644:, died at the naval hospital in Valparaíso in September 1973 after having been tortured on board Esmeralda. Woodward's murder was the subject of the 2002 book "Blood on the Esmeralda: The Life and Death of Father Michael Woodward" by Edward Crouzet. In 2013, two former naval officers were found guilty of Woodward's kidnapping and sentenced to three years in prison. They were charged with kidnapping rather than murder, in order to get around the 1978 Amnesty Decree Law which handed impunity to those who committed human rights violations during the first five years of the dictatorship. Kidnapping is considered a continuous crime that is still being committed today and so is not covered by the amnesty laws. Following the verdict, Woodward's sister Patricia Bennett commented "We regret that Michael's body, hidden by the Chilean Navy, has still not been found. The two retired officers who have been convicted were not the ones in charge – the real culprits, those who gave the orders to torture and murder Michael, have not been prosecuted. The whole thing is a farce." In reacting to the verdict, the then
1008:. Chile only entered WWII when president Juan Antonio Rios signed the declaration of war against Japan on 13 April 1945. These facts make it unlikely, if not impossible, that active-duty service members of the Chilean Armed Forces would ever participate in military operations. Regarding Merino’s eventual participation in WW2 as a crewman of the Raleigh, it is also worth noting that the Raleigh was put to sea in South Alaska during 1943, participating in operations also in the border between Russia and Japan, by 1944 with frequent reparations and overhaul in Seattle. When Chile entered the war, the ship returned to the US and switched to patrolling missions in
25:
731:
tuition 3,660 Decrees were promulgated Laws and 1,090 Laws that take his signature. But
Pinochet as the president of the country has the final authority to ratify and implement such laws passed by the junta and approved by Merino. He retired from the navy as its commander in chief on the 8 of March 1990, after more than 50 years of service. He was also the President of the Government Junta of Chile, the de facto vice-president of the country from March 11, 1981, until his resignation on March 8, 1990.
684:
Under Merino's leadership, the junta as the
Legislative Commission first legislated mainly for the economic sectors and of Foreign Relations, and soon, the Fourth Legislative Commission of the junta enacted laws for the Defense Sector. In this period they fostered the Decree-Law to discontinue the forestation, settling down incentives to develop the monoculture plantations across the country. Again it represented the Government of Chile before the United States Government and one met with President
112:
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719:
559:. In 1996, the National Reparation and Reconciliation Corporation added an additional 776 cases of people who were executed by the regime, with another 123 disappearances. As a result, the combined findings of the two commissions officially documented 3,197 cases of victims of “disappearances”, extrajudicial executions and deaths resulting from torture. The figure does not include the victims of torture who survived their ordeal.
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287:
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When in 1980 the new constitution was approved, Admiral Merino presided over the
Governing Junta. This constituted the legislative power legitimized by the constitution and remained in effect until March 1990, when democratic government was restored. In addition, the admiral presided over the fifth Legislative Commission of the junta.
507:. In 1960, he was assigned as a professor at the Naval War Academy (AGN) teaching logistics, Geopolitics, Geostrategy. In 1969 he became Naval Director of Weapons. In January 1970 he was appointed as Director of Navy Services, and in November of the same year, he assumed the command of the Chilean main combat fleet (CJE).
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It is important to point out that Chile declared its neutrality during WW2. Therefore, no military collaboration of any kind was agreed upon. Moreover, the main points requested by the
Chilean government as part of negotiations to break diplomatic relations with the Axis were military aid from the US
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From the
Economic Committee of the Council of Ministers, he impelled, the first economic measures of the Military Government, the liberation of prices of goods and services; the fiscal cost was reduced and the interest rates were freed to give birth to capital markets; the companies of the State were
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Under the leadership of Merino, the
Chilean Navy was responsible for the death in detention or disappearance of at least eight people in September and October 1973, according to the bi-partisan Rettig Report commissioned by the Chilean Government in 1991. In the days immediately following the coup,
710:
In 1982 the country was affected by the worldwide recession and the
Government had to take economic measures to palliate the crisis that developed. Admiral Merino, from the Legislative Power, impelled laws on the modernization of the financial sector, the guarantee of the State to the deposits and
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By the end of 1974, he represented the
Government and the State of Chile before the Spanish Government, to renegotiate contracts that appeared unfavourable to Chile. Especially, the Pegaso contract was renegotiated, successfully. The study of the Statute for foreign investors was the initiative of
726:
Also, he impelled all the
Constitutional Statutory laws, which allowed the Military Government to fulfil the constitutional itinerary and delivery the power to the city elected authority. In 1989 he proposed to the Executive authority the law of Fishing and Agriculture, which was obtained after a
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During this period he impelled the initiative of the Law of promotion to the
Merchant Marine, remarkably contributing to the growth of this sector and also to the sector of shipyards and naval industry through the Law N 18.454. He presented the relative motions to replace the Code of Commerce; to
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In 1980 law N 3,500 was dictated to the decree that created the new provisional system. Admiral Merino was a great defender of this legislation, giving his approval and endorsement during the study and discussion of this matter. He was the main legislative person in charge of the materialization.
