473:, not because there is necessarily anything unusual or abnormal about the word being written in such a way, but to ensure a universal layout (conformity) in scribal practices, where one word in a text must be written as though it were lacking in
55:
for 'fully written') is a word containing an additional letter, usually one which is superfluous – not normally written in that word – nor needed for the proper comprehension of the word. Today, the term applies mostly to
67:
appear frequently in classical Hebrew texts, and copyists are obliged to copy them unchanged, to ensure that biblical or other sacred texts are written with universal conformity. The expression
778:
learned how many blood oblations are required as a first resort to be put on the horns of the altar when bringing a sin-offering, and how many are actually indispensable.
1007:
Studies in the early history of Jewish scribal customs, with special reference to the Qumran biblical scrolls and to the
Tannaitic traditions of 'Massekheth Soferim'
1877:
1019:
815:
1123:
1832:
1924:
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871:
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115:, 'deficient'), the latter implying a word in which a letter that is normally present has been omitted. Together,
1863:
1793:
939:
1308:
609:
has also come to denote the horizontal bar or line written above the six double-sounding consonants in ancient Hebrew
911:
1904:
1827:
1505:
1274:
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902:
Lyons, David (1986–1987). Avigdor Shinan (ed.). "Acrostics used as a signature device in the
Masoretic lists".
1870:
1849:
1812:
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1500:
1282:
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324:
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In some
Semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic), paleographers often describe the addition of a
479:, and another word in a different text (sometimes even the same word) appearing as though it was not.
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1615:
1344:
1742:
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1452:
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1816:
1757:
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975:
809:
799:
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Among Israel's diverse ethnic groups, variant readings have developed over certain words in the
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945:
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33:
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For an example of rabbinical hermeneutics, see the commentary of Rabbi
Yishmael in the
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966:(1993). "Maimonides' thirteen principles: The last word in Jewish theology?".
921:
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of the
Pentateuch, in which he laid down the most outstanding examples of
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1354:
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303:
17:
983:
438:(1560–1626) wrote a popular work on Hebrew orthography contained in the
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are made with four compartments; cf. Sanhedrin 3b–4b on the word
175:
1653:
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1557:
1542:
1537:
1487:
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1094:
944:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Mainz, DE: Jechiel Bril. pp. 210–224.
668:
615:
307:
84:
1857:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
351:(used in place of the vowels 'o', 'u', 'i', and 'ei'), as employing
205:). Other examples abound of this anomaly, such as the name "Jacob" (
1798:
1643:
1547:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1457:
1402:
1387:
1382:
1372:
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319:
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1467:
1462:
1447:
1422:
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836:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem, IL: HaMasorah. p. 39.
465:(the model text for copying Torah scrolls by scribes), the word
347:
1105:
1477:
1432:
671:
appears in the middle of these Hebrew characters, there is no
259:
at the end of the word has no function, is another example of
195:, and which word is normally written with only one vav, as in
298:
or defective characteristic has often been used in rabbinic
613:, whenever their assigned reading is to be read without a
1088:
bar written above six of the double-sounding consonants (
566:
is written in defective scriptum, without a 'waw' (i.e.
416:), also brings down an exhaustive list of words in his
1033:(Ph.D. thesis). Department of Religion. Montreal, QC:
798:
Van der Hooght, Evarardi (1939). Augustus Hahn (ed.).
420:, showing which words are to be written by scribes in
469:
is always used in relation to other words written in
389:, mentions the tradition of orthography found in the
573:
521:
278:
writes for the plural word 'booths' the Hebrew word
212:
186:
130:
110:
78:
1841:
1776:
1721:
1686:
1629:
1586:
1486:
1363:
1317:
1301:
1294:
1222:
1184:
1139:
83:, 'excess'), sometimes simply described in
878:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Venice. s.v. Part III,
602:characters written without using abbreviations.
123:are sometimes described using the Hebrew phrase
1878:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
974:. Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary /
452:and defective writings, which was later named
1117:
8:
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173:, the name "Joshua" is written in Hebrew in
124:
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72:
804:(in Latin). Leipzig. pp. Letter "vaw".
592:
554:) is written in Sephardic Torah scrolls in
385:(1822–1886), in his 19th century work
367:
359:
333:
237:) having no sound, is a classic example of
143:
44:
1298:
1124:
1110:
1102:
1018:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
814:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
401:copied generation after generation by the
365:letters used in Hebrew words are indeed a
97:, 'full'), is often used in contrast with
1092:) whenever they are to be read without a
310:and the rabbis explain the variations in
1084:Torah scroll, showing in its folios the
790:
723:
1011:
807:
774:, 18, and 25, and by which verses the
424:and which words are to be written in
152:written without using abbreviations.
7:
27:Word containing a superfluous letter
916:
766:
742:
568:
558:, with an additional 'waw', but in
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405:. The Catalan rabbi and Talmudist,
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914:of Jerusalem. page 144, s.v.
