808:, on 10 October, a morning outpost skirmish precipitated by an over-zealous Foreign Legion officer, Captain Cuvellier, escalated into a full-scale afternoon battle in which Donnier's bridgehead at Tray Dam was violently attacked by the Chinese. The French eventually drove off the Chinese attacks, though their rifle fire was less effective than usual. Much of the French ammunition, stored carelessly during the heat and humidity of the Vietnamese summer, had become too damp to fire, and one French unit suffered a misfire rate of 50%. Fortunately for the French, the Chinese never got close enough to take advantage of their vulnerability. On the night of 10 October Donnier ordered trenches to be dug to cover the approaches to Tray Dam. The Chinese resumed the battle on the morning of 11 October, massing their forces for an attack on Donnier's right wing. The attack had no chance of success. The French and Algerians, sheltered in their trenches, had dried out their powder in the hot morning sun. Concentrated, aimed French volleys inflicted heavy casualties on the dense Chinese attack columns and eventually put them to flight. After the failure of this attack, the Chinese broke off the battle. Donnier was content to hold his positions until de Négrier joined him with the Kép column, on 13 October. French casualties at Chu were 21 killed and 92 wounded.
340:
329:
801:, on 8 October, de Négrier defeated the Guangxi Army's main body in a bloody engagement. The battle was marked by bitter close-quarter fighting between French and Chinese troops, and de Négrier's soldiers suffered heavy casualties storming the fortified village of Kép. The exasperated victors shot or bayoneted scores of wounded Chinese soldiers after the battle, and reports of French atrocities at Kép shocked public opinion in Europe. In fact, prisoners were rarely taken by either side during the Sino-French War, and the French were equally shocked by the Chinese habit of paying a bounty for severed French heads. French casualties at Kép were 32 killed and 61 wounded. The French estimated Chinese casualties at 1,600 killed (including the entire Chinese garrison of Kép) and around 2,000 wounded.
296:
794:, and disembarked opposite the Chinese fort at Chu to seize the villages of Lam and Tray Dam. The Chinese immediately closed with the French, who deployed into an L-shaped line around Lam and fought desperately to hold their precarious bridgehead. At the crisis of the battle the Chinese broke through the French centre, sweeping away Bataille's Tonkinese riflemen and part of Beynet's Legion company, but the timely arrival of French reinforcements enabled Donnier to repair the hole in his line, counterattack, and throw back the Chinese. French casualties at Lam were 12 killed and 27 wounded. The Chinese left more than 100 corpses on the battlefield, and the French estimated their total losses at between 300 and 400 men.
687:, on 2 October. Although French casualties during this ambush were relatively high (1 officer killed and 32 men wounded), the attack deprived the Chinese of strategic surprise. Subsequent French reconnaissances identified three main Chinese concentrations. The Chinese right wing was deployed around the village of Kép on the Mandarin Road, the Chinese centre was at Bao Loc, and the Chinese left wing was at Chu, in the upper valley of the Luc Nam River. Brière de l'Isle responded immediately, despatching General de Négrier to the Luc Nam valley with nearly 3,000 French soldiers aboard several vessels of the
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the Kép column and began to scout the
Guangxi Army's defences around Chu in preparation for an assault by the united French forces. The attack was never made. The Chinese, discouraged by the heavy losses they had suffered on 10 and 11 October and by the rout of their comrades at Kép on 8 October, abandoned the entrenched camp of Chu on 19 October and fell back to Bắc Lệ and Dong Song, to protect the approaches to Lạng Sơn.
746:
the
Chinese had built a large entrenched camp, and de Mibielle's column observed the movements of the Chinese centre, de Négrier would attack and defeat the Chinese right wing at Kép with the bulk of his forces. A victory at Kép would allow him to join Donnier before Chu with the other two columns, and this concentration would force the Chinese left wing either to fight for Chu or to retreat.
127:
25:
750:
October de
Mibielle's column joined Donnier in front of Chu. On 10 October de Négrier's column left Kép and marched back to Phu Lang Thuong, where a flotilla of gunboats was waiting to ferry the men up the Luc Nam river to join Donnier and de Mibielle in front of Chu, to complete the French concentration for the final stage of the campaign.
