307:, began actively recruiting on the University of Wisconsin campus. In 1923 the Second Ku Klux Klan also established a local (?) fraternity called Kappa Beta Lambda (KBL, for "Klansmen Be Loyal") at the university. No other chapters are known to have existed. In April 1923, spurred by the name confusion and wishing to distance itself from the racist focus or brand inherent in its name, the student honor society held a meeting of all five chapters in Chicago where it changed its name to Tu–Mas. Contemporaneous sources note the society changed its name because of confusion between it and the original Ku Klux Klan. The honor society further wanted to disassociate with the Second Ku Klux Klan.
207:
324:
242:
29:
336:. Another notes the Ku Klux Klan was mostly inactive at the time that the student organization formed, having disbanded in the 1870s, and the students may have naively and stupidly appropriated the name as something from the past. At the time, many student groups in the United States were selecting "sinister" names.
594:
soon re-cast itself with a new name, with even its young collegians realizing the negative baggage that came with their adoption of the Klan for their iconography, and even without a legal connection to the political group. But the group's very presence for a few short years before changing its name
370:
organized its first annual interfraternity bridge tournament, with a rotating silver-loving cup trophy. In 1930, the tournament was co-sponsored by Shi–Ai, the sorority counterpart of Tu–Mas. In March 1932, Tu–Mas partnered with Shi–Ai and the Alumni
Association to sponsor an All-University Duplicate
471:
In addition to membership in a Greek letter organization, the honor society's members appear to have been active on campus, serving on the athletic board, the homecoming committee, the prom committee, the student court, the student senate, the student union board, the yearbook, and the YMCA cabinet.
374:
The society awarded the annual Tu–Mas Cup to the junior who had the best improvement in academics from the second semester of their sophomore year. The competition was open to all juniors, and students were allowed to nominate themselves for the cup. In May 1929, Tu–Mas created a system to rank the
225:
symbolism, suggesting a casual acceptance of what we today call racist imagery. The original Klan, that is, the racist political group, had been disbanded in 1872, fifty years prior to the lived experience of the new generation of students who founded the student organization. They did not know that
607:
In recent years, universities have begun to reckon with aspects of historical racism, inconvenient facts that, devoid of context and perspective would declare that the entire South was seething non-stop in murderous racial animus, bringing along with it a reactionary East. Study groups and reports,
603:
Fairly stated, the name "Ku Klux Klan" is incendiary, far more so today than during its more active years as a quasi-political entity. Among campus Greek-named societies, the few holdout groups that had retained echoes of prior race, gender, or religious bars are suspect; most have quietly cleaned
599:
worked tirelessly for years as a strident anti-racist and activist for inclusion and fairness, yet just because his name was tapped for membership into the honor group while an upperclassman, new legions of activists have demanded his name be struck from theaters that had been named in his honor.
314:
said Tu–Mas was "long regarded as little more than a bridge player's organization". Tu–Mas called itself a junior-senior interfraternity social organization by 1934. During the 1930s, the Tu-Mas chapter at
Wisconsin focused heavily on campus politics, leading to its downfall. Tu-Mas went dormant in
620:
The Ku Klux Klan honor society at the
University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Illinois serve as historical case studies of how educational institutions and the broader society flushed racism and race-fixation out of their programs. Its brief existence continues to provoke discussion
342:
The Ku Klux Klan badge was a devil's head bearing the number 13 at the top and words ''Ku–Klux" at its base, with crossed pitchforks below. The badge for Tu–Mas was the same, with the name "Tu–Mas" replacing "Ku-Klux". The group also had a watch fob or key that featured the devil logo. The name
589:
fascination with baleful imagery such as the devil head, spooky robes and hoods, and an evocative name from their grandfathers' days, rather than a purposeful engagement into sub rosa (or even semi-public) activism intended to promote nativist or racist aims. There is no indication that this
584:
The creation of this honor society is a visible reminder of an earlier era where racial and religious bigotry was at times common and unexamined. Numerous references listed here indicate that the adoption of the Klan name and imagery by these students was made through ill-considered,
383:
Members of the honor society were nominated by its partner fraternities on campus, with each group nominating one member each year. These were chapters of all national fraternities on campus. In 1925, there were 21 participating fraternities at the
University of Illinois were
362:
At the
University of Illinois, Tu–Mas held an annual masked dance at various fraternity houses. The tradition included Tu–Mas members wearing masks and numbered robes, with the guests not knowing who their date was until the end of the dance.
