 792: 763: 664:; no charge was formally raised. Holding vital business posts he remained on ice-cold terms with 500: 367: 1626: 283: 483:

he was considered part of "neguridad", the affluent bourgeoisie group related to the resort of

3459: 3364: 3349: 3303: 3271: 3237: 3232:

compare the list of family members sitting in boards of Spanish companies, Pablo Díaz Morlán,

2971: 2930: 2745: 2644: 2607: 2411: 2236: 1861: 1762: 1750: 1699: 1634: 1596: 1575: 1505: 1493: 1463: 1433: 1336: 1110: 1024: 974: 915: 560: 414: 359: 244: 240: 220: 196: 1856:

according to one scholar, Oriol entered the Junta with Esteban Bilbao, see Stanley G. Payne,

418:

alavese "oriolismo". In October 1937 as one of 12 Carlists he was appointed to the Falangist

224: 17: 1820: 1490:

El Carlismo, la República y la Guerra Civil (1936-1937). De la conspiración a la unificación

720: 645: 399: 204: 1570:

Vallverdú 2008, p. 296, Peñas Bernaldo 1996, p. 20, Ollaquindia 1995, p. 502, Jordi Canal,

740:. He stepped down as iconic industry and corporate figure with only few failures recorded. 612: 405: 3171:

mostly in Andalusia (5,000 ha) and Valencia (3,000), Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194

2954: 1719:, pushed with new membership team forming Junta de Guerra, see Peñas Bernaldo 1996, p. 259 1524: 1090: 867: 629: 508: 452: 431: 362:

based executive of Carlist conspiracy. As a party envoy a few times he met the imprisoned

162: 2685:

together with his brothers Antonio and Lucas, Canal 2000, p. 383, Ballestero 2014, p. 119

2653:

El voto útil de la derecha: las elecciones de 1982 y la Comunión Tradicionalista-Carlista

1127:

reading, José Luis should have been considered the 4th marquis and Jose María the 5th one

678: 618: 381:

Oriol resumed his duties in Carlist military executive, late August nominated member of

2927:

A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945

2787: 2624: 1555:

La Oficina de Prensa y Propaganda Carlista de Pamplona al comienzo de la guerra de 1936

732: 572: 161:, he is known mostly for his business activity, especially for his role in the Spanish 2515:

and from 1963 as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, Ballestero 2014, p. 110

1296: 1267: 325:

until its dissolution, both active also as successful entrepreneurs. Another brother,

3433: 1935:

he excelled in directing massive propaganda exercises, see Ballestero 2014, pp. 59-65

704: 3268:

Models of Management: Work, Authority, and Organization in a Comparative Perspective

2408:

Carlos Hugo frente a Juan Carlos. La solución federal para España que Franco rechazó

2850:

Almaraz opened in 1973 and Cofrentes in 1985; Valdecaballeros has never been opened

465: 28: 2925:

Ballestero 2014, p. 130, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194, Michael Richards,

2639:, Juan Carlos Colomer Rubio, Javier Esteve Marti, Mélanie Ibáñez Domingo (eds.), 2528:

from 1966 as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, Ballestero 2014, p. 111

1926:

officials. Some 72% of employees were fired, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 205

514: 187:

José María Lucas Eusebio de Oriol y Urquijo was born to a distinguished family of

1994:

as one of 13 Carlists among its 96 members, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192

2904:, which produced a new company named Iberdrola, was failure or success, compare 2883:

hailed as "Patriarca de las eléctricas", Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 196,

2537:

simulaltaneously as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available

2437: 2262: 1083: 1067:

Hidroeléctrica Española: un analis de sus primeros años de actividad (1907-1936)

708: 588: 556: 3320: 2550:

simulaltaneously as Franco's nominee, see the official Corte service available

841: 801: 743: 3421: 3416: 3408: 696: 595: 576:

to Franco, instead of restoration he opted for a new, authoritarian monarchy.

522: 496: 442: 330: 191:

origins, its first members noted in the history of Spain in the 17th century.

3395: 3099: 495:. The most notable transport projects were the launch of the first municipal 2947: 2901: 2541:

and as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, Ballestero 2014, p. 111

2030:

e.g. re-opening Puente de la Victoria, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 122

1795:

21 (2004), 156; his grip on alavese politics is also dubbed "cacicato" there

1670: 882: 434:

refused to follow the royal order, most of them were expelled from Carlism.

