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Morogues, but also shore bombardments and landings. Twenty special signals allowed for reporting the movements of ships, to be made by privateers. The signals for use under sail by day, made with a combination of 'cornets', which were swallow-tail flags, other flags, and flags from the table, included a series of battle signals. No-one studying this book could criticise the
Spanish either for a lack of useful signals for battle and general purposes, or for over elaboration of signalling technique. Although still tied to the tabular system, their arrangement was brilliantly simple compared with that of the French.
403:
91:
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a unique opportunity to expel the
British from that sea and take his fleet to Egypt. Mazarredo refused to co-operate with the French in any enterprise save the reconquest of Minorca from Britain. On 30 March the Franco-Spanish fleet sailed from Cartagena to Cadiz. In June 1799, the French and Spanish fleets under Mazarredo and Bruix, amounting to forty sail of the line, and upwards of thirty frigates and smaller vessels, formed a junction at Cartagena, and
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centre should break through the enemy centre. In the process of breaking through, the enemy's centre ships immediately astern of the break would be forced away to leeward, so disorganising the enemy rear and isolating it. Meanwhile, the enemy van would have no choice but to stand on to avoid being put between two fires, and it would thus become completely separated from the remainder of the fleet.
111:
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378:. Among the cargo captured were 80,000 muskets, numerous artillery pieces, 300 barrels of gunpowder, more than ÂŁ1,000,000 in gold and silver, equivalent to ÂŁ168,000,000 in 2023, and uniforms for more than a dozen regiments. 3,000 soldiers and sailors were also captured. Two years later he took part in the indecisive
525:
On 21 June 1799, after Bruix helped to evacuate the French from various
Italian ports, he joined Mazarredo at Cartagena. The combined Franco-Spanish fleet comprised forty-two battleships. Since the sixty British ships of the line in the Mediterranean were scattered among several squadrons, Bruix had
324:
Mazarredo did introduce a new sea-warfare idea, the use of fireships by the windward fleet, if threatened with doubling as a means of covering its retreat to windward. also showed himself an innovator in his treatment of breaking the enemy line. He proposed that, when the fleet was to windward, the
561:
in 1801. His frank bearing and firmness of character were little agreeable to the First consul, who required more flexibility in the agents employed by other powers, with greater deference to his own views and pretensions. It was imperative upon the
Spanish court to conciliate the rising power of
345:
This signal book was prepared for Franco-Spanish cooperation, as it begins with special signals for indicating
Spanish and French squadrons, divisions, frigates, the reserve corps, etc. The 400 signals for use at anchor covered not only every feature of fleet administration, as in the manner of
284:
In 1775 he took part of the
Spanish attack on Algiers. The decisions on navigation, anchorage and disembarkation of the twenty thousand men of the Spanish army were made by him. Shortly after, Mazarredo developed a tabular system for the use by the Spanish Navy. In 1778, as commander of the
328:
Exactly the same movement might be executed from leeward, though in that case the enemy's rear would be forced to give way to windward, thus exposing itself to the fire of the centre and rear ships of the attacking fleet. Mazarredo also drew up a signal book, specifically for
568:
Despite his open criticism of the naval systems at the end of his career, Mazarredo had a well-rounded record of sea time, ship command, commander-in-chief of the corps of marines, and responsible posts as aide to senior
Spanish commanders at sea. He conducted several
562:
Napoleon, and
Mazarredo soon heard of his recall. Mazarredo had greatly displeased Napoleon by his outspokenness and lack of flexibility, thus he was dismissed to soothe the angry Napoleon, and the subordination of Spanish interest to those of France was complete.
460:. But Admiral Mazarredo had already organised its defences for such an attack. The Spanish garrison and naval forces put up such a spirited resistance that the British fleet failed to produce any significant losses to the Spanish and went away two days later.
321:, this is a text book for junior officers, though it could clearly have been read with profit by all alike. In common with the French writers, Mazarredo said very little about fighting the enemy. Broadly speaking, his tone was sophisticated and undogmatic.