236:
The campus group is in no way connected with the older group that is now spreading so rapidly throughout the country; its aims and its ideals are of a different nature, its personnel different; the campus Ku Klux Klan is purely a social
271:. Its members included some of the university's most prominent student leaders and, later, alumni. At Wisconsin, a local sophomore men's organization, the Cardinal Club, functioned as a "sister-ship" to the society. As with the
468:. Phi Gamma Delta withdrew its members in March 1935 because "the fraternity gain no material benefit from membership." This was the only known instance of one of Illinois' fraternities withdrawing from the honor society.
2024:
1900:
375:
campus activities of male students, enabling it to coordinate a student and fraternity activity competition. Winners were selected based on scholarship and activities and received a trophy with a bronze statuette.
331:
Factors leading to the choice of the name Ku Klux Klan are unknown. One modern writer speculated that the students might have been influenced by the romanticized portrayal of the Ku Klux Klan in the novels of
616:
in 2017, have aimed to understand and address the legacy of racist organizations. These efforts are part of a broader institutional commitment to confronting past injustices and working towards inclusivity.
203:. It was referred to as "Ku Klux" in the 1909 yearbook. It was officially recognized by the university in 1915. In the 1916 yearbook, it was called Ku Klux Klan and was described as an honor fraternity.
480:
The society was overseen by a national board which was elected at an annual meeting. Officers included the president, vice president, secretary, treasurer, and sergeant of arms.
1033:
296:
urged the group to change its name the next day. The university administration's response was to prohibit the fraternity from holding dances until it was "properly organized".
2019:
1874:
1977:
1108:
1952:
1084:
This general fraternity, formed by the Second Ku Klux Klan, died out by 1927, without merger into another general fraternity or a name change, according to the
1766:
1088:. A local Wisconsin-Stout co-educational fraternity took that name merely as a coincidence in 1965, originating as the F.U.B.A.R. club two years prior.
2014:
526:
200:
180:
590:
particular society engaged in Klan-type activism. Clearly, with the actual Klan building its influence through the mid-1920s, the Ku Klux Klan
1725:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1933. p. 544 – via Internet Archive.
1220:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1934. p. 449 – via Internet Archive.
801:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1922. p. 527 – via Internet Archive.
1059:
696:
217:
By 1918, the Ku Klux Klan student organization was considered a "junior interfraternity society". Its members came from the various campus
548:
488:
The society had thirteen chapters. However, only two remained active by 1933. Following is a list of known chapters. Note that a group at
260:
249:
621:
about how universities can and should address historical racism and promote a more inclusive and equitable environment for all students.
339:
The
University of Illinois 1916 yearbook notes the fraternity's color was black. Its members were known to wear black hoods and robes.
183:
in 1906. After its name change the group grew to thirteen chapters. It went defunct in 1939. It was not affiliated with the national
831:. University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. Urbana: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1909 – via Internet Archive.
286:
political group into the early 1920s, the student organization began to receive criticism for its name. On
January 8, 1923, the
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1848:
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1642:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1582:
1557:
1532:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1391:
651:
The Campus Klan of the
University of Wisconsin: Tacit and Active Support for the Ku Klux Klan in a Culture of Intolerance
1504:
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1416:
1162:
967:
1736:
1231:
842:
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1319:
1289:
1264:
1245:
1190:
889:
772:
2009:
1953:"KKK controversy at UW-Madison heats up, with family of prestigious alumnus upset by the accusation of racism"
1849:"An Examination Of Honor Society Membership, Mistreatment, And Discrimination By Medical Student Demographics"
1793:
906:
211:
51:
2029:
1366:
1338:
609:
206:
650:
1792:
Boatright, Dowin; Ross, David; o'Connor, Patrick; Moore, Edward; Nunez-Smith, Marcella (5 May 2017).
937:
449:
409:
300:
28:
1730:
1225:
836:
806:
553:
346:
At the
University of Wisconsin, Tu–Mas was known for its initiations where its new members wore
1823:
740:
489:
187:
organization but its original name reflected broader societal attitudes and the prevalence of
255:
Gordon B. Bilderback, A. Ingwersen, Robert Lorenz, C. E. Lovejoy, and Robert
Tutwiler of the
1813:
1805:
608:
such as those commissioned by the University of Wisconsin-Madison following violence at the
586:
531:
333:
323:
292:
290:
wore red-crossed robes at one of its social gatherings, closely emulating the Ku Klux Klan.
228:
149:
310:
The taint of an ill-named beginning and a drifting purpose led to its demise: By 1929, The
1034:"UW to reckon with Ku Klux Klan history, but won't remove KKK member names from buildings"
613:
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441:
437:
429:
425:
413:
393:
389:
385:
268:
241:
188:
1794:"Racial Disparities in Medical Student Membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society"
1818:
259:
established a second chapter of the Ku Klux Klan interfraternity honor society at the
2003:
596:
572:
433:
417:
397:
61:
1809:
283:
276:
222:
184:
1750:
1901:"Rebecca Blank: UW-Madison group will research Ku Klux Klan's history on campus"
1756:. Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company. p. 86 – via Google Books.