386: 154: 75: 791:

in New York. In the early 1950s he was supervising development works until

707:. Its major business development thread was gradual shift of focus to the 567:

Since 1936 leaning towards a dynastical pact between the Carlists and the

289: 2449:

Ballestero 2014, p. 103; Canal 2000, p. 361 calls them "franco-juanistas"

2165: 1690: 1404:

Nuevas aportaciones históricas sobre la evolución ideológica del carlismo

518: 472: 262:

José Luis and Catalina initially lived in Biscay, but they soon moved to

236: 188: 2486:

as personal Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available

2351:

La oposición monárquica y su aproximación al franquismo a partir de 1954

1685:, Valencia 2009, pp. 30-1. Already in late 1936 or early 1937 Oriol and 1622: 2145: 862: 845: 812: 797: 488: 480: 298: 212: 207:

in 1872. The son of his brother and José María's paternal grandfather,

150: 32: 3490:

Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction)

3255:

The Power of Entrepreneurs: Politics and Economy in Contemporary Spain

2386:

The Power of Entrepreneurs: Politics and Economy in Contemporary Spain

57: 484: 391: 271: 263: 228: 158: 89: 2148:

see Maria del Mar Larazza Micheltorena, Alvaro Baraibar Etxeberria,

1331:

some sources wrongly claim it was José María, see Jeremy MacClancy,

737: 3134:

in the 1940s the board used to meet daily, Ballestero 2014, p. 190

2176:

4 (1990), pp. 82-95. For Alava see Cantabrana Morras 2004 and 2005

1065:, Santiago de Compostela 2005, p. 9, also Francisco Cayón García, 872: 840: 805: 774: 742: 677: 617: 555: 513: 441: 404: 340: 288: 256: 176: 166: 100: 1715:

shortly before the Unification Decree the key Navarrese Carlist,

1430:

El Carlisme Català Durant La Segona República Espanyola 1931-1936

660:. In 1982 he was suspected of taking part in conspiracy known as 422:; it is not clear whether he entered the FET 9-member executive, 2623:

for detailed discussion of extreme Right during transición see

2584:

his candidature was rejected by Franco, Ballestero 2014, p. 113

2524:

as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available

2498:

as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service available

822:, the function held until the following year he became head of 3014:

Ballestero 2014, p. 163, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194

2641:

Ayer y hoy. Debates, historiografía y didáctica de la historia

1512:, p. 334. Detailed and correct version in Iñaki Gil Basterra, 712: 632:

Oriol assumed a moderately reformist stance. He was active in

479:, he was one of two Carlist mayors of major urban centres. As 248: 2293:

superseding the official Don Juan's representative in Spain,

691:

There is little doubt that Oriol's key business focus was on

199:. In recognition of his merits the claimant awarded him with 1631:

Combatientes Requetés en la Guerra Civil española, 1936-1939

309:. Brothers of José María grew to top Francoist dignitaries; 2659:, Madrid 2011, José Díaz Nieva, José Luis Orella Martínez, 1892:

compare Cantabrana Morras 2004 and Iker Cantabrana Morras,

1747:

El carlismo navarro durante el primer franquismo, 1937-1951

1683:

La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil

1382:

Actas del III encuentro de jóvenes investigadores de la AHC

594:

Ideologically Oriol remained an ultraconservative Catholic

313:

served as minister of justice (1965-1973) and president of

3470:

Politicians from the Basque Country (autonomous community)

2170:

La formación del poder franquista en Guipúzcoa (1937-1945)

992:

Los Ensanches del muelle nuevo de Portugalete: (1869-1917)

2593:

Asociación Nacional para el Estudio de Problemas Actuales

2554:

and as president of Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles, see

652:. In 1977 he co-registered the Carlist grouping loyal to 579:

As negotiator Oriol seemed unsuccessful; Don Juan's 1945

1500:, 9788487863523, pp. 33 and 333, also Stanley G. Payne, 754:

Apart from activities in various HE subsidiaries and in

147:

José María de Oriol y Urquijo, 3rd Marquis of Casa Oriol

3294:; see also Francisco Cayón García, Miguel Muñoz Rubio, 2635:

71 (2008), pp. 175-209, also Cristian Ferrer Gonzàlez,

1759:

El naufragio de las ortodoxias: el carlismo, 1962-1977

2511:

as Franco's nominee, see the official Cortes service

235:(1877-1972), emerged as a Carlist political mogul in 1479:

Ballestero 2014, p. 57, Ugarte Tellería 1998, p. 74

811:In 1941 Oriol entered Consejo de Administración of 122: 114: 106: 96: 82: 64: 48: 3234:Los Ybarra: una dinastía de empresarios, 1801-2001 2786:the company was initially dependent mostly on the 2156:, Bari 2013, pp. 101-120, Manuel Martorell Pérez, 996:Cuadernos de sección. Historia-Geografía Donostia 2349:and Arauz de Robles, Mercedes Vázquez de Prada, 270:, he was raised in the capital, frequenting the 1057:Juan Carlos García Adan, Yolanda Diego Martín, 1042:Los primeros años del Banco Urquijo (1918-1931) 640:, and in 1976 he moved with the whole party to 39: and the second or maternal family name is 3359:Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.), 2158:Navarra 1937-1939: el fiasco de la Unificación 1918:including purging local administration of the 969:Joseba Agirreazkuenaga, Mikel Urquijo (eds.), 820:Asociación Nacional de Ingenieros Industriales 157:politician. During early Francoism a mayor of 2388:, New York 2007, p. 108, Preston 2011, p. 551 836:Comisión de Intercambio Cultural España-EE.UU 828:Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas 668:officials responsible for the energy sector. 430:demanded that his subjects do not accept; as 239:, withdrawing from active politics after the 149:(1905–1985) was a Spanish entrepreneur and a 8: 1137:Sierra de Guadarrama with 10 survivors, see 1101:Francisco Cayón García, Miguel Muñoz Rubio, 644:; he protested the constitutional plans of 223:and served as jefe de Ayudantes of general 3300:Los 100 empresarios españoles del siglo XX 2436:in May 1957 the oldest son of Don Javier, 1107:Los 100 empresarios españoles del siglo XX 56: 45: 3296:José María de Oriol y Urquijo (1905-1985) 2665:Actas del III Simposio de Historia Actual 1502:Politics and the Military in Modern Spain 824:Instituto de Ingenieros Civiles de España 499:network in Spain and construction of the 2830:and in 1967-8 the rotating president of 1103:José Luís de Oriol y Urigüen (1877-1972) 286:and won local Biscay laurels in tennis. 3180:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194, 1847:, Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192 903: 818:In 1961 Oriol was elected president of 2661:La derecha franquista en la transición 2366:Caspistegui Gorasurreta 1997, pp. 23-4 1082:see Talgo official website, available 227:. Following the amnesty he settled in 195:sided with the legitimists during the 3332:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 196 3223:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 195 3062:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194 2996:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194 2777:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 194 2213:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 208 2116:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 199 2089:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 200 2003:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 192 1985:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 197 1858:Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism 1696:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939 1535:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191 1449:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 190 1419:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191 1278:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 191 1188:Agirreazkuenaga, Urquijo 2008, p. 190 771:Other business and public engagements 507:, formally owned by the city, to the 464:-sponsored draft, intended to ensure 7: 3391:Hidroelectrica - historical analysis 3298:, Eugenio Torres Villanueva (ed.), 1689:represented Carlism when meeting in 1105:, Eugenio Torres Villanueva (ed.), 3480:20th-century Spanish businesspeople 3401:Oriol in posthumous memorial note, 3162:, London 1976, pp. A-10, A-16, B-24 2722:formally registered on Feb 8, 1977 2663:, Carlos Navajas Zubeldia (ed.), 2651:, pp. 151-156, Caín Somé Laserna, 1553:on 28.08.36, Ricardo Ollaquindia, 280:Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales 25: 3495:Spanish people of Catalan descent 3425:; contemporary Carlist propaganda 1963:Cantabrana Morras 2004, pp. 168-9 1514:Araba en 1936. Guerra y represion 648:. The same year he voted against 383:Junta Nacional Carlista de Guerra 3423:Vizcainos! Por Dios y por España 3160:Jane's Major Companies of Europe 2834:, Ballestero 2014, pp. 168-170, 957:genealogical service, available 893:Antonio María de Oriol y Urquijo 600:mid-19th century desamortización 468:nature of Falangist domination. 