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sentenced to 80 years in prison. Rios Montt's conviction was overturned by
Constitutional court due to lobbying by the country's business elite, issuing a retrial that was delayed when a judge recused herself. Eventually in 2017, the retrial began but since Rios Montt was diagnosed with dementia, the trial was closed to the public, and Rios Montt was not required to be there. He died in his home while the trial was ongoing, in April 2018.
291:
2106:
472:, a Christian theology text written in the Kʼicheʼ native language and adapting K'iche' concepts to Catholicism. The text was meant to be a tool for converting the Kʼicheʼ and other Mesoamerican groups to Christianity. To accomplish this, the Dominicans attempted to change the meaning of some native words to better reflect their Catholic concepts. They also used similar word, sentence, and rhythmic structure to the
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66:
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711:, Menchú protested the government's counterinsurgency programs with her family, claiming that they were the result of cultural and socioeconomic tensions. After her father, mother, and brother were murdered by the Guatemalan government for their involvement in these protests, Menchú fled to Mexico. While in exile, she published her autobiography, which highlighted the
488:, carried out a massive campaign to quell both the rebellions largely organized by the Mayan people and the spread of liberation ideas inspired by the Catholic church. Because the K'iche' are the largest Maya group within Guatemala, they became a major target of the counterinsurgency programs, which became known as the
765:("Pop wuj" in proper Kʼiche – "the book of events") and originally written around the 1550s, contains a compilation of mythological and ethno-historical narratives known to these people at that time. These were drawn from earlier pre-Columbian sources (now lost) and also oral traditions. This sacred narrative includes their
548:
drainage, the Río Negro, and Río Agua
Caliente until they crossed into the San Andres Basin, where they began early Kʼicheʼ settlements. These warlords were in small groups that were very mobile and consisted mostly of men. They began to intermingle with the local Kʼicheʼ populations soon after their
522:
Up until 2012, Rios Montt served in
Congress, which granted him immunity from prosecution. In 2013, Rios Montt and his armed forces were charged with the massacres of 15 villages in the K'iche' area. Rios Montt declared innocence throughout the trial, and was convicted for crimes against humanity and
788:
and people of Mayan descent. This sacred text has been used in religious and spiritual ceremonies, university studies, political movements and protests, and historical research into the lives of the Mayans and, more specifically, the Kʼicheʼ people. In 1971 it was declared the official book of
737:
from K'iche' into modern
Spanish while bringing back the original poetry element. Sam was born a native K'iche' speaker and also learned Spanish. He attended Rafael Landivar University in Guatemala, graduating with a degree in law. He later achieved his master's degree in linguistics from the
422:. It was the political, ceremonial and social center of the Kʼicheʼ people. The city covered an estimated area of 3.25 km across the Resguardo plateau. There is also evidence for a large degree of cultural exchange between the Kʼicheʼ and the people of Central Mexico. Linguists have found
461:
One of the main missions of the
Spanish clergy during the conquest was to convert the Mesoamerican people to Catholic Christianity. Though they never fully converted the people, they did affect their language. The Kʼicheʼ people were one of the first groups studied by the Catholic missionary
504:
Because of the disproportionate targeting of native peoples, the K'iche' people who inhabit
Southern Quiché continue to be affected by the government's counterinsurgency programs. However, scholars have pointed out the differences between Western ideas of trauma and the Latin American
509:
has emphasized the need for mental health solutions that highlight community development and human rights. Previous efforts to provide relief have included encouraging natives to provide testimonies on Ríos Montt's actions, reburying family members who were previously thrown in
718:
In 1996, Rigoberta Menchu became a UN Ambassador for the world's
Indigenous peoples and helped promote the first International Decade of the World's Indigenous People. Since then, she has run for President of Guatemala in both 2007 and 2011 as a member of the left-leaning
450:) where the Kʼicheʼ armies were defeated and close to 10,000 Kʼicheʼ died, including Tecún Umán. Tecún has since been an important legendary figure in the Kʼicheʼ oral tradition. After the battle, the Kʼicheʼ surrendered and invited Alvarado to their capital,
672:
was the last of the K'iche' rulers. His death on
February 20, 1524 is memorialized each year by the Guatemalan people. This is done, in part, through the Dance of the Conquest, which tells the story of the natives' conversion to Christianity following the
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by many of the native people. The tactics of the
Guatemalan army to fight the insurgency ranged from desecrating sacred symbols and burning crops to raping Mayan women, mutilating and displaying Mayan bodies, and coercing Mayan men into
1980:
301:
According to the 2011 census, Kʼicheʼ people constituted 11% of the
Guatemalan population, accounting for 1,610,013 people out of a total of 14,636,487. The large majority of Kʼicheʼ people live in the
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Most Kʼicheʼ speak their native language and have at least a working knowledge of Spanish. Exceptions are in some remote and isolated rural communities, where the people speak only Kʼicheʼ.