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As the second in command and also as a member of the Governing Junta he was in charge of the economic sector of the country and presided over the Economic Committee of the Council of Ministers, where the economic measures were born. In addition, all the decrees were elaborated and the laws on the
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Admiral Merino presided over the First Legislative Commission after a law established the organization of the junta was enacted in 1974 which made the ruling junta the legislative power of the country and vested formally Pinochet the executive power as the self-proclaimed new President of Chile.
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Finally, it corresponded to him to preside over the Joint Legislative Commission destined to reform the Political Constitution, whose text, approved by the Governing Junta, was ratified by the conducted plebiscite on the 30 of June 1989. During the period of government of the FF.AA., under his
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adapt the Chilean marine limits to the Convention of Jamaica, by means of the corresponding reform to the Civil Code, and to countermand the legislation that allowed the therapeutic abortion, everything which was approved by means of the corresponding laws dictated in that period.
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Following the release of the Valech Report in 2004, the Chilean Navy publicly admitted to the use of torture on the Esmeralda and issued a formal apology, after decades of denial and eight years after the death of Admiral Merino, the institution's leader during the dictatorship.
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for September 11. Both Generals agreed, signing the letter with two "According". On the day of the coup, he removed the 'constitutionalist' Commander-in-Chief, Raúl Montero, designating himself as new Head of the Navy. Following the uprising, he became an integral member of the
454:. The statue's removal had been sought by the Chilean Foundation for Historic Memory. The President of the Foundation, Luis Mariano Rendón, described Merino as an integral part of the military junta which implemented a systematic policy of human rights violations.
1012:. According to explanations given by this flagrant contradiction, in Merino’s memoirs is stated that for “security reasons”, his letters were addressed to him and from there to the USS Corritore, where he would have served. The ship is not found in the records
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was used as a detention center for political prisoners in the port of Valparaiso, along with the vessels "Maipo" and "Lebu", in addition to the El Belloto naval air base and the Naval War Academy (in particular one of its facilities, the Silva Palma garrison).
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Admiral Merino. He impelled the study and the decree-law of exporter promotion of Chile, which gave origin to PROCHILE. In 1975 he participated in the Statute of the Governing Junta, the Legislative Commissions and the Secretariat of Legislation were created.
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savings, lowering of the tariffs to the imports and in general, the normalization of the sectors more affected by the crisis, giving the maximum support to the Executive authority, which was allowed to remove to the country from the crisis.
1029:
In "La Conjura:Los mil y un días del golpe", by Monica Gonzalez, the most extensive and exhaustive journalistic investigation to date about the cover actions of the organization of the coup d'état, it can be read "... Commander-in-Chief
703:'s peace proposal, telling him, "I only signed the treaty because I'm Catholic and I respect Your Holiness. If I weren't, I wouldn't have signed it." Also, he ordered the commander of the surface fleet to "go there... and win the war".
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that ruled Chile from 1973 until 1990, during which more than 3,197 Chilean citizens were executed or simply "disappeared", according to the reports of official bi-partisan commissions established by the President of Chile,
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Merino referred to communists as 'humanoids'. The English translation of his quote is as follows: "There are two types of human beings. One I call humans, the other, humanoids. The humanoids belong to the Communist Party."
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and the requisite that Chilean military forces would not be called to fight outside Chile. Under continuous diplomatic pressure from the US, this agreement was done on 20 January 1943, which was basically a mere
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The reports of the Rettig Commission and National Corporation for Reparation and Reconciliation were only allowed to focus on crimes resulting in death or disappearance. As a result, in 2003 President
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After his retirement, he stayed out of politics and dedicated himself to his favourite pastime, playing golf. He started to write his memoirs but did not live to see them published. He died of
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in addition to his "constant errors and aberrations". In one conference, Merino refused to describe communists as humans. In another occasion Merino called Bolivians "metamorphosed camelids" (
620:, who was held on board the vessel "Maipo" in September 1973. The Rettig Report concluded he had died in the custody of the navy even though his arrest was never acknowledged. In 2011, the
2010:
688:. They Decree-Law N 3480, which allowed the indebted of the Association of Savings and Mortgages to re-pact their debts, which came to the favour of workers of the middle-class sector.