193:Buenaventura de Oriol y Salvador 3465:Members of the Cortes Españolas 2048:intended to cover 5 lines, see 1868:, p. 207. Another author names 990:Gorka Pérez de la Peña Oleaga, 760:Instituto Nacional de Industria 717:Escombreras thermal power plant 203:in 1870; he was elected to the 1063:Congreso de Historia Económica 748:Nuclear power plant in Almaraz 426:. The Carlist regent-claimant 255:and in 1942 was co-founder of 1: 3098:see propaganda video footage 2832:European Atomic Forum Foratom 1071:Revista de Historia Económica 1048:), Ballestero 2014, pp. 27-30 628:With his monarchical efforts 583:enraged Franco and his 1946 " 297:In 1929 José María married a 69:José María de Oriol y Urquijo 18:José María de Oriol y Urquijo 3053:Ballestero 2014, pp. 177-181 2987:Ballestero 2014, pp. 130-131 2946:see Unesa website available 2566:Ballestero 2014, pp. 111-112 2164:69 (2008), pp. 429-458. For 1745:Aurora Villanueva Martínez, 888:José Luis de Oriol y Urigüen 650:Ley para la Reforma Política 364:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 233:José Luis de Oriol y Urigüen 86:1985 (aged 79–80) 31:, the first or paternal 3485:Spanish business executives 2168:see Félix Luengo Teixedor, 1778:Ugarte Tellería 2009, p. 72 1380:, Alejandra Ibarra (ed.), 1172:"capitán de aviación", see 832:Centro de Estudios Europeos 673:Patriarca de las eléctricas 611:suggested him as member of 211:(1845-1899), the native of 209:José María de Oriol y Gordo 3521: 3505:Businesspeople from Madrid 3346:José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo 3089:Ballestero 2014, pp. 185-7 2731:Ballestero 2014, pp. 120-1 2314:Ballestero 2014, pp. 80-83 1428:Robert Vallverdú i Martí, 912:José Ma de Oriol y Urquijo 321:was consejero nacional of 26: 2790:, Ballestero 2014, p. 151 2761:Ballestero 2014, p. 146, 2080:Ballestero 2014, pp. 75-6 2050:Un trolebus transformable 699:, in 48% on conventional 505:San Mamés football ground 477:Joaquín Manglano y Cucaló 55: 2406:Manuel Martorell Pérez, 1976:, Ballestero 2014, p. 70 1787:Iker Cantabrana Morras, 1681:Manuel Martorell Pérez, 1591:Robert Vallverdú Martí, 1458:Javier Ugarte Tellería, 1293:Guia Turistica de Madrid 789:American Car and Foundry 658:Comunión Tradicionalista 623:Elections in Spain, 1977 356:Comunión Tradicionalista 293:Corpse of Fernando Oriol 50:José María Oriol Urquijo 3500:Politicians from Madrid 3455:Spanish Roman Catholics 3386:Iberdrola official site 3257:, New York 2007, p 108. 3214:Ballestero 2014, p. 209 3205:Ballestero 2014, p. 206 3196:Ballestero 2014, p. 203 3110:Ballestero 2014, p. 187 3080:Ballestero 2014, p. 180 3005:Ballestero 2014, p. 127 2874:Ballestero 2014, p. 164 2808:Ballestero 2014, p. 153 2694:Ballestero 2014, p. 120 2477:Ballestero 2014, p. 112 2468:Ballestero 2014, p. 109 2347:Agustín Gonzalez Amézua 2323:Ballestero 2014, p. 107 1440:, 9788478260805, p. 162 878:Hidroelectrica Espanola 693:Hidroeléctrica Española 638:Unión Nacional Española 345:Requeté on parade, 1936 253:Hidroeléctrica Española 118:businessman, politician 3396:Oriol on video (01:36) 2355:Memoria y civilizacion 2332:Ballestero 2014, p. 98 2305:Ballestero 2014, p. 88 2275:Ballestero 2014, p. 90 2222:Ballestero 2014, p. 77 2204:Ballestero 2014, p. 76 2071:Ballestero 2014, p. 75 2021:Ballestero 2014, p. 74 2012:Ballestero 2014, p. 66 1900:22 (2005), pp. 139–169 1769:, 9788431315641, p. 13 1734:Historia contemporánea 1717:José Martínez Berasain 1660:Arostegui 2013, p. 718 1612:Ballestero 2014, p. 57 1470:, 9788470305313, p. 74 1393:Ballestero 2014, p. 57 1384:, Vitoria 2012 , p. 11 1333:The Decline of Carlism 1219:Ballestero 2014, p. 54 1210:Ballestero 2014, p. 55 1162:Ballestero 2014, p. 54 1153:Ballestero 2014, p. 49 1073:20 (2002), pp, 308-311 1018:Onésimo Díaz Hernández 951:José María Oriol Gordo 940:Ballestero 2014, p. 25 931:Ballestero 2014, p. 23 922:, 9788483569160, p. 23 849: 783: 782:Talgo locomotive, 1948 751: 688: 625: 564: 525: 491:and re-setting of the 447: 410: 377:Having made it to the 346: 307:Círculo de Empresarios 294: 184: 3450:People from Santurtzi 3412:- Carlist Bilbao song 3363:vol. 3, Bilbao 2008, 2968:Endesa en su historia 2828:Forum Atómico Español 1367:and other periodicals 