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influences in the Kʼicheʼ language. Up until the 16th century before conquest K'iche were a literate civilization, creating hieroglyphs and pictographs which helped preserve their culture.
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has been used by people of Mayan descent in present-day Guatemala to defend their traditional lands and political rights in order to preserve their Indigenous culture. To this day, the
660:
2546:
2444:
769:, relating how the world and humans were created by the gods, the story of the divine brothers, and the history of the Kʼicheʼ from their migration into their homeland up to the
367:
The history of the Kʼicheʼ people can be divided into two main historical periods, pre-conquest and post-conquest. Conquest occurred in 1524 with the arrival of the conquistador
1973:
2134:
1674:
1769:
Quiroa, Nestor (August 2013). "Missionary Exegesis of the Popol Vuh: Maya-Kʼicheʼ Cultural and Religious Continuity in Colonial and Contemporary Highland Guatemala".
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1966:
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University of Iowa. Additionally, he holds a doctorate in English from the State University of New York with a dissertation on Mayan poetry. For his work on the
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forms the heartland of the Kʼicheʼ people. In pre-Columbian times, the Kʼicheʼ settlements and influence reached beyond the highlands, including the valley of
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in 1992. As a young woman, Menchu began advocating for the women's rights movement through the Catholic Church in Guatemala. She later joined the
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or an eagle in K'iche' stories. Other scholars claim that, instead, Tecun Uman's legacy is the result of a romanticized version of a historical figure.
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continues to be analyzed and studied to better understand the spiritual beliefs and practices of the Maya, and how these have shaped present-day cultures.
1065:"The Theologia Indorum: A Critical Translation of Friar Domingo de Vico's Theology for and of the Maya — Institut für Archäologie und Kulturanthropologie"
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2539:
2973:
1036:
Romero, Sergio (24 August 2015). "Language, Catechisms, and Mesoamerican Lords in Highland Guatemala: Addressing "God" after the Spanish Conquest".
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One of the most significant surviving Mesoamerican literary documents and primary sources of knowledge about Maya societal traditions, beliefs and
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454:. However, Alvarado suspected an ambush and had the city burned. The ruins of the city can still be seen, just a short distance from
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Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya: The Great Classic of Central American Spirituality, Translated from the Original Maya Text
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2423:
3018:
1829:
1254:"Local Narratives of Distress and Resilience: Lessons in Psychosocial Well-Being among the K'iche' Maya in Postwar Guatemala"
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31:
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1989:
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arrival. A chronological list of the rulers can be made by using generation lengths from the first ruler and so on.
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Some scholars doubt the existence of Tecun Uman as a historical figure, citing stories of the leader flying as a
101:
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The origin of the elite Kʼicheʼ rulers is debated but scholars widely believe that the warlords traveled to the
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1942:
455:
1897:. Ancient peoples and places series (6th edition, fully revised and expanded ed.). London and New York:
707:(CUC) along with her father to advocate for better labor conditions for farmers. During the rule of General
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1130:"Post-war Guatemala: long-term effects of psychological and ideological militarization of the K'iche Mayans"
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Central America; Describing Each of the States of Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica
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Luis Enrique Sam Colop is a K'iche'an writer who is most known for his accomplishment in translating the
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with the Classic collapse (c.300 – c.950 AD). Kʼicheʼ lay in a highland mountain valley of present-day
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742:, he received a grant from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for advanced professionals.