605:, stated that the torture included the use of electric prods, high-voltage electric charges applied to the testicles, hanging by the feet and dumping in a bucket of water or excrement.
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Oscar Farías (aged 33), a Socialist Party activist and government representative in the Parma brewery, was executed in September 1973 while detained at the El Belloto naval airbase.
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1020:, omitting such an important episode, recounted in his memoirs 25 years later. Therefore, the participation of Mr Merino in WWII is not based on actual facts.
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2003:
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Jon Benjamin described the treatment that Father Woodward received as 'brutal, cruel, illegal and indefensible' and 'a very serious crime against humanity'.
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Luis Sanguinetti (aged 38) a university professor who was active in the Socialist Party, died as a result of torture on the "Maipo" in September 1973.
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that ruled Chile from 1973 until 1990, more than 2,100 Chilean citizens were executed or simply "disappeared", according to the 1991 Report of the
428:, in the 1990s. In addition, a further 28,459 Chileans were victims of torture, which included approximately 3,400 cases of sexual abuse of women.
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1996:
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architecture department, disappeared while in the custody of the Chilean Navy after being held in detention on board 'Maipo" in September 1973.
1942:
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On the night of the 1988 plebiscite which resulted in the victory of democratic camp and ended Pinochet's rule, Merino, with Air Force Chief
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Félix Figueras (aged 30) was detained at the Naval War Academy in December 1973 and later died at the naval hospital as a result of torture.
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570:. It issued reports in 2004 and 2005 identifying 28,459 victims of torture, including approximately 3,400 cases of sexual abuse of women.
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Between 1955 and 1957 he served as aide and counsel in weaponry to the Chilean embassy in London, during the construction of the
487:. Later on, he served in Destructor Serrano (2do), Crucero O'Higgins (4to) (CL02), Corbeta Papudo(1º), Transporte Angamos (3ro).
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1016:. Nor is it mentioned in one of the propaganda publications, released in 1974, in which it can be read that he was part of
472:, and of Bertina Castro Varela. He entered the Naval Academy in 1931, graduating in 1936 as a midshipman. According to his
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447:, practices that were only publicly acknowledged by the institution in 2004, more than eight years after Merino's death.
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confirmed by the sailors and navy officers themselves, across ranks (pages 491, 731, 944-45, 974-75, 1039, 1109, 1201)
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great discussion in the sector. Its aim was to put the conditions for the conservation of renewable marine resources.
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601:, interrogations on the Esmeralda included ill-treatment and torture. One of the former prisoners on the Esmeralda,
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987:"Armada defiende estatua de José Toribio Merino en Museo Marítimo "sin perjuicio de sus actuaciones políticas""
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pushed back against Pinochet's plans to overturn the result of the vote and extend his rule, thus allowing the
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33:
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lists the following people to have died or disappeared while in the custody of the Chilean Navy in late 1973:
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promulgated the establishment of the National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture, known as the
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597:(officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) commissioned by President
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During the dictatorship, Merino held short improvised press conferences on Tuesdays that came to be called
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1967:
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1922:
1917:
1821:
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In 2021, the Chilean Navy refused to remove a statue of Merino from the gardens of the Maritime Museum of
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439:. Under his leadership in the days immediately following the coup, the Chilean Navy was responsible for
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1514:
776:
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951:"Armada de Chile reitera su voluntad de no retirar la estatua de José Toribio Merino en Valparaíso"
628:
1396:
150:
2038:
1826:
1816:
859:
524:
477:
123:
2068:
1866:
1671:
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1527:
1306:
1253:
1035:
832:
822:
700:
532:
408:
1094:"Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (English translation)"
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2135:
2109:
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473:
463:
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233:
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1169:"Blood on the Esmeralda: the life and death of Father Michael Woodward / by Edward Crouzet"
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from the day of the coup until his retirement on March 8, 1990, just a few days before the
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1897:
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1801:
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641:
556:
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745:(Merino's Tuesdays). These conferences gained notoriety for Merino's recurrent use of
2206:
2104:
1836:
1726:
1721:
827:
699:, Merino was one of the most belligerent junta members. He only reluctantly accepted
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1988:
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was neutralized by an irregular army led by vice admirals José Toribio Merino and
1275:"Evo Morales recuerda frase de "auquénidos metamorfoseados" del almirante Merino"
1115:"Revealed: Pinochet's torture ship now flies the flag for Chile around the world"
1806:
908:
616:
Jaime Vargas (aged 30), a journalist, Socialist Party activist and alderman for
483:
until 1945. He served in different units of the Chilean Navy, such as the ships
2073:
1977:
1279:
746:
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found six former naval officers guilty of the abduction and murder of Vargas.