973:vol. 3, Bilbao 2008, 844: 778: 746: 681: 621: 559: 517: 445: 408: 396:unification ultimatum 344: 292: 180: 3344:Alfonso Ballestero, 3290:05.11.85, available 3184:05.11.85, available 3146:05.11.85, available 3122:05.11.85, available 3041:30.04.78, available 3026:05.11.85, available 2887:05.11.85, available 2862:30.04.78, available 2838:05.11.85, available 2765:05.11.85, available 2602:Cristina Palomares, 2055:20.05.13, available 1319:25.02.12, available 1311:12.03.15, available 1246:08.10.11, available 1231:09.01.29, available 1176:03.03.29, available 1141:05.12.53, available 666:socialist government 581:Manifest of Lausanne 571:, in 1943 Oriol met 535:Juan Granell Pascual 521:CS 55, first Bilbao 274:Areneros college in 3381:Talgo official site 2261:Oriol travelled to 2233:Franco. A biography 2174:Geronimo de Uztariz 1974:Concierto Economico 1736:38 (2009), pp. 71-2 1408:Gerónimo de Uztariz 1295:service, available 1266:service, available 1260:Carlos Oriol Ybarra 756:Electras Marroquies 684:José María de Oriol 317:(1973-1979), while 201:Marquesado de Oriol 3410:Por el río Nervión 2953:2015-07-04 at the 2929:, Cambridge 1998, 2295:Alfonso de Orleans 2053:Historias del tren 1698:, Cambridge 2008, 1595:, Montserrt 2014, 1523:2014-12-21 at the 1516:, p. 2, available 1432:, Barcelona 2008, 1357:, collaborator of 1089:2014-12-01 at the 850: 784: 752: 689: 626: 565: 526: 448: 446:Falangist standard 411: 347: 329:, died as Carlist 295: 276:Chamartin district 185: 110:business executive 3417:Oriamendi euskera 2643:, Valencia 2015, 2162:Príncipe de Viana 2154:Nazioni e Regioni 1860:, Stanford 1961, 1761:, Pamplona 1997, 1561:56 (1995), p. 502 1559:Príncipe de Viana 1504:, Stanford 1967, 1410:16 (2000), p. 104 1023:, Pamplona 1998, 998:21 (1993), p. 189 613:Consejo del Reino 415:FET y de las JONS 360:Saint-Jean-de-Luz 315:Consejo de Estado 221:Third Carlist War 197:First Carlist War 144: 143: 16:(Redirected from 3512: 3475:Mayors of Bilbao 3333: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3311: 3285: 3279: 3270:, Chicago 1994, 3264: 3258: 3251: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3156: 3150: 3141: 3135: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3006: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2963: 2957: 2944: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2897: 2891: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2848: 2842: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2753: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2621: 2615: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2558: 2548: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2522: 2516: 2509: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2364: 2358: 2357:13 (2010), p. 36 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2072: 2069: 2063: 2046: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1927: 1916: 1910: 1907: 1901: 1889: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1854: 1848: 1802: 1796: 1785: 1779: 1776: 1770: 1743: 1737: 1726: 1720: 1713: 1707: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1648: 1642: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1589: 1583: 1568: 1562: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1471: 1456: 1450: 1447: 1441: 1426: 1420: 1417: 1411: 1400: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1374: 1368: 1350: 1344: 1329: 1323: 1305: 1299: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1270: 1256: 1250: 1241: 1235: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1208: 1202: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1169: 1163: 1160: 1154: 1151: 1145: 1134: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1099: 1093: 1080: 1074: 1055: 1049: 1037: 1031: 1016:for details see 1014: 1008: 1005: 999: 988: 982: 967: 961: 947: 941: 938: 932: 929: 923: 908: 604:Francoist Cortes 585:Bases de Estoril 453:Francoist regime 438:Political climax 432:carlo-francoists 420:Consejo Nacional 409:Carlist standard 379:Nationalist zone 173:Family and youth 60: 46: 21: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3430: 3429: 3377: 3356:, 9788483569160 3348:, Madrid 2014, 3341: 3339:Further reading 3336: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3302:, Madrid 2000, 3286: 3282: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3248: 3236:, Madrid 2002, 