370:. Thanks to his proposal of a bold manoeuvre, which his colleagues considered reckless, Cordova's fleet of 31 ships of the line and 6 frigates overcame a British convoy of 63 merchant ships escorted by a ship of the line and 2 frigates in the
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930:
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fleet, which was printed in 1781. It was used in the operations against
Minorca and Gibraltar, and it does not seem unreasonable that CĂłrdova's signalling system was somewhat similar when he first joined
354:
955:
647:
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to perfect ship-handling methods and ships' signalling routines in the San
Ildefonso-class. Don José de Mazarredo is considered to be one of the best Spanish naval commanders of all time.
217:
950:
542:
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http://blogs.elconfidencial.com/alma-corazon-vida/empecemos-por-los-principios/2013-09-07/el-espanol-que-dio-la-mayor-estocada-a-la-bolsa-de-londres_25587/
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Royal Naval Biography; Or Memoirs Of The Services Of All The Flag-Officers, Superannuated Rear-Admirals, Retired Captains, Post-Captains And Commanders.
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of the dangers of a Spanish naval decline, accusing the government of bad administration. This cost him to lose his rank, being dismissed and sent to
506:. This last bit of news, which presaged a joint Franco-Spanish action in the Mediterranean, should perhaps have induced Bonaparte to remain in
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342:. Like the latter, it employed a tabular system, but much less complex. It employed tables 20 by 20, each permitting 400 signals.
445:
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In 1804 he was sent as ambassador from Spain to France having previously given up the command of the Squadron at Brest to Don
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177:
317:, printed at Madrid in 1776, dedicated to King Charles III. Despite bearing some evidence of the influence of Paul Hoste and
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383:
306:
147:
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487:
468:
448:, the admiralty requested his reinstatement. Mazarredo then took command at Cadiz where a British fleet, led by
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172:
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in order to await its issue. Bruix instructions were to co-operate with the Spanish fleet supplying beleaguered
429:
did several operations in the Mediterranean Sea, one of them was the evacuation of soldiers and civilians from
801:
Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail, the evolution of fighting tactics 1650-1815. (1990) Conway Maritime Press
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262:. After 12 years of service in the Spanish navy, he was promoted to assistant of the maritime department of
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833:. Complete With 30 Fold Out Maps - All Present. J. Johnson Publishing (1808) ASIN B002N220JC
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after an order sent by him, the chasing ships of his Spanish squadron captured the 18-gun
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His inclination toward the sea began at a young age; at 14 he enlisted himself aboard the
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17:
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38:
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A New Geographical, Historical And Commercial Grammar And Present State Of The World
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Rudimentos de Táctica Naval para Instrucción de los Officiales Subalternos de Marina
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Squadron in the Mediterranean. During those months Don Mazarredo, who had relieved
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116:
247:, he was considered to be one of the best Spanish naval commanders of the period.
267:
535:
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498:, Bonaparte learned that a Spanish squadron under Admiral Mazarredo had left
240:
836:
Chartrand, René. Gibraltar 1779–1783: The Great Siege. Osprey Publishing.
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479:
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Spanish Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): 1793-1808 (Men-at-Arms) (v. 1)
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and then to bring supplies and several thousand reinforcements to
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Mazarredo was an original theorist. The Spanish Navy entered the
565:
Mazarredo called Napoleon's plans "imperialistic and despotic".
366:
Mazarredo achieved his greatest military success as Cordova's
338:
in 1778. Mazarredo's signal book of 1781 is an improvement on
931:
Spanish military personnel of the American Revolutionary War
289:
San Juan Bautista, he completed hydrographic surveys in the
281:
and took part in a hydrographic campaign in South America.
362:
towing British prizes after the action of 9 August 1780.
374:. 55 British merchant ships were captured, including 5
881:
Potter, Belmont Elmer & Nimitz, William Chester.