675:, the senior of his two brigade commanders. Brière de l'Isle's first task was to beat off a major Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta. In late September 1884 large detachments of the Guangxi Army advanced from Langson and probed into the Luc Nam valley, announcing their presence by ambushing two French gunboats of the
700:
749:
In essence, the French plan succeeded. However, not everything went according to plan. Donnier successfully established a bridgehead at Lam on 6 October, close to the
Guangxi Army's defences at Chu, and on 8 October de Négrier inflicted a bloody defeat on the Guangxi Army's right wing at Kép. On 9
753:
All
Donnier had to do at this point was to wait patiently until de Négrier's arrival. On 10 October, however, his column was drawn into a costly and premature two-day battle at Chu with the Guangxi Army's left wing. In the event, Donnier won his battle, and on 13 October de Négrier joined him with
745:
De Négrier planned to use the mobility conferred by the French gunboats to manoeuvre troops rapidly from one point to another, enabling him to concentrate in turn against the separated wings of the
Guangxi Army. While Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier's column fixed the Chinese left wing before Chu, where
816:
In the wake of these French victories the
Chinese fell back to Bắc Lệ and Dong Song, while de Négrier established important forward positions at Kép and Chu, which threatened the Guangxi Army's base at Lạng Sơn. In January 1885 the French concentrated 7,200 soldiers and 4,500 coolies at Chu, in
724:
de
Mibielle's 3rd Battalion, 3rd Algerian Rifle Regiment (Lieutenant Martineau and Captains Chirouze, Polère and Valet) and Jourdy's battery. The third and largest column, under de Négrier's direct command, consisted of all four companies of the 111th Line Battalion (Captains Planté, Venturini,
238:
640:(February 1884) and completed the French conquest of the Red River Delta by capturing Hưng Hóa (March 1884), Thái Nguyên (May 1884) and Tuyên Quang (June 1884). Hopes of an early peace with China were shattered on 23 June 1884, however, by the
1408:
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Mailhat and Verdun), three companies of the 23rd Line
Battalion (Captains Gignoux, Gayon and Pécoul), the remaining two companies of the 143rd Line Battalion (Captains Barbier and Dautelle) and Roussel and de Saxcé's artillery batteries.
644:, in which a French column advancing to occupy Lạng Sơn was attacked near Bắc Lệ by a detachment of the Guangxi Army. On 23 August 1884, following the breakdown of negotiations to resolve the crisis between France and China, Admiral
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737:. The army's left wing, at Chu, was under the command of Su Yuanchun (蘇元春) and Chen Jia (陳嘉). The Chinese right wing, at Kép, was under the command of Fang Yusheng (方友升) and Zhou Shouchang (周壽昌).
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Diguet's 2nd
Foreign Legion Battalion (Captains Beynet and Bolgert), 50 Tonkinese riflemen (2nd Lieutenant Bataille) and a section of de Saxcé's artillery battery. The second column consisted of
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The Guangxi Army was under the command of generals Wang Debang and Pan Dingxin, both of whom had contributed to the defeat of Lieutenant-Colonel Dugenne's column in June 1884 in the
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716:. The first column, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier, included two companies of the 143rd Line Battalion (Captains Cuvellier and Fraissynaud), two companies of
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ordered the commanders of the Guangxi and Yunnan armies to advance into Tonkin, defeat the outnumbered French forces there, recapture Bắc Ninh and occupy Hanoi.
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preparation for a major campaign to take Lạng Sơn. The Kép campaign was an essential preliminary to the February 1885
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774:, on 6 October, Donnier's column was ferried rapidly up the Luc Nam river on a string of junks towed by the gunboats
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691:. De Négrier's mission was to attack and defeat the Chinese detachments before they could concentrate.
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604:(2 to 15 October 1884) was an important campaign in northern Vietnam during the opening months of the
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608:(August 1884–April 1885). A force of just under 3,000 French troops under the command of General
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captured Lạng Sơn and drove the Guangxi Army out of Tonkin and back across the Chinese border.