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681:, detail his immense wealth, stating that he wore quetzal feathers, rare gems, and abundant jewelry.
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1574:"Rigoberta Menchu Túm | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
1958:
544:, which is believed to have taken place around AD 1200. The elite warlords followed the
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in AD 1225. They began their migration after the collapse of the Yucatàn Maya center of
290:
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2266:
2251:
1890:
1857:
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514:, and training community volunteers to accompany affected people and provide support.
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2781:
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2668:
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2196:
1798:
1474:"Tecum, the Fallen Sun: Mesoamerican Cosmogony and the Spanish Conquest of Guatemala"
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442:, led the Kʼicheʼ armies against the combined forces of Alvarado and his allies, the
157:
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2013:
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1824:
Quichéan Civilization: The Ethnohistoric, Ethnographic and Archaeological sources
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A statue of Tecun Uman in the central plaza of Santa Cruz del Quiche, Guatemala
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2862:
2715:
2658:
2241:
1473:
1177:"Cacophony of Voices: A K'iche' Mayan Narrative of Remembrance and Forgetting"
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is a product of the 16th-century Kʼicheʼ people. This document, known as the
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961:, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 51–56,
780:, from its creation to present day, has developed as an important symbol of
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318:, which is 25.9% Kʼicheʼ and has a total Kʼicheʼ population of 205,228; and
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71:
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1859:
The Quiché Mayas of Utatlán: The Evolution of a Highland Guatemala Kingdom
1847:
1614:
1550:"Meet Nobel Peace laureate Rigoberta Menchú Tum, Nobel Women's Initiative"
1300:"Efraín Ríos Montt, Guatemalan Dictator Convicted of Genocide, Dies at 91"
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2841:
2725:
2690:
2477:
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1947:
1417:
Utatlán : The constituted community of the Kʼicheʼ Maya of Qʼumarkaj
484:
In the early 1980s, the government of Guatemala, under the leadership of
1931:
1630:
1598:
418:
The major city of the Kʼicheʼ in the western highlands of Guatemala was
322:, which is 35.3% Kʼicheʼ and has a total Kʼicheʼ population of 151,992.
314:, which is 95.9% Kʼicheʼ and has a total Kʼicheʼ population of 453,237;
310:, which is 65.1% Kʼicheʼ and has a total Kʼicheʼ population of 622,163;
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1675:"A nueve años de la partida del académico maya Luis Enrique Sam Colop"
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and the violence committed against her family and the K'iche' people.
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Conclusiones y recomendaciones : Guatemala memoria del silencio
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2008:
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415:; during this time they were also found in parts of El Salvador.
1392:"Efrain Rios Montt | Biography, Trial, & Facts | Britannica"
1222:(Guatemala), Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico (2004).
2528:
2123:
1962:
1863:. Civilization of the American Indian series, no. 155. Norman:
1357:"Guatemalan Court Overturns Genocide Conviction of Ex-Dictator"
407:
was an independent state that existed after the decline of the
234:, and reached the peak of their power and influence during the
264:"Place of the Many Trees (People)", is the origin of the word
934:"FAMSI – John Pohl's Mesoamerica – Chronology of Mesoamerica"
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1029:
501:, Mayans in Southern K'iche' were 98.4% of total victims.
1258:
The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology
908:"The Maya: Conquest of the Kʼiche by Pedro de Alvarado"
259:
1696:"Welcome to John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation"
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is an Indigenous rights activist who was awarded the
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1996:
723:party but lost both elections by a large majority.
403:was one of the most powerful states in the region.
282:in 1992, is perhaps the best-known Kʼicheʼ person.