3231: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3129: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3048: 3037: 3033: 3022: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2964: 2960: 2955:Wayback Machine 2945: 2941: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2898: 2894: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2845: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2744:, Madrid 2002, 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2708: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2622: 2618: 2606:, Sussex 2004, 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2549: 2545: 2536: 2532: 2523: 2519: 2510: 2506: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2410:, Madrid 2014, 2405: 2401: 2396: 2392: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2235:, London 2011, 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1930: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1898:Sancho el Sabio 1890: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1855: 1851: 1803: 1799: 1793:Sancho el Sabio 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1749:, Madrid 1998, 1744: 1740: 1727: 1723: 1714: 1710: 1687:Arauz de Robles 1680: 1676: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1645: 1633:, Madrid 2013, 1627:Julio Aróstegui 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1590: 1586: 1574:, Madrid 2000, 1569: 1565: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525:Wayback Machine 1492:, Madrid 1996, 1487: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1462:, Madrid 1998, 1457: 1453: 1448: 1444: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1388: 1375: 1371: 1351: 1347: 1330: 1326: 1306: 1302: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1257: 1253: 1242: 1238: 1229:El Siglo Futuro 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1135: 1131: 1125: 1121: 1109:, Madrid 2000, 1100: 1096: 1091:Wayback Machine 1081: 1077: 1056: 1052: 1038: 1034: 1015: 1011: 1006: 1002: 989: 985: 968: 964: 948: 944: 939: 935: 930: 926: 914:, Madrid 2014, 909: 905: 901: 868:Carlo-francoism 859: 773: 733:Valdecaballeros 676: 642:Alianza Popular 630:crowned in 1969 554: 501:Sondica airport 440: 339: 303:Torre de Europa 284:Atlético Madrid 182:José Luis Oriol 175: 163:energy industry 123:Political party 92: 87: 78: 73: 71: 70: 51: 44: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3518: 3516: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3406: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3375:External links 3373: 3372: 3371: 3357: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3325: 3312: 3280: 3259: 3246: 3225: 3216: 3207: 3198: 3189: 3173: 3164: 3151: 3136: 3127: 3112: 3103: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3046: 3031: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2970:, s. l. 2010, 2958: 2939: 2918: 2909: 2892: 2876: 2867: 2852: 2843: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2779: 2770: 2754: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2669: 2625:Ferran Gallego 2616: 2595: 2586: 2577: 2568: 2559: 2543: 2530: 2517: 2504: 2491: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2451: 2442: 2429: 2420: 2399: 2390: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2334: 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2254: 2245: 2231:Paul Preston, 2224: 2215: 2206: 2197: 2187: 2178: 2136: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2064: 2041: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1996: 1987: 1978: 1965: 1956: 1947: 1937: 1928: 1911: 1902: 1884: 1874: 1849: 1797: 1780: 1771: 1738: 1721: 1708: 1674: 1662: 1653: 1643: 1614: 1605: 1584: 1563: 1546: 1537: 1528: 1481: 1472: 1451: 1442: 1421: 1412: 1395: 1386: 1369: 1345: 1324: 1300: 1280: 1271: 1251: 1236: 1221: 1212: 1203: 1190: 1181: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1129: 1119: 1094: 1075: 1050: 1032: 1009: 1000: 983: 962: 942: 933: 924: 902: 900: 897: 896: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 858: 855: 772: 769: 705:nuclear energy 703:and in 24% on 701:thermal plants 675: 670: 561:Juan de Borbón 553: 539: 439: 436: 424:Junta Política 352:Traditionalism 338: 335: 174: 171: 142: 141: 124: 120: 119: 116: 115:Known for 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 80: 79: 74: 68: 66: 62: 61: 53: 52: 49: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3517: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369:9788488714145 