1506:
692:
497:
813:. This ship is the main surface logistic platform for the submarine force.
1053:"The Dirty Legal War: Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Chile 1973-1995"
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651:
Héctor Arellano (aged 19), was killed by a naval patrol in October 1973.
617:
444:
384:
86:
1005:
722:
The statue of Admiral José Toribio Merino in Valparaíso's Naval Museum
1952:
1932:
574:
Human rights violations by the Chilean Navy under Merino's leadership
717:
310:
627:
Juantok Guzman (aged 26), president of the student centre at the
476:, during World War II he would have served in the US Navy on the
1101:
United States Institute of Peace; University of Notre Dame Press
1992:
1427:
1227:"Los "Martes de Merino" y las frases más famosas del almirante"
806:
The Chilean Navy in honour of the Admiral named after him the
18:
1133:"Chile: Torture and the Naval Training Ship the "Esmeralda""
885:"CHILE: TORTURE AND THE NAVAL TRAINING SHIP THE "ESMERALDA""
1188:"Chilean ex-navy officers found guilty of murdering priest"
1151:"Chilean navy officers found guilty of journalist's murder"
466:, he was son of Vice-Admiral José Toribio Merino Saavedra,
362:* No proof of participation. See below reference 7 below.
1018:
the crew of the ship Latorre in 1943 and Serrano in 1945
672:
matters had to dictate to regulate the economic sector.
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On September 9, 1973, Merino sent a letter to Generals
368:* No proof of participation. See below reference 7.
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2118:
2082:
2026:
1875:
1614:
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383:(December 14, 1915 – August 30, 1996) was an
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1206:"Ambassador to Chile's statement on Woodward case"
431:Merino, as head of the Navy, was a member of the
1303:The General's Slow Retreat: Chile After Pinochet
1244:Navia Lucero, Patricio; Díaz, Francisco Javier;
443:including death in detention, disappearance and
419:(national police). Together they established a
93: and the second or maternal family name is
2004:
1439:
909:"THE SERIES OF REPARATIONS PROGRAMS IN CHILE"
535:respectively, in which he set the day of the
8:
2146:Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton
391:who was one of the principal leaders of the
580:Human rights violations in Pinochet's Chile
140:September 11, 1973 – March 8, 1990
2011:
1997:
1989:
1446:
1432:
1424:
1322:
110:
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969:"La necesaria desmonumentación de Merino"
676:reorganized as well, standardizing them.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:This article includes a list of general
871:
183:March 11, 1981 – March 8, 1990
2192:Human rights violations under Pinochet
1405:Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Navy
933:"Chile navy admits to torture on boat"
1682:Manuel de Jesús Troncoso de la Concha
1221:
1219:
1088:
1086:
1084:
640:Father Michael Woodward (aged 42), a
7:
1928:National Socialist Movement of Chile
927:
925:
903:
901:
879:
877:
875:
2263:20th-century Chilean Navy personnel
2034:United States intervention in Chile
1250:Diccionario de la política chilena
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2166:Indictment and arrest of Pinochet
2151:Assassination of Orlando Letelier
1943:Presidential Republic (1925–1973)
1903:History of the Dominican Republic
1455:Latin America during World War II
1137:The Transnational Institute (TNI)
1071:"Commission of Inquiry: Chile 03"
485:Latorre (1943) and Serrano (1945)
2258:Arturo Prat Naval Academy alumni
1544:
1075:United States Institute of Peace
767:1988 Chilean national plebiscite
585:the Chilean naval training ship
321:
303:
285:
23:
1273:Rivas, Sebastián (2017-08-02).
785:Chilean transition to democracy
2248:Chilean people of World War II
2243:Leaders who took power by coup
2187:Criticisms of Salvador Allende
2054:Presidency of Salvador Allende
1893:History of Ecuador (1925–1944)
1757:Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
1186:Tremlett, Giles (9 May 2013).