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1943:Allen J. Christenson's Kʼicheʼ--English Dictionary
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1821:
446:. The battle took place in the valley of Xelajú (
278:, an activist for Indigenous rights who won the
434:The Kʼicheʼ were conquered by the conquistador
399:In pre-Conquest times, the Kʼicheʼ Kingdom of
378:Location of the Kʼiche population in Guatemala
30:"Kʼicheʼ" redirects here. For other uses, see
2540:
2135:
1974:
833:. Instituto Nacional de Estadistica Guatemala
254:in the Kʼicheʼ language is "many trees". The
200:
8:
1009:Daily Life in Maya Civilization, 2nd Edition
886:National Institute of Statistics (Guatemala)
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
668:Declared Guatemala's national hero in 1960,
40:
1948:A reversal, the English--Kʼicheʼ Dictionary
985:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 4.
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1981:
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476:to create similarities between the texts.
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1724:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
1700:John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
1419:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
858:. London: Trelawney Saunders. p. 83.
659:
551:
438:in 1524. Their last military commander,
371:, who conducted war against this people.
1650:"Luis Enrique Sam Colop y el Popol Wuj"
806:
1748:. University of Oklahoma Press. 2003.
1745:Popol Vuh: The Sacred Book of the Maya
1644:
1642:
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1990:Ancestry and ethnicity in El Salvador
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226:. The highland Kʼicheʼ states in the
27:Ethnic group, one of the Maya peoples
7:
505:understanding. The Guatemalan
497:. According to the Guatemalan
58:Regions with significant populations
2393:Descendants of Europeans (white or
507:Historical Clarification Commission
499:Historical Clarification Commission
1175:Foxen, Patricia (September 2000).
1128:Esparza, Marcia (September 2005).
959:The Postclassic Mesoamerican World
677:. K'iche' documents, such as the
294:Market day in the Kʼicheʼ town of
208:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
25:
3009:Indigenous peoples in El Salvador
53:(11.28% of Guatemalan population)
2661:
2151:
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1472:Mazariegos, O. C. (2013-10-01).
1355:Malkin, Elisabeth (2013-05-21).
1270:10.1111/j.1935-4940.2010.01063.x
1006:Sharer, Robert J. (2009-05-14).
957:Braswell, Geoffrey (2003), "5",
306:, notably in the departments of
230:are associated with the ancient
64:
2974:Indigenous peoples in Guatemala
1955:- article at Nobel Peace Center
1096:Encyclopedia of race and racism
343:closely related to Kʼicheʼ are
1830:University of California Press
1298:Kinzer, Stephen (2018-04-01).
1252:Foxen, Patricia (2010-04-16).
466:. The Franciscans established
1:
1336:International Justice Monitor
981:Christenson, Allen J (2007).
462:religious order known as the
390:Spanish conquest of Guatemala
239:
198:; previous Spanish spelling:
2556:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
1865:University of Oklahoma Press
1828:. Berkeley and Los Angeles:
1597:Enriquez, Alejandro (2011).
1519:"The Nobel Peace Prize 1992"
1134:Journal of Genocide Research
384:Kʼicheʼ kingdom of Qʼumarkaj
1855:Carmack, Robert M. (1981).
1415:Babcock, Thomas F. (2012).
1099:. Macmillan Reference USA.
705:Committee for Peasant Unity
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1677:(in Spanish). 15 July 2020
1193:10.1177/136346150003700305
1093:Mason, Patrick L. (2013).
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274:is also named after them.
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3014:Maya peoples of Guatemala
2984:Quetzaltenango Department
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1932:Kʼicheʼ – an introduction
1146:10.1080/14623520500190330
1063:Frauke Sachse, Erstellt.
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135:
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2999:Suchitepéquez Department
2563:More than 100,000 people
2179:Guatemalan native groups
2170:Ancestral background of
1720:"Luis Enrique Sam Colop"
1656:(in Spanish). 2020-10-08
1554:Nobel Women's Initiative
1490:10.1215/00141801-2313876
1181:Transcultural Psychiatry
1050:10.1215/00141801-2890273
248:The meaning of the word
236:Mayan Postclassic period
32:Kʼicheʼ (disambiguation)
2979:Baja Verapaz Department
2679:20,000 – 100,000 people
828:"Resultados Censo 2018"
260:
250:
3004:Totonicapán Department
2851:Less than 1,000 people
2158:Ancestry and ethnicity
2111:El Salvador portal
1228:. F & G Editores.