274:discusses why the Hebrew Bible in
227:), where there is a second letter
25:
357:in its reading, although not all
328:(a Law given to Moses at Sinai).
191:), as it possesses a superfluous
874:(1749). Ashkenazi, David (ed.).
832:(1956). Moshe Hirschler (ed.).
740: 34b), regarding the word
1035:Sir George Williams University
997:. Ann Arbor, MI. p. 210.
530:requiring it to be written in
221:. The Hebrew name "Issachar" (
1:
892:, (reprinted in Israel, n.d.)
490:tradition calls for the word
410:
1925:Language of the Hebrew Bible
1030:Siegel, Jonathan P. (1971).
993:Siegel, Jonathan P. (1984).
339:consonantal letter, such as
758:, by which he learned that
574:
522:
213:
187:
131:
111:
79:
1941:
1167:Transliteration to English
1059:(in Hebrew). s.v. פרשת נח.
876:The Responsa of the Radbaz
770:('horn of the altar'), in
31:
1080:— 11th–12th century
968:The Torah U-Madda Journal
912:Hebrew University Library
664:
656:
648:
640:
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624:
528:Yemenite Jewish community
325:Halacha le-Moshe mi-Sinai
1915:Jewish scribes (soferim)
1850:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
675:bar written above them.
32:Not to be confused with
1910:Semitic writing systems
598:may have simply meant
593:
590:meaning of the phrase
560:Yemenite Torah scrolls
368:
360:
334:
144:
45:
995:The Scribes of Qumran
1871:Strong's Concordance
1162:Ancient inscriptions
872:Ibn Abi-Zimra, David
294:. A biblical word's
1864:Brown–Driver–Briggs
667:). When the
510:) to be written in
448:, with examples of
440:Five Books of Moses
1713:Law of attenuation
1223:Reading traditions
1078:. Vatican Library.
976:Yeshiva University
746:('frontlets'), in
512:defective scriptum
471:defective scriptum
442:, and in the five
427:defective scriptum
399:defective scriptum
381:The ethnographer,
322:as being merely a
316:defective scriptum
286:defective scriptum
276:Leviticus 23:42–43
263:or else a case of
142:use of the phrase
100:defective scriptum
1887:
1886:
1743:Verbal morphology
1682:
1681:
1200:
855:Babylonian Talmud
733:Babylonian Talmud
711:Ktiv hasar niqqud
272:Babylonian Talmud
121:defective scripta
16:(Redirected from
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686:Mater lectionis
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547:גדול עוני מנשוא
503:ויהיו כל ימי נח
500:) in the verse
430:, based on the
413:
379:
369:mater lectionis
219:Leviticus 26:42
158:
37:
34:Mater lectionis
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594:plene scriptum
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436:Jedidiah Norzi
432:Masoretic Text
422:plene scriptum
407:Menachem Meiri
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375:
265:qere and ketiv
261:plene scriptum
239:plene scriptum
176:plene scriptum
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148:seems to mean
145:plene scriptum
132:yater we-ḥaser
69:plene scriptum
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455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
423:
419:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Halleli Codex
388:
384:
376:
374:
372:
370:
364:
362:
356:
355:
350:
349:
344:
343:
338:
336:
329:
327:
326:
321:
318:found in the
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
287:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
240:
230:
220:
215:
204:
194:
189:
178:
177:
172:
169:
168:
163:
155:
153:
151:
146:
141:
136:
133:
122:
118:
113:
102:
101:
96:
86:
81:
70:
66:
65:plene scripta
61:
59:
54:
49:
48:
42:
35:
30:
19:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1664:Inverted nun
1649:Cantillation
1620:
1608:
1578:Sin/Shin dot
1350:Paleo-Hebrew
1171:from English
1093:
1089:
1085:
1075:Heb. Ms. 448
1074:
1052:
1049:Saleh, Yihya
1043:
1031:
1026:derived from
1006:
994:
971:
967:
958:
940:
930:
907:
904:Kiryat Sefer
903:
897:
879:
875:
866:
858:
850:
834:Kiryat Sefer
833:
824:
800:
793:
759:
737:
731:
726:
672:
660:
652:
644:
636:
628:
620:
614:
606:
604:
591:
585:
563:
555:
552:Genesis 4:13
541:
540:). The word
531:
511:
508:Genesis 9:29
497:
481:
474:
470:
466:
460:
458:
453:
449:
443:
425:
421:
418:Kiryat Sefer
417:
398:
394:
390:
386:
383:Jacob Saphir
380:
366:
358:
352:
346:
340:
332:
330:
323:
315:
311:
300:hermeneutics
295:
285:
269:
260:
256:
255:, where the
253:Genesis 27:3
248:
238:
228:
202:
174:
165:
162:Hebrew Bible
159:
156:Implications
137:
120:
116:
99:
98:
94:
68:
64:
63:Examples of
62:
46:
38:
29:
1920:Orthography
1669:Shekel sign
1631:Punctuation
1596:with Niqqud
1506:Palestinian
1295:Orthography
1275:Palestinian
978:: 199–200.