916:Parliamentary Monitoring Group
16:Chilean politician and admiral
1:
2141:Assassination of Carlos Prats
1832:Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
1536:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
1371:President of Government Junta
1173:University of Chicago Library
955:RVL Universidad de Valparaíso
1252:(in Spanish). Sudamericana.
1248:(2011). "Martes de Merino".
85:, the first or paternal
1155:Radio France Internationale
646:British Ambassador to Chile
458:Early life and naval career
2279:
1888:Falangism in Latin America
1687:José Castellanos Contreras
1342:Member of Government Junta
835:José Toribio Merino Castro
787:to take place as planned.
764:
755:auquénidos metamórfoseados
577:
573:
437:beginning of civilian rule
381:José Toribio Merino Castro
80:
2182:Death of Salvador Allende
2126:Government Junta of Chile
1963:Spain during World War II
1777:Juan Antonio Ríos Morales
1732:José María Velasco Ibarra
1632:Jerónimo Méndez Arancibia
1542:
1492:Battle of the River Plate
1412:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1378:
1367:
1359:
1349:
1338:
1330:
1325:
691:During the conflict with
555:established by President
542:Military Government Junta
433:Military Government Junta
374:
211:
176:
171:Government Junta of Chile
133:
118:
109:
2064:Alejandrina Cox incident
2020:1973 Chilean coup d'état
1908:History of Mar del Plata
1857:Getúlio Dornelles Vargas
1852:Manuel Prado y Ugarteche
1246:Joignant Rondon, Roberto
393:1973 Chilean coup d'état
2233:Heads of state of Chile
2228:Chilean anti-communists
2223:Chilean Roman Catholics
1948:Ratlines (World War II)
1717:Edelmiro Julián Farrell
1712:José Félix Estigarribia
1692:Eleazar López Contreras
1502:Battle of the Caribbean
1051:Snyder, Edward (1995).
441:human rights violations
53:more precise citations.
1958:Southeast Pacific Area
1923:Latin American Section
1918:Inter-American Highway
1812:Alfonso López Pumarejo
1772:Eduardo Santos Montejo
1657:Alberto Lleras Camargo
1627:Isaías Medina Angarita
1487:Battle of the Atlantic
1469:Seguro Obrero massacre
754:
723:
622:Supreme Court of Chile
593:According to the 2004
469:Navy Inspector General
2253:People from La Serena
1767:María Edwards McClure
1301:Spooner, Mary Helen.
892:Amnesty International
765:Further information:
721:
549:military dictatorship
511:Military dictatorship
421:military dictatorship
395:, along with General
360:Battle of Guadalcanal
335:Years of service
2156:Chile under Pinochet
1862:Gualberto Villarroel
1787:Julio Enrique Moreno
1652:Manuel Ávila Camacho
1622:Juan José de Amézaga
1416:Jorge Martínez Busch
1382:Jorge Martínez Busch
1353:Jorge Martínez Busch
1103:. 1993. p. 399.
1032:Raúl Montero Cornejo
1010:Central Pacific area
803:, at the age of 80.
777:Carabineros de Chile
366:Battle of Leyte Gulf
163:Jorge Martínez Busch
2100:José Toribio Merino
1938:Panama Sea Frontier
1847:Rexford Guy Tugwell
1822:Pedro Pablo Ramírez
1762:José Toribio Merino
1707:Glen Edgar Edgerton
1677:Pedro Aguirre Cerda
1647:Federico Laredo Brú
1139:. 17 November 2005.
629:University of Chile
603:Antonio Leal Labrín
525:Commanders-in-Chief
250:Viña del Mar, Chile
104:José Toribio Merino
2039:Schneider Doctrine
1827:Clarence S. Ridley
1817:Carlos Quintanilla
1326:Political offices
1057:Harvard University
1014:United States Navy
993:. 25 October 2021.
939:. 1 December 2004.
860:The New York Times
848:Official biography
833:Chilean ship
724:
206:Position abolished
124:Commander-in-Chief
2200:
2199:
2069:Carlos Altamirano
1986:
1985:
1797:Enrique Peñaranda
1642:Fulgencio Batista
1523:Revolution of '43
1497:Havana Conference
1482:Panama Conference
1422:
1421:
1413:Succeeded by
1389:Military offices
1379:Succeeded by
1350:Succeeded by
1121:. 29 August 2015.