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as ambassador, in order to negotiate peace after the
545:. After this short action, he proceed from Cadiz to
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Portrait of Jose de Mazarredo y Salazar (c.1785) by
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Portrait of Mazarredo by Jean François-Marie Bellier
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239:officer, cartographer, diplomat and astronomer. A
956:Military leaders of the French Revolutionary Wars
814:Nelson's Battles: The Triumph of British Seapower
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233:Jose de Mazarredo Salazar de Muñatones y Gortázar
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889:Modern Spain 1788-1898:The Story Of The Nations
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851:Osprey Publishing; illustrated edition (1998)
406:Nelson's Blockading Squadron at Cadiz 1797 by
782:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, (1955)
444:weeks later. But after the Spanish defeat in
436:Shortly after, Mazarredo had written to warn
293:, contributing to the creation of a Maritime
8:
266:. In 1772 Don José de Mazarredo went to the
474:In 1799 Mazarredo left Cadiz and sailed to
458:proceeded to blockade and bombard the city
37:
26:
951:Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
309:with a system of tactics devised by him,
413:In 1793 Mazarredo received the military
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780:The United States and World Sea Power
7:
421:Mazarredo's fleet from Cadiz joined
274:. In 1774 he was transferred to the
235:(8 March 1745 – 29 July 1812) was a
162:Capture of the Merchant Quebec fleet
311:Teniente de navĂo de la Real Armada
887:Andrew, Martin & Hume, Sharp.
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891:Kessinger Publishing, LLC (2007)
778:Potter, E. B. and J.R. Fredland.
871:Pen and Sword Publishing (2005)
207:
109:
89:
541:, commanded by Flag Lieutenant
392:Spanish bombardments of Algiers
787:Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy
1:
816:Naval Institute Press (2008)
789:Conway Maritime Press (2004)
486:Fleet, commanded by Admiral
646:Newspaper El Confidencial:
31:Jose de Mazarredo y Salazar
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883:Sea power: a naval history
384:American Revolutionary War
350:American Revolutionary War
307:American Revolutionary War
148:American Revolutionary War
905:Osprey Publishing (2005)
690:Potter & Nimitz p.136
467:A posthumous portrait of
456:, appeared on 5 July and
446:Battle of Cape St Vincent
419:French Revolutionary Wars
398:French Revolutionary Wars
173:French Revolutionary Wars
36:
18:José de Mazarredo Salazar
482:learned that the French
183:Nelson's attack on Cadiz
903:The Trafalgar Companion
867:Herold J. Christopher.
372:action of 9 August 1780
340:Chevalier du Pavillon's
158:Action of 9 August 1780
747:Hume & Andrew p.57
571:comparative sea trials
488:Étienne Eustache Bruix
478:. Among the news that
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469:Étienne Eustache Bruix
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380:Battle of Cape Spartel
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166:Battle of Cape Spartel
901:Stilwell, Alexander.
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188:Action of 7 July 1799
123:Years of service
549:without opposition.
382:. At the end of the
408:Thomas Buttersworth
313:, and expounded in
270:aboard the Frigate
178:Evacuation of Roses
946:People from Bilbao
869:Bonaparte in Egypt
799:Turnstall, Brian.
653:2013-09-09 at the
543:Frederick Maitland
490:, had entered the
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336:comte d'Orvilliers
319:SĂ©bastien Morogues
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847:Chartrand, René.
842:978-1-84176-977-6
812:Tracy, Nicholas.
415:Order of Santiago
360:ships of the line
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528:on 7 July 1799
454:Horatio Nelson
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553:Later years
502:and was at
494:and was at
450:Lord Jervis
268:Philippines
53:El BilbaĂno
49:Nickname(s)
920:Categories
773:References
589:Tracy p.85
536:Royal Navy
520:Alexandria
251:Early life
85:Allegiance
504:Cartagena
476:Cartegena
423:Lángara's
331:CĂłrdova's
264:Cartagena
241:professor
204:Signature
126:1771–1805
651:Archived
539:Penelope
484:Atlantic
480:Napoleon
452:and Sir
358:Spanish
103:Service/
534:of the
427:Lángara
388:Algiers
301:Tactics
279:RosalĂa
276:frigate
260:Andaluz
135:Admiral
80:, Spain
67:, Spain
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442:Ferrol
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78:Madrid
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547:Brest
516:Corfu
512:Malta
508:Egypt
500:Cadiz
438:Godoy
431:Roses
295:Atlas
272:Venus
257:sloop
97:Spain
907:ISBN
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514:and
131:Rank
72:Died
59:Born
243:of
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