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defeated a major Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta launched by Pan Dingxin's
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De Négrier's command included units from both the 1st and 2nd Brigades of the
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General Millot, whose health was failing, resigned as general-in-chief of the
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660:(August 1884 to April 1885). To avenge the defeat at Fuzhou,
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in early September 1884 and was replaced by General
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16:1884 campaign in the Sino-French War in Vietnam
616:in successive engagements at Lâm (6 October),
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703:General François Oscar de Négrier (1842–1913)
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153:introducing citations to additional sources
987:Histoire militaire de l'Indochine française
973:Lang-Son: combats, retraite et négociations
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
143:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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45:Please improve this article by adding
1068:Tonkin Expedition commemorative medal
7:
2465:Military campaigns involving Vietnam
1814:French colonization of the Americas
758:The engagements at Lam, Kép and Chu
14:
242:The battle of Kép, 8 October 1884
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136:relies largely or entirely on a
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2308:French domains of the Holy Land
980:Yueh-nan yu Chung-fa chan-cheng
2440:Battles of the Sino-French War
2303:French domains of Saint Helena
1420:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
656:, inaugurating the nine-month
632:During the spring of 1884 the
1:
2475:History of Bắc Giang province
624:(10 October and 11 October).
47:secondary or tertiary sources
2470:History of Lạng Sơn province
2038:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
888:, 44–53 and 102–3; Thomazi,
2278: and Antarctic Lands
2496:
1321:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
966:La vie militaire au Tonkin
823:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
766:Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier
714:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
669:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
634:Tonkin Expeditionary Corps
344:Lieutenant-Colonel Donnier
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2195:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
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2056:French East India Company
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1819:French West India Company
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1171:Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
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2334: the Indian Ocean
1043:France–Vietnam relations
940:Huard, 446–51; Lecomte,
910:Huard, 439–42; Lecomte,
871:Huard, 446–51; Lecomte,
841:Huard, 439–42; Lecomte,
2242:Uninhabited territories
1753:Saint Kitts & Nevis
923:Huard, 442–6; Lecomte,
884:Huard, 432–9; Lecomte,
854:Huard, 442–6; Lecomte,
2172: collectivities
2010:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1863:Former French colonies
1660:Former French colonies
1418:Former French colonies
1373:French overseas empire
1217:Louis Brière de l'Isle
1077:Military and political
1048:China–France relations
1038:French colonial empire
767:
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673:Louis Brière de l'Isle
321:Commanders and leaders
34:relies excessively on
2119:Inhabited territories
2051:France–Asia relations
1606:Somaliland (Djibouti)
1284:Imperial Chinese Navy
1226:Chinese personalities
1156:Retreat from Lạng Sơn
1146:Battle of Phu Lam Tao
765:
702:
396:Casualties and losses
2397:overseas departments
2332:Scattered Islands in
2213: collectivity
1671:French North America
1268:Empress Dowager Cixi
1180:French personalities
1111:Siege of Tuyên Quang
662:Empress Dowager Cixi
355:Empress Dowager Cixi
254:2 to 15 October 1884
149:improve this article
2480:October 1884 events
2366:Juan de Nova Island
2253:North Pacific Ocean
1865:in Asia and Oceania
1207:François de Négrier
1166:Pescadores campaign
1131:Battle of Đồng Đăng
959:La guerre du Tonkin
927:, 67–86 and 103–4;
858:, 67–86 and 103–4;
610:François de Négrier
334:François de Négrier
2271:Overseas territory
1796:France Antarctique
1783:Equinoctial France
1746:Dominican Republic
1192:Marc-Edmond Dominé
901:Lung Chang, 329–30
890:Histoire militaire
768:
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648:destroyed China's
2445:Conflicts in 1884
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2261:Clipperton Island
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1968:Mandate for Syria
1958:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
1920:Indochinese Union
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1537:Equatorial Africa
1339:
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1316:Far East Squadron
1277:Armies and fleets
1151:Battle of Bang Bo
1141:Battle of Hòa Mộc
1136:Battle of Zhenhai
1126:Lạng Sơn campaign
1116:Battle of Núi Bop
819:Lạng Sơn campaign
722:chef de bataillon
718:chef de bataillon
638:Bắc Ninh campaign
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2180:French Polynesia
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1331:Tonkinese Rifles
1202:Sébastien Lespès
1197:Jacques Duchesne
1101:Battle of Tamsui
1091:Keelung campaign
1086:Battle of Fuzhou
1053:French Indochina
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654:Battle of Fuzhou
620:(8 October) and
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2401:Claimed by the
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2342:Bassas da India
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2276:French Southern
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2107:Overseas France
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2000:Greater Lebanon
1970:and the Lebanon
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1326:Tonkin Flotilla
1311:Black Flag Army
1299:Guangdong Fleet
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1121:Battle of Shipu
1106:Battle of Yu Oc
1078:
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1063:Tientsin Accord
1058:Tonkin campaign
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1024:Sino-French War
1021:
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741:French strategy
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689:Tonkin Flotilla
677:Tonkin Flotilla
658:Sino-French War