3366: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3310:, pp. 419-423 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3276:9780226310367 3273: 3269: 3263: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3244:, pp. 289-290 3243: 3242:9788495379436 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 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2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2416:9788477682653 2413: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2387: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2343:Julio Danvila 2338: 2335: 2329: 2326: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2241:9780006862109 2238: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1941: 1938: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1885: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866:9780804700580 1863: 1859: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:Muñoz Aguilar 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1704:9780521086349 1701: 1697: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1647: 1644: 1641:, pp. 429-518 1640: 1639:9788499709758 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1601:9788498837261 1598: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:9780804701280 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1452: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1396: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:, Reno 2000, 1334: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1168: 1165: 1159: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1133: 1130: 1123: 1120: 1117:, pp. 255-258 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 984: 980: 979:9788488714145 976: 972: 966: 963: 960: 956: 952: 946: 943: 937: 934: 928: 925: 921: 917: 913: 907: 904: 898: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 856: 854: 847: 843: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 809: 807: 803: 799: 794: 790: 781: 777: 770: 768: 765: 761: 757: 750:, Extremadura 749: 745: 741: 739: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 687: 685: 680: 674: 671: 669: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 624: 620: 616: 614: 610: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 574: 570: 562: 558: 552: 548: 544: 540: 538: 536: 532: 531:Manuel Ganuza 524: 520: 516: 512: 510: 509:Athletic Club 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 467: 463: 458: 454: 444: 437: 435: 433: 429: 425: 421: 416: 407: 403: 401: 397: 393: 388: 384: 380: 375: 373: 370:. During the 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 343: 336: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 311:Antonio María 308: 304: 300: 291: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 183: 179: 172: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 102: 99: 95: 91: 85: 81: 77: 67: 63: 59: 54: 47: 42: 38: 34: 30: 19: 3422: 3409: 3402: 3360: 3345: 3328: 3321:Nazi Germany 3315: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3267: 3262: 3254: 3249: 3233: 3228: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3181: 3176: 3167: 3159: 3154: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3119: 3115: 3106: 3094: 3085: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3038: 3034: 3023: 3019: 3010: 3001: 2992: 2983: 2967: 2961: 2942: 2926: 2921: 2912: 2895: 2884: 2879: 2870: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2835: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2795: 2782: 2773: 2762: 2757: 2741: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2603: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2546: 2533: 2520: 2507: 2494: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2454: 2445: 2432: 2423: 2407: 2402: 2393: 2385: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2354: 2350: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2257: 2248: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2190: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2008: 1999: 1990: 1981: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1940: 1931: 1914: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1857: 1852: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1774: 1758: 1746: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1711: 1695: 1682: 1677: 1665: 1656: 1646: 1630: 1617: 1608: 1592: 1587: 1571: 1566: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1513: 