906:Minster, Christopher.
727:Luis Enrique Sam Colop
665:
379:
304:highlands of Guatemala
298:
201:
3019:Mesoamerican cultures
2765:1,000 – 20,000 people
2438:Descendants of Asians
1615:10.1353/tam.2011.0122
1599:"Review of Popol Wuj"
1448:www.britishmuseum.org
1071:(in German). Uni Bonn
784:for both present-day
663:
495:Civil Defense Patrols
456:Santa Cruz del Quiché
377:
332:and coastal areas in
293:
224:Mayan language family
220:Mesoamerican language
164:Related ethnic groups
1953:Rigoberta Menchú Tum
1771:History of Religions
852:Baily, John (1850).
713:Guatemalan Civil War
697:Rigoberta Menchú Tum
692:Rigoberta Menchú Tum
538:Guatemalan highlands
518:Twenty-first Century
276:Rigoberta Menchú Tum
2172:Guatemalan citizens
1899:Thames & Hudson
1069:www.iae.uni-bonn.de
554:
490:Guatemalan genocide
210:and are one of the
42:
2372:Guatemalan mestizo
2306:Former and extinct
1818:Carmack, Robert M.
1396:www.britannica.com
1361:The New York Times
1304:The New York Times
782:Indigenous culture
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195:[kʼiˈtʃeʔ]
2994:Sololá Department
2989:Quiché Department
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2117:
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1106:978-1-78539-809-4
968:978-1-60781-024-7
879:"Caracterización"
709:Efrain Rios Montt
701:Nobel Peace Prize
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652:
486:Efraín Ríos Montt
480:Twentieth century
469:Theologia Indorum
436:Pedro de Alvarado
409:Maya Civilization
369:Pedro de Alvarado
280:Nobel Peace Prize
272:Quiché Department
232:Maya civilization
228:pre-Columbian era
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18:K'iche'
16:(Redirected from
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1090:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1033:
1024:
1023:
1003:
997:
996:
978:
972:
971:
954:
948:
947:
945:
944:
929:
923:
922:
920:
918:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
883:
875:
860:
859:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
832:
824:
771:Spanish conquest
675:Spanish Conquest
555:
296:Chichicastenango
263:
253:
244:
241:
216:Kʼicheʼ language
214:. The eponymous
204:
197:
70:
68:
67:
46:Total population
43:
41:Kʼicheʼ (Quiché)
21:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3028:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2846:
2760:
2674:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2558:
2553:
2523:
2518:
2492:
2464:
2433:
2388:
2367:
2301:
2180:
2174:
2164:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2030:
1992:
1987:
1928:
1923:
1909:
1891:Coe, Michael D.
1889:
1875:
1854:
1840:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1547:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1516:
1505:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1251:
1250:
1241:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1107:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1074:
1072:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1005:
1004:
1000:
993:
980:
979:
975:
969:
956:
955:
951:
942:
940:
931:
930:
926:
916:
914:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
881:
877:
876:
863:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:
808:
803:
789:Guatemala. The
753:
748:
729:
694:
658:
553:Kʼicheʼ rulers
534:
529:
527:Notable figures
520:
482:
432:
397:
392:
386:
365:
288:
242:
65:
63:
52:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2953:Western Apache
2950:
2948:Tohono Oʼodham
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2529:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Lakandon Chʼol
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2035:Non-Indigenous
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:Kʼicheʼ people
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1927:
1926:External links
1924:
1922:
1921:
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1609:(2): 287–289.
1589:
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1484:(4): 693–719.