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606:Sino-French War
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1978:State of Syria
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1737:Saint-Domingue
1734:
1732:The Grenadines
1729:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1699:French Florida
1696:
1691:
1686:
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1675:
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1666:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1648:
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1616:Isle de France
1613:
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1227:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1187:Amédée Courbet
1183:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
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1128:
1123:
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1080:
1074:
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1032:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1019:
1012:
1005:
997:
991:
990:
983:
982:(Taipei, 1993)
976:
969:
962:
953:
950:
947:
946:
933:
916:
903:
894:
877:
864:
847:
833:
832:
830:
827:
813:
810:
759:
756:
742:
739:
730:
729:Chinese forces
727:
709:
706:
696:
693:
646:Amédée Courbet
629:
626:
595:
594:
592:
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586:
570:
569:
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398:
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389:
385:
384:
380:
379:
345:
323:
322:
318:
317:
305:
289:
288:
284:
283:
280:
279:
278:French victory
276:
272:
271:
262:
260:
256:
255:
252:
244:
243:
233:
232:
221:
220:
212:
211:
164:"Kép campaign"
147:. Please help
133:
131:
124:
117:
116:
58:"Kép campaign"
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2492:
2481:
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2458:
2456:
2455:1884 in China
2453:
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2348:
2347:Europa Island
2345:
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2256:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2235:
2221:
2220:New Caledonia
2218:
2217:
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2211:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
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2175:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2140:French Guiana
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
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2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Alawite State
1993:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
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1938:
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1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
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1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
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1869:
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1780:
1774:
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1764:
1763:Saint Vincent
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
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1747:
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1627:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Grande Comore
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:Four Communes
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:Arguin Island
1486:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:Côte d'Ivoire
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
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1419:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1385:
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1378:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:Nanyang Fleet
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:Beiyang Fleet
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:Tang Jingsong
1241:
1239:
1238:Liu Mingchuan
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Tonkin Affair
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
995:
989:(Hanoi, 1931)
988:
984:
981:
978:Lung Chang ,
977:
975:(Paris, 1895)
974:
970:
968:(Paris, 1893)
967:
964:Lecomte, J.,
963:
961:(Paris, 1887)
960:
956:
955:
951:
943:
937:
934:
930:
929:Vie militaire
926:
920:
917:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
891:
887:
881:
878:
874:
868:
865:
861:
860:Vie militaire
857:
851:
848:
844:
838:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
811:
809:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
789:
786:and the tugs
785:
781:
777:
773:
764:
757:
755:
751:
747:
740:
738:
736:
735:Bắc Lệ ambush
728:
726:
723:
719:
715:
708:French forces
707:
701:
694:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:Bắc Lệ ambush
639:
635:
627:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
590:
587:
584:
580:
577:
576:
575:
574:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
512:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:Naval battles
481:
476:
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
443:
434:
427:
424:
419:
416:
411:
408:
407:
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399:
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390:
387:
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324:
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316:
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222:
217:
208:
197:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:
176:
173:
169:
166: –
165:
161:
160:Find sources:
154:
150:
146:
140:
139:
138:single source
134:This article
132:
128:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2356:
2290:
2190:Saint Martin
2026:New Hebrides
1880:Chandernagor
1872:French India
1704:French Texas
1560:Ubangi-Shari
1555:Middle Congo
1522:James Island
1427:North Africa
1294:Fujian Fleet
1263:Zhang Peilun
1253:Li Hongzhang
1096:Kép campaign
1095:
1079:developments
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
941:
936:
928:
924:
919:
911:
906:
897:
889:
885:
880:
872:
867:
859:
855:
850:
842:
837:
815:
812:Significance
805:
803:
798:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
769:
752:
748:
744:
732:
721:
717:
711:
684:
680:
666:
650:Fujian Fleet
631:
614:Guangxi Army
602:Kép campaign
601:
599:
572:
571:
567:2nd Lạng Sơn
542:1st Lạng Sơn
510:
509:
484:
425:
417:
409:
401:
315:Qing dynasty
287:Belligerents
224:Part of the
219:Kép campaign
205:October 2021
202:
192:
185:
178:
171:
159:
135:
105:
99:October 2021
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
2413:Claimed by
2407:Claimed by
2292:Adélie Land
2210:Sui generis
1941:Cochinchina
1758:Saint Lucia
1512:Upper Volta
1455:West Africa
1212:Jules Ferry
557:Phu Lam Tao
532:Tuyên Quang
422:61 wounded.