1036:Patricio Carvajal
823:Patricio Carvajal
701:Pope John Paul II
568:Valech Commission
553:Rettig Commission
378:
377:
269:Margarita Riofrío
169:President of the
79:
78:
71:
2270:
2238:Chilean admirals
2136:Operation Condor
2095:Augusto Pinochet
2090:Salvador Allende
2013:
2006:
1999:
1990:
1883:American Theater
1792:Aurelio Mosquera
1782:Higinio Moríñigo
1742:William D. Leahy
1662:Samuel del Campo
1637:Alfredo Baldomir
1548:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1407:
1394:Preceded by
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231:14 December 1915
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1212:. 8 May 2013.
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1157:. 6 May 2011.
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599:Ricardo Lagos
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595:Valech Report
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564:Ricardo Lagos
560:
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521:Gustavo Leigh
518:
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413:César Mendoza
410:
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405:Gustavo Leigh
402:
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59:February 2013
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2161:Chicago Boys
2099:
2083:Participants
2059:Carlos Prats
1761:
1529:
1516:
1508:
1474:
1402:
1397:Raul Montero
1368:
1339:
1333:
1302:
1296:
1285:. Retrieved
1283:(in Spanish)
1278:
1268:
1249:
1239:
1230:
1209:
1200:
1192:The Guardian
1191:
1181:
1172:
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1119:The Guardian
1118:
1109:
1100:
1074:
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1006:symbolic act
999:
990:
981:
973:Memoria Viva
972:
963:
954:
945:
936:
915:
891:
851:(in Spanish)
834:
809:
805:
801:Viña del Mar
799:in 1996, in
794:
770:
742:
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735:
729:
725:
713:
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705:
690:
686:Jimmy Carter
682:
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592:
583:
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546:
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504:
500:
492:
489:
479:
461:
449:
430:
389:Chilean Navy
380:
379:
355:World War II
351:Battles/wars
346:Vice Admiral
329:Chilean Navy
245:(1996-08-30)
205:
201:Succeeded by
178:
158:Succeeded by
151:Raúl Montero
135:
128:Chilean Navy
94:
90:
83:Spanish name
65:
56:
37:
2218:1996 deaths
2213:1915 births
1807:Dusko Popov
1747:Élie Lescot
1581:El Salvador
937:Irish Times
587:"Esmeralda"
547:During the
417:Carabineros
260:Independent
189:Preceded by
146:Preceded by
51:introducing
2207:Categories
2074:Tanquetazo
2027:Background
1978:Vargas Era
1722:Ramón Grau
1528:Operation
1515:Operation
1410:1973–1990
1376:1981–1990
1347:1973–1990
1287:2022-03-16
1280:La Tercera
991:La Tercera
866:References
791:Later life
747:dark humor
498:destroyers
452:Valparaíso
403:, General
299:Allegiance
227:1915-12-14
34:references
2119:Aftermath
1606:Venezuela
1561:Argentina
1554:Histories
1475:St. Louis
808:BMS
695:over the
693:Argentina
533:Air Force
493:Almirante
478:USS
464:La Serena
409:Air Force
338:1936–1990
282:Signature
179:In office
136:In office
1876:See also
1591:Paraguay
1571:Colombia
1231:Guioteca
856:Obituary
817:See also
797:lymphoma
501:Williams
462:Born in
274:Children
81:In this
1601:Uruguay
1566:Bolivia
1530:Pelikan
1517:Bolivar
751:Spanish
618:Limache
527:of the
523:, both
505:Riveros
480:Raleigh
474:memoirs
445:torture
415:of the
407:of the
399:of the
387:of the
385:admiral
126:of the
87:surname
47:improve
1953:SCADTA
1933:ODESSA
1615:People
1586:Mexico
1509:Toltén
1477:Affair
1462:Events
1309:
1256:
1210:GOV.UK
779:chief
495:-class
326:
308:
266:Spouse
95:Castro
91:Merino
36:, but
1973:U-977
1968:U-530
1097:(PDF)
912:(PDF)
888:(PDF)
858:from
311:Chile
1576:Cuba
1334:None
1307:ISBN
1254:ISBN
775:and
608:The
537:coup
531:and
529:Army
519:and
503:and
401:Army
343:Rank
240:Died
221:Born
757:).
89:is
2209::
1277:.
1229:.
1218:^
1208:.
1190:.
1171:.
1153:.
1135:.
1117:.
1099:.
1083:^
1073:.
1055:.
989:.
971:.
953:.
935:.
924:^
914:.
900:^
890:.
874:^
753::
544:.
2012:e
2005:t
1998:v
1447:e
1440:t
1433:v
1315:.
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1262:.
1194:.
1175:.
1077:.
1059:.
918:.
277:3
229:)
225:(
97:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