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150:Roman Catholic
146:
145:
141:
140:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
118:
117:
114:
108:
107:
104:
102:Quetzaltenango
98:
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2275:
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2268:
2265:
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2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
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2240:
2238:
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2198:
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2033:
2027:
2024:
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2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1934:– article at
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1930:
1929:
1925:
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1914:
1910:
1908:0-500-28066-5
1904:
1900:
1896:
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569:Bʼalam Kitze
568:
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531:
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487:
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430:Post-Conquest
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158:Maya religion
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122:Suchitepéquez
119:
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83:
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73:
61:
56:
49:
44:
33:
19:
2923:Motozintleco
2892:
2696:Chontal Maya
2343:Manche Chʼol
2236:
2018:
1935:
1894:
1858:
1823:
1810:Bibliography
1774:
1770:
1764:
1744:
1738:
1727:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1703:. Retrieved
1699:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1669:
1658:. Retrieved
1653:
1606:
1603:The Americas
1602:
1592:
1581:. Retrieved
1577:
1568:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1481:
1478:Ethnohistory
1477:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1416:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:
1372:. Retrieved
1360:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1332:"Background"
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1303:
1264:(1): 66–89.
1261:
1257:
1224:
1217:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1095:
1073:. Retrieved
1068:
1058:
1041:
1038:Ethnohistory
1037:
1012:. ABC-CLIO.
1008:
1001:
982:
976:
958:
952:
941:. Retrieved
937:
927:
915:. Retrieved
911:
901:
889:. Retrieved
854:
847:
835:. Retrieved
794:
790:
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775:
760:
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739:
732:
730:
717:
695:
683:
679:Título Xucul
678:
667:
542:Chichén Itzá
535:
521:
503:
483:
473:
467:
460:
433:
417:
404:
398:
395:Pre-Conquest
366:
338:
324:
300:
265:
247:
212:Maya peoples
199:
192:(pronounced
189:
188:
37:Ethnic group
2514:Salvadorans
2313:Acala Chʼol
2277:Sipakapense
2185:and others)
2051:Palestinian
1937:Citizendium
786:Guatemalans
625:Quqʼkumatz
512:mass graves
312:Totonicapán
245:–1539 AD).
154:Evangelical
92:Totonicapán
2968:Categories
2863:Chiricahua
2827:Qʼanjobʼal
2807:Mexicanero
2272:Sakapultek
2262:Qʼanjobʼal
1997:Indigenous
1729:2023-03-21
1705:2023-03-15
1681:2023-03-21
1660:2023-03-21
1583:2021-11-20
1559:2021-11-20
1528:2021-11-20
1453:2021-11-06
1401:2023-03-19
1374:2023-07-11
1341:2023-03-19
1317:2023-03-19
1075:20 October
943:2017-10-06
917:27 October
891:17 October
801:References
746:Literature
670:Tecun Uman
656:Tecun Uman
585:E Tzʼikim
558:Dates (AD)
464:Dominicans
440:Tecun Uman
388:See also:
349:Sakapultek
243: 950
182:Sakapultek
2918:Mezcalero
2888:Kaqchikel
2878:Ixcatecos
2822:Pima Bajo
2736:Tojolabal
2620:Purépecha
2570:Chinantec
2504:Americans
2353:Tojolabal
2323:Chinamita
2318:Alaguilac
2287:Tzʼutujil
2257:Poqomchiʼ
2232:Kaqchikel
2162:Guatemala
2004:Cacaopera
1799:161180696
1777:: 66–97.
1623:0003-1615
1498:0014-1801
1369:0362-4331
1312:0362-4331
1278:1935-4932
1234:948236977
1209:145721316
1201:1363-4615
1154:1462-3528
1115:953519130
912:ThoughtCo
795:Popol Vuh
791:Popol Vuh
778:Popol Vuh
762:Popol Vuh
757:mythology
751:Popol Vuh
740:Popol Vuh
734:Popol Vuh
649:Oxib Kej
646:1500–1524
638:1475–1500
633:Kʼiqʼabʼ
630:1425–1475
622:1400–1425
614:1375–1400
609:Kʼonache
606:1350–1375
601:Kʼokaibʼ
598:1325–1350
590:1300–1325
582:1275–1300
577:Kʼokʼoja
574:1250–1275
566:1225–1250
474:Popol Vuh
452:Qʼumarkaj
444:Kaqchikel
420:Qʼumarkaj
413:Guatemala
401:Qʼumarkaj
353:Kaqchikel
334:Escuintla
326:El Quiché
308:El Quiché
267:Guatemala
170:Kaqchikel
139:, Spanish
131:Languages
76:1,680,551
72:Guatemala
51:1,680,551
2858:Awakatek
2832:Qʼeqchiʼ
2812:Ocuiltec
2802:Lacandon
2797:Jakaltek
2792:Guarijio
2746:Wixarika
2731:Tepehuán
2726:Popoluca
2706:Cuicatec
2630:Tlapanec
2625:Rarámuri
2509:Mexicans
2497:Americas
2478:Garifuna
2455:Lebanese
2358:Toquegua
2292:Uspantek
2282:Tektitek
2267:Qʼeqchiʼ
2227:Jakaltek
2212:Chʼortiʼ
2202:Awakatek
1917:59432778
1895:The Maya
1893:(1999).