404:180 wounded
377:Pan Dingxin
366:Wang Debang
266:, northern
2434:Categories
2409:Madagascar
2318:Saint Paul
2150:Martinique
2145:Guadeloupe
1900:Pondichéry
1611:Madagascar
1483:Mauritania
1248:Feng Zicai
1233:Liu Yongfu
1031:Background
952:References
628:Background
589:Pescadores
430:92 wounded
414:27 wounded
175:newspapers
69:newspapers
36:references
2415:Mauritius
2274: (
1684:Louisiana
1565:Cameroons
1258:Zeng Jize
985:Thomazi,
971:Lecomte,
547:Đồng Đăng
428:21 killed
420:32 killed
412:12 killed
402:65 killed
391:6,000 men
388:2,800 men
264:Bắc Giang
145:talk page
2170:Overseas
2130:Overseas
1988:Damascus
1937:Vietnam
1928:Cambodia
1905:Karaikal
1722:Dominica
1517:Togoland
944:, 87–105
942:Lang-Son
925:Lang-Son
912:Lang-Son
886:Lang-Son
875:, 87–105
873:Lang-Son
856:Lang-Son
843:Lang-Son
517:Hưng Hóa
383:Strength
259:Location
2403:Comoros
2160:Réunion
2155:Mayotte
2073:Present
2031:Vanuatu
2019:Oceania
1791:Berbice
1727:Grenada
1583:Anjouan
1575:Comoros
1527:Albreda
1500:Senegal
1468:Dahomey
1445:Tunisia
1440:Morocco
1435:Algeria
957:Huard,
931:, 53–69
862:, 53–69
652:at the
579:Keelung
562:Bang Bo
552:Hòa Mộc
537:Núi Bop
511:Vietnam
505:Zhenhai
435:Unknown
268:Vietnam
189:scholar
83:scholar
1983:Aleppo
1951:Tonkin
1910:Yanaon
1890:Madras
1768:Tobago
1689:Canada
1679:Acadia
1593:Mohéli
1478:Guinea
1380:Former
892:, 96–7
792:Tra Ly
788:Phủ Lý
784:Massue
780:Éclair
685:Massue
583:Tamsui
573:Taiwan
495:Tamsui
490:Fuzhou
302:France
299:
275:Result
191:
184:
177:
170:
162:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1946:Annam
1801:Inini
1742:Haïti
1550:Gabon
1495:Niger
1473:Sudan
829:Notes
776:Hache
681:Hache
527:Yu Oc
500:Shipu
196:JSTOR
182:books
90:JSTOR
76:books
2320:and
1933:Laos
1895:Mahé
1545:Chad
790:and
782:and
683:and
600:The
426:Chu:
418:Kép:
410:Lam:
251:Date
168:news
62:news
806:Chu
804:At
799:Kép
797:At
772:Lam
770:At
622:Chũ
618:Kép
522:Kep
151:by
38:to
2436::
1744:,
778:,
679:,
228:,
49:.
2280:)
2099:e
2092:t
2085:v
1855:e
1848:t
1841:v
1652:e
1645:t
1638:v
1410:e
1403:t
1396:v
1365:e
1358:t
1351:v
1016:e
1009:t
1002:v
585:)
581:(
464:e
457:t
450:v
207:)
203:(
193:·
186:·
179:·
172:·
155:.
141:.
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