445:
421:
1978:"Connecticut film icon Fredric March tarred by tenuous tie to the Ku Klux Klan"
1109:"Connecticut film icon Fredric March tarred by tenuous tie to the Ku Klux Klan"
604:
up their bylaws, long after their operational practices had been liberalized.
218:
1720:
1215:
857:
492:
known as the Ku Klux Klan from 1901 to 1920 appears to have been unrelated.
453:
351:
1827:
1132:
826:
796:
1926:
1004:
633:
465:
457:
347:
226:
in another decade the Klan would be reestablished as a political entity.
155:
405:
401:
371:
Bridge Tournament as a fundraiser for the Emergency Student Loan Fund.
697:"The questionable aims of an early 20th century U of I student group"
199:
The Ku Klux Klan student organization formed in 1906 or 1908 at the
1308:. Vol. 52. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1937. p. 341.
1294:. Vol. 36. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1922. p. 457.
1250:. Vol. 54. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1939. p. 205.
894:. Vol. 55. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1940. p. 307.
1060:"UW-Madison Study Finds 1924 Fraternity Had Affiliations With KKK"
858:"An Analysis of the UIUC Ku Klux Klan and the Surrounding Debates"
777:. Vol. 51. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 1936. p. 314
322:
240:
205:
114:
632:
Reaching the height of its restored influence perhaps in 1924's "
931:
929:
927:
263:
in May 1919. The sponsoring fraternity for the honor society's
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
2025:
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign student organizations
1163:"Tu-mas, New Junior Society, Rises from Ashes of Local Klan"
179:
was an American interfraternity honor society formed at the
938:"Confronting our campus history | Office of the Chancellor"
595:
to Tu-Mas sparked decades of reproach. A notable member,
1583:"Tu-Mas to Spread Rate Questionnaires Among Fraternities"
221:. They were known to participate in events that used old
1767:"A Medical School Tradition Comes Under Fire For Racism"
275:
there was no evidence of a connection to the national
1696:"Phi Gamma Delta Votes to Ends Its Tu-Mas Membership"
144:
136:
128:
120:
107:
99:
91:
83:
75:
67:
57:
35:
21:
968:"Tu-Mas Elects Officers for Year at Initial Meet"
1417:"Tu-Mas, Shi-Ai to Finish Bridge Play Wednesday"
1027:
1025:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
741:"Ku Klux Klan at the University of Illinois FAQ"
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
1752:Baird's Manual of American College Fraternities
1470:"3 Groups Will Sponsor All-Uni Bridge Matches"
1505:"Juniors Seeking Tu-Mas Cup Must Apply Today"
8:
1392:"21 Houses to Compete in Tu-Mas Tournament"
1674:. Clinton, Illinois. 1936-02-19. p. 6
18:
2020:Student organizations established in 1919
1817:
1608:"Group Moves to Help Union Building Plan"
1558:"Betas Win Tu-Mas Activities Competition"
905:Butcher, Kacie Lucchini (March 2, 2022).
343:Tu–Mas was said to be of Indian origin.
494:
907:"The UW-Madison Public History Project"
670:
625:
1728:
1690:
1688:
1464:
1462:
1361:
1359:
1223:
962:
960:
958:
834:
804:
695:Johnson-Fuller, Niko (25 March 2024).
16:American interfraternity honor society
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282:With the second rise of the national
7:
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767:
765:
763:
761:
1058:Williams, Marylee (19 April 2018).
1324:. Vol. 51. 1936. p. 206.
14:
1749:Shepard, Francis W., ed. (1927).
1643:"Tu-Mas Announces 21 New Pledges"
580:Systemic racism and campus legacy
2015:1919 establishments in Wisconsin
1672:Clinton Daily Journal and Public
1533:"Tu Mas Initiates 21 Sophomores"
1032:Herzog, Karen (April 18, 2019).
936:Blank, Rebecca (19 April 2018).
745:Archives, University of Illinois
354:, while pushing baby carriages.
27:
1875:"A College and Klan Traditions"
1810:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.9623
1442:"Groups to Play Tourney Rounds"
660:vol. 37, no. 1 (1993) pp. 3-38.
549:University of Wisconsin–Madison
261:University of Wisconsin–Madison
250:University of Wisconsin–Madison
862:University of Illinois Library
1:
656:Wisconsin Magazine of History
171:honor society, also known as
41:; 118 years ago
1709:– via Newspapers.com.
1681:– via Newspapers.com.
1668:"Heads Honorary Fraternity"
1656:– via Newspapers.com.
1628:– via Newspapers.com.