1820:(1973).
1631:41239183
1162:71265209
617:Kʼotuja
357:Tzutujil
345:Uspantek
190:Kʼicheʼ
178:Uspantek
174:Tzutujil
144:Religion
3024:K'iche'
2893:Kʼicheʼ
2868:Cochimí
2842:Tepehua
2837:Tacuate
2691:Chatino
2650:Zapotec
2645:Tzotzil
2640:Tzeltal
2635:Totonac
2595:Mazatec
2590:Mazahua
2580:Huastec
2483:Mulatto
2424:Spanish
2419:Russian
2414:Italian
2395:Criollo
2379:Mestizo
2328:Kejache
2252:Poqomam
2237:Kʼicheʼ
2088:Spanish
2084:Italian
2067:Mexican
2062:Mestizo
2042:African
1883:6555814
932:famsi.
686:quetzal
424:Nahuatl
405:Kʼiche'
363:History
330:Antigua
256:Nahuatl
251:Kʼicheʼ
222:in the
137:Kʼicheʼ
126:143,396
116:180,488
106:227,663
96:405,765
86:570,985
2933:Paipai
2908:Kumiai
2903:Kiliwa
2898:Kikapú
2873:Cucapá
2782:Chocho
2772:Akatek
2741:Triqui
2686:Amuzgo
2605:Mixtec
2460:Romani
2450:Korean
2445:Jewish
2409:German
2404:French
2384:Ladino
2363:Yalain
2197:Akatek
2080:German
2076:French
2057:Jewish
1915:
1905:
1881:
1871:
1848:649816
1846:
1836:
1797:
1791:671250
1789:
1752:
1654:gAZeta
1629:
1621:
1496:
1423:
1367:
1310:
1276:
1232:
1207:
1199:
1160:
1152:
1113:
1103:
1016:
989:
965:
593:Ajkan
320:Sololá
286:People
206:) are
202:Quiché
112:Sololá
82:Quiché
69:
2928:Opata
2913:Lipán
2756:Zoque
2751:Yaqui
2711:Huave
2615:Otomi
2610:Nahua
2575:Chʼol
2488:Zambo
2429:Swiss
2348:Pipil
2333:Kowoj
2297:Xinca
2247:Mopan
2092:Swiss
2072:White
2026:Pipil
2009:Lenca
1795:S2CID
1787:JSTOR
1627:JSTOR
1205:S2CID
1158:S2CID
882:(PDF)
837:9 May
831:(PDF)
776:′The
721:Winaq
561:Name
218:is a
2943:Teko
2938:Seri
2883:Ixil
2817:Pame
2787:Chuj
2721:Mayo
2701:Cora
2600:Mixe
2585:Maya
2222:Ixil
2217:Itza
2207:Chuj
2192:Achi
2183:Maya
2047:Arab
2014:Maya
1913:OCLC
1903:ISBN
1879:OCLC
1869:ISBN
1844:OCLC
1834:ISBN
1750:ISBN
1619:ISSN
1494:ISSN
1421:ISBN
1365:ISSN
1308:ISSN
1274:ISSN
1230:OCLC
1197:ISSN
1150:ISSN
1111:OCLC
1101:ISBN
1077:2017
1014:ISBN
987:ISBN
963:ISBN
919:2017
893:2017
839:2020
355:and
2716:Mam
2242:Mam
2160:in
1779:doi
1611:doi
1486:doi
1266:doi
1189:doi
1142:doi
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