922:Daniel 8:11
756:Deut. 11:18
748:Exod. 13:16
526:), but the
454:Minḥat Shai
414: 1310
306:norms. The
241:. The word
41:orthography
1894:Categories
1819:literature
1639:Diacritics
1501:Babylonian
1283:Babylonian
941:Iben Safir
936:Saphir, J.
786:References
651:),
643:),
635:),
627:),
582:Other uses
387:Iben Safir
302:to decide
224:יִשָּׂשכָר
171:Deut. 3:21
1688:Phonology
1659:Gershayim
1511:Samaritan
1286:(extinct)
1278:(extinct)
1270:(extinct)
1262:Samaritan
1230:Ashkenazi
1140:Overviews
1090:בג"ד כפ"ת
1082:Sephardic
1014:cite book
1003:634620432
950:192076334
938:(1874) .
888:741067500
880:responsum
861: 6b)
842:233177823
830:Meiri, M.
810:cite book
752:Deut. 6:8
718:Footnotes
605:The word
488:Sephardic
18:Ktiv male
1900:Rhetoric
1828:Surnames
1804:Keyboard
1777:Academic
1763:Segolate
1758:Suffixes
1753:Prefixes
1731:Biblical
1674:Numerals
1588:Spelling
1496:Tiberian
1365:Alphabet
1355:Solitreo
1345:Crowning
1309:Biblical
1267:Tiberian
1257:Yemenite
1235:Sephardi
1209:Medieval
1204:Mishnaic
1192:Biblical
1176:Gematria
1152:Alphabet
1147:Language
1051:(n.d.).
984:40914883
772:Lev. 4:7
761:tefillin
701:Parashah
679:See also
445:Megillot
434:. Rabbi
409:(1249 –
304:Halachic
291:סֻּכּוֹת
140:original
126:יתר וחסר
1813:ancient
1789:Academy
1784:Revival
1723:Grammar
1600:missing
1340:Cursive
1330:Braille
1318:Scripts
1245:Mizrahi
1240:Italian
1157:History
882:# 594.
738:Menahot
611:codices
459:In the
403:scribes
281:סֻּכֹּת
167:Devarim
160:In the
1809:Hebrew
1736:Modern
1654:Geresh
1563:Mappiq
1558:Dagesh
1543:Kamatz
1488:Niqqud
1443:Samech
1335:Ashuri
1250:Syrian
1214:Modern
1095:dagesh
1001:
982:
948:
886:
859:Sukkah
840:
754:, and
616:dagesh
564:mineso
542:mineso
534:(i.e.
514:(i.e.
486:, the
308:Talmud
249:tsāyiḏ
188:yhwšw’
182:יהושוע
85:Hebrew
1823:Names
1799:Ulpan
1794:Study
1644:Meteg
1568:Maqaf
1548:Holam
1538:Pataḥ
1533:Segol
1528:Tzere
1523:Hiriq
1458:Tsadi
1428:Lamed
1403:Zayin
1388:Dalet
1383:Gimel
1325:Rashi
1086:plene
1057:San'a
980:JSTOR
743:לטטפת
673:plene
637:dalet
629:gimel
607:plene
600:Latin
537:ויהיו
498:wyhyw
493:ויהיו
484:Torah
467:plene
450:plene
395:plene
361:plene
335:plene
320:Torah
312:plene
296:plene
251:) in
217:) in
214:y’qwb
208:יעקוב
203:yhwš’
198:יהושע
164:, in
117:plene
112:ḥaser
80:yater
53:Latin
1604:full
1573:Rafe
1518:Shva
1473:Shin
1468:Resh
1448:Ayin
1373:Alef
1302:Eras
1185:Eras
1020:link
999:OCLC
946:OCLC
920:(in
917:הרים
884:OCLC
838:OCLC
816:link
767:קרנת
645:kaph
586:The
575:mnšʾ
569:מנשא
523:wyhy
517:ויהי
397:and
345:and
314:and
284:(in
270:The
244:צידה
138:The
119:and
95:malé
43:, a
1478:Tav
1463:Kuf
1453:Pei
1438:Nun
1433:Mem
1423:Kaf
1418:Yud
1413:Tet
1408:Ḥet
1398:Vav
1393:Hei
1378:Bet
661:tau
621:bet
578:).
544:in
348:yud
342:vav
229:sin
193:vav
106:חסר
90:מלא
87:as
74:יתר
39:In
1896::
1815:/
1811:/
1602:/
1598:/
1169:/
1055:.
1016:}}
1012:{{
1005:.
970:.
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910:.
908:61
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808:{{
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411:c.
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267:.
257:he
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1247:(
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1195:(
1125:e
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1111:v
1098:.
1037:.
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986:;
972:4
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657:פ
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