1501: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1459: 1454: 1445: 1429: 1424: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1389: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1364:El Imparcial 1362: 1358: 1355:Norte Exprés 1354: 1348: 1332: 1327: 1316: 1308: 1303: 1292: 1289:Torre Europa 1288: 1283: 1274: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1243: 1239: 1228: 1224: 1215: 1206: 1193: 1184: 1173: 1167: 1158: 1149: 1138: 1132: 1122: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1078: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1044:, available 1041: 1035: 1020: 1012: 1003: 995: 991: 986: 970: 965: 954: 950: 945: 936: 927: 911: 906: 851: 817: 810: 785: 753: 690: 683: 672: 627: 593: 578: 566: 550: 546: 542: 527: 470: 466:totalitarian 449: 412: 376: 348: 296: 261: 186: 146: 145: 40: 36: 29:Spanish name 3445:1985 deaths 3440:1905 births 2788:Júcar river 2438:Carlos Hugo 2263:Switzerland 1572:El carlismo 802:Rivabellosa 709:Tagus river 589:Juan Carlos 457:syndicalist 368:Alonso Vega 333:volunteer. 268:Vascongadas 219:during the 167:TALGO train 97:Nationality 3434:Categories 3354:8483569167 3308:848871727X 1924:pro-Basque 1920:Republican 1767:8431315644 1755:848786371X 1580:8420639478 1498:8487863523 1468:847030531X 1438:8478260803 1359:El Alcázar 1341:0874173442 1317:Cinco Días 1115:848871727X 1029:8431316365 920:8483569167 787:months at 697:hydropower 609:Lopez Rodó 596:monarchist 569:Alfonsists 547:franquismo 523:trolleybus 497:trolleybus 428:Don Javier 354:united in 225:Dorregaray 217:Carlos VII 107:Occupation 2902:Iberduero 1823:, Oriol, 1813:Baleztena 1291:entry at 1262:entry at 953:entry at 899:Footnotes 883:Francoism 729:Cofrentes 721:Cartagena 711:; with 6 654:Don Sixto 475:alcalde, 387:Andalusia 299:sevillana 241:Civil War 215:, joined 155:Francoist 76:Santurtzi 3460:Carlists 3278:, p. 202 2951:Archived 2937:, p. 118 2243:, p. 577 2166:Gipuzkoa 1845:Valiente 1833:Arellano 1706:, p. 282 1691:Portugal 1603:, p. 46f 1582:, p. 332 1521:Archived 1264:Empresia 1087:Archived 981:, p. 189 857:See also 793:Talgo II 573:Don Juan 551:carlismo 543:juanismo 541:Between 493:Gran Via 473:Valencia 327:Fernando 27:In this 3120:El Pais 2978:, p. 62 2752:, p. 65 2614:, p. 48 2418:, p. 15 2146:Navarre 1870:Rodezno 1825:Florida 1805:Rodezno 1315:, also 1309:El Pais 1244:El Pais 863:Carlism 846:Banesto 813:Banesto 798:Aravaca 764:Suanzez 725:Almaraz 489:Nervion 481:alcalde 462:Serrano 337:Carlist 331:requeté 213:Tortosa 189:Catalan 151:Carlist 101:Spanish 41:Urquijo 33:surname 3367: 3352: 3306: 3274: 3240: 2974: 2933: 2748: 2647: 2610: 2414: 2239: 2061:Gdynia 1864: 1837:Toledo 1817:Urraca 1809:Bilbao 1765: 1753: 1702: 1637: 1599: 1578: 1508: 1496: 1466: 1436: 1339: 1174:El Sol 1113: 1027: 977: 918: 848:office 646:Suarez 563:, 1958 485:Neguri 400:Franco 392:Burgos 272:Jesuit 264:Madrid 245:Biscay 229:Bilbao 205:Cortes 159:Bilbao 90:Madrid 1829:Mazon 873:Talgo 806:Renfe 738:Unesa 719:near 634:ANEPA 519:Vetra 398:from 319:Lucas 257:TALGO 237:Álava 37:Oriol 3365:ISBN 3350:ISBN 3304:ISBN 3292:here 3272:ISBN 3238:ISBN 3186:here 3148:here 3124:here 3100:here 3043:here 3028:here 2972:ISBN 2948:here 2931:ISBN 2906:here 2889:here 2864:here 2840:here 2767:here 2746:ISBN 2645:ISBN 2633:Ayer 2608:ISBN 2556:here 2552:here 2539:here 2526:here 2513:here 2500:here 2488:here 2412:ISBN 2237:ISBN 2057:here 1922:and 1862:ISBN 1843:and 1763:ISBN 1751:ISBN 1700:ISBN 1671:here 1635:ISBN 1623:here 1597:ISBN 1576:ISBN 1518:here 1506:ISBN 1494:ISBN 1464:ISBN 1434:ISBN 1337:ISBN 1321:here 1313:here 1307:see 1297:here 1287:see 1268:here 1258:see 1248:here 1233:here 1200:here 1178:here 1143:here 1111:ISBN 1084:here 1046:here 1025:ISBN 975:ISBN 959:here 955:Geni 949:see 916:ISBN 834:and 800:and 731:and 713:dams 662:27-Q 549:and 372:coup 153:and 83:Died 72:1905 65:Born 3403:ABC 3288:ABC 3182:ABC 3144:ABC 3039:ABC 3024:ABC 2885:ABC 2860:ABC 2836:ABC 2763:ABC 2704:119 2655:, 2631:, 2353:, 2195:207 2172:, 2160:, 2152:, 1945:192 1896:, 1821:Fal 1791:, 1732:, 1557:, 1406:, 1139:ABC 1069:, 1061:, 994:, 838:. 780:ACF 686:dam 511:. 323:FET 251:of 249:CEO 135:UNE 131:FET 35:is 3436:: 2627:, 1882:31 1839:, 1835:, 1831:, 1827:, 1819:, 1815:, 1811:, 1807:, 1651:11 1629:, 1361:, 727:, 656:, 615:. 591:. 545:, 165:, 139:AP 137:, 133:, 129:, 127:CT 2502:. 43:. 20:)

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