1596:– via Newspapers.com.
1571:– via Newspapers.com.
1546:– via Newspapers.com.
1518:– via Newspapers.com.
1455:– via Newspapers.com.
1405:– via Newspapers.com.
1380:– via Newspapers.com.
1352:– via Newspapers.com.
1278:– via Newspapers.com.
1204:– via Newspapers.com.
1176:– via Newspapers.com.
981:– via Newspapers.com.
2046:
1957:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
1853:Yale University EliScholar
1107:Condon, Tom (2022-03-07).
1038:Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
327:Tu-Mas honor society badge
305:a separate political group
299:In 1922, the reformed, or
1139:. University of Wisconsin
26:
1448:. 1931-02-26. p. 11
1373:. 1925-11-01. p. 11
649:Messer-Kruse, Timothy. "
1702:. 1935-03-12. p. 2
1649:. 1925-04-21. p. 1
1614:. 1931-02-17. pp.
1589:. 1930-12-06. p. 1
1564:. 1929-12-06. p. 1
1539:. 1924-04-30. p. 1
1511:. 1924-04-05. p. 1
1476:. 1932-02-23. pp.
1423:. 1930-03-23. p. 1
1398:. 1926-04-01. p. 9
1345:. 1924-01-12. p. 3
1271:. 1933-04-06. p. 5
1197:. 1929-03-03. p. 4
1169:. 1923-04-12. p. 1
974:. 1934-10-06. p. 7
942:University of Wisconsin
1798:JAMA Internal Medicine
1735:: CS1 maint: others (
1230:: CS1 maint: others (
856:Lane, Stephen (2008).
841:: CS1 maint: others (
811:: CS1 maint: others (
527:University of Illinois
328:
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239:
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212:University of Illinois
201:University of Illinois
181:University of Illinois
95:Junior interfraternity
52:University of Illinois
1137:Sifting and Reckoning
610:Unite the Right rally
326:
244:
234:
209:
191:during that period.
450:Sigma Alpha Epsilon
410:Delta Kappa Epsilon
366:In April 1926, the
301:Second Ku Klux Klan
1773:. 5 September 2018
575:(Wisconsin), actor
554:Madison, Wisconsin
329:
253:
215:
1927:"The Kampus Klan"
1265:"To a Tu-Mas Pin"
1191:"Ten Point Dates"
1113:WSHU Public Radio
1003:Klotzbach, Bart.
564:
563:
490:Alfred University
265:Wisconsin chapter
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1907:. 22 August 2017
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1879:Inside Higher Ed
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1855:. 1 January 2023
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532:Urbana, Illinois
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293:The Daily Illini
288:Illinois chapter
273:Illinois chapter
257:Illinois chapter
229:The Daily Illini
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2010:Honor societies
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1086:Baird's Archive
1083:
1079:
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1042:
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1031:
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1005:"Ask Flamingle"
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644:Further reading
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614:Charlottesville
582:
569:
567:Notable members
486:
478:
462:Theta Delta Chi
442:Phi Sigma Kappa
438:Phi Kappa Sigma
430:Phi Gamma Delta
426:Phi Delta Kappa
414:Delta Tau Delta
394:Alpha Tau Omega
390:Alpha Sigma Phi
386:Alpha Delta Phi
381:
360:
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269:Phi Gamma Delta
248:yearbook 1924,
210:1916 yearbook,
197:
189:systemic racism
160:
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137:Subsequent name
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1932:
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1905:The Cap Times
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597:Fredric March
593:
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500:
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431:
427:
423:
419:
418:Delta Upsilon
415:
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407:
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399:
398:Beta Theta Pi
395:
391:
387:
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372:
369:
368:Ilini chapter
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1981:
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330:
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281:
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272:
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219:fraternities
216:
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176:
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169:Ku Klux Klan
168:
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145:Headquarters
84:Defunct Date
22:Ku Klux Klan
513:References
446:Psi Upsilon
422:Kappa Sigma
175:and later,
129:Former name
71:Independent
68:Affiliation
2004:Categories
1931:Madison365
1754:(11th ed.)
1706:2024-04-26
1678:2024-04-26
1653:2024-04-26
1625:2024-04-26
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1452:2024-04-26
1427:2024-04-26
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1306:The Badger
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891:The Badger
774:The Badger
665:References
587:sophomoric
476:Governance
379:Membership
358:Activities
352:derby hats
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1962:April 18,
1937:April 18,
1911:April 18,
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1731:cite book
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798:The Illio
781:April 21,
750:April 18,
706:April 19,
558:Inactive
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536:Inactive
507:Location
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1367:"Tu-Mas"
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466:Zeta Psi
458:Sigma Nu
156:Illinois
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92:Emphasis
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