1036:
of extirpation. Smaller populations result in declining genetic diversity of native species in the area, consequently losing their capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Shrimp cultivation in the
Songkhla Lake Basin alone rose from ~35 km2 in 1982 to ~78 km in 2000 changing the landscape from fertile wetland habitat to polluted and degraded water and soil resources over time. Clearing of mangrove forests in the protected area has also been reported with a reduction of over 87% land cover which leads to the destabilisation of the shoreline and significant loss of nursery areas for aquatic species. Deforestation of both Melaleuca and mangrove forests bordering Thale Noi lake has increased soil erosion and runoff resulting in extensive sedimentation, that has caused water levels to drop by ~10 cm every year increasing fish mortality.
983:
275:). Thale Luang adjoins Thale Sap (360 km or 140 sq mi) which connects to the southernmost lake, Thale Sap Songkhla (182 km or 70 sq mi) that opens into the Gulf of Thailand through a 380 m wide strait. Approximately 94% (422 km or 163 sq mi) of the reserve is terrestrial and 6% (28 km or 11 sq mi) is aquatic. Thale Noi lake is approximately 5 km wide and 6 km long with an average depth of 1.2 m, however water levels fluctuate significantly with changing seasonal conditions, dropping to around 80 cm in dry season and increasing to a depth of 3 m in some areas during the wet season.
1053:
1064:
sustainable methods of cultivating and harvesting natural resources within the wetlands cause no further loss of biodiversity. Weak enforcement of regulations, lack of coordinated programming and inadequate data collection and record keeping have previously been identified as key issues of concern in the management of this ecosystem, however it is unknown if these problems have been addressed in recent times. Immediate management concerns should focus on preserving biodiversity, improving water quality, preserving fishery resources and resolving social conflicts arising from resource usage in the area.
865:
531:
644:
240:(IUCN) declared it a Protected Area Category III (Natural Monuments), aimed at protecting particular natural features of a small area with high visitor value. The wetlands’ valuable feature is its provision of suitable breeding habitats for tens of thousands of native and migratory bird species. Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area was the first official non-hunting wildlife area declared in Thailand. Furthermore, the Kuan Ki Sian knoll, a 4.94 km area within the non-hunting grounds was declared as a ‘Wetland of International Importance’ in 1998 by the
850:
516:
71:
995:
263:
59:
550:, are harvested extensively for food, medicine and religious ceremonies. Thai people use all parts of this species for myriad uses including the rhizomes, stems, leaves, petals, pods and seeds in cooking; the flowers and leaves for Buddhist rituals; and the leaves, pods, petioles, stamens and pollen for treating a variety of ailments such as sinusitis, diabetes and fever. Similarly, leaves from the Pandanus plant,
1010:
624:), once common in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area are facing declining populations due to habitat destruction from land conversion, pollution and over-exploitation in the pet trade. This species is commonly bred in Thailand for the purpose of betting on aggressive fighting male individuals and for their attractive colouring. A secondary threat, as a consequence of the international trade of this species, is
743:
505:, or Grey Sedge, in the Thale Noi region has led to shortages in supply for local communities’ dependent on the plant as a primary source of income. This species is intensely harvested by over 1,000 local families (over 70% of working women), who use the stems for weaving into mats, baskets, bags and other handicraft items for sale. The cultivation of
659:
207:(alternate spelling: Talae or Talay) is a protected fresh water wetland located in Phatthalung province, southern Thailand. Covering an area of 460 km, the wetlands are situated approximately 20 km inland from the east coast peninsula of the Gulf of Thailand and 115 km north of the Malaysian border in
842:
and trapping may also contribute to the declining
Fishing Cat population in the region, due to a reduction of food availability and increased risk of being killed by farmers protecting their stock or being sold in the illegal pet trade. A recent study in 2013 found that Fishing Cats in the Thale Noi
1039:
The construction of sluice gates at the northern part of Thale Luang in 1956 ceased the flow of saline water into Thale Noi lake, creating a freshwater biome that had significant impacts on the ecosystem. Reducing or eliminating connectivity between the larger lake system and Thale Noi lake affected
564:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area is internationally recognised for the valuable habitat, breeding grounds and refuge it provides to an extensive variety of indigenous and migratory bird species. Myriad other species of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish and other aquatic species also inhabit the wetlands
253:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area experiences tropical monsoonal weather with little variation in average temperatures throughout the year. There are distinct wet and dry seasons experienced on the southern east coast of
Thailand with the rainy season running from October to March and dry season from April
1035:
The conversion of wetlands into agricultural and industrial lands is the most significant threat to biodiversity in
Thailand. Habitat destruction, fragmentation, pollution and overexploitation of the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area has reduced populations of flora and fauna species with continuing risks
270:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area is part of the greater
Songkhla Lake Basin, the largest lagoon lake in Thailand, covering an area of over 8,000 km (3,100 sq mi) in its entirety. The lake joins with Thale Luang, a 473 km (183 sq mi) basin, via 3 channels – Khlong Naang Riam,
235:
The Thai name ‘Thale Noi’ translates to ‘little sea’ in
English language (thale = sea; noi = little). The wetlands were internationally recognised as a biodiversity hotspot in 1975 when the Department of National Parks, Wildlife & Flora, under the Ministry of National Resources and Environment
922:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area provides habitat and breeding grounds for over 180 native and migratory bird species that use the wetlands all year round or on their annual migratory journeys. Research linking bird distributions to changing ecological conditions show that bird behaviour is an important
244:
for its diversity of flora and fauna species, its value as a breeding haven for myriad bird species and for the presence of vulnerable and endangered species inhabiting the area. The wetlands are presently governed by the Royal
Forestry Department who work with local authorities and communities to
833:
are considered ‘bioindicators’ of wetland ecosystems, therefore declining populations within Thale Noi are concerning and indicates deteriorating ecological conditions that threatens the biodiversity of the entire ecosystem. The most significant threat to these species are the loss of habitat and
1071:, particularly on wetlands, is steadily increasing, changing rainfall patterns, increasing storm frequency and intensity, impacting all levels of biological and ecological systems. Dedicated management strategies are required to address these issues and the impact on Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area.
1063:
Freshwater wetlands are particularly vulnerable to human activities due to their disproportionate abundance of flora and fauna in both terrestrial and aquatic areas for refuge and habitat. Education, training and enforcement of environmental protection laws needs to be more effective to ensure
342:
swamp forests to floating aquatic macrophytes and microscopic phytoplankton. Records from the late 1990s show there were 72 species of flora within the protected area of Thale Noi, however more recent studies reveal dramatic reductions in plant populations with only 25 species remaining in the
1043:
Eutrophication has been recorded in areas close to human settlements as a consequence of pollutants entering the wetlands from households and industry. Unaware or unconcerned with the impacts of environmental degradation on the ecosystem, runoff from rubber and food production industries and
613:
There are mixed reports to the number of fish species found in Thale Noi Lake with some ranging from 45 species to other much lower figures of 26 species. It is likely that many species have been lost from the wetlands due to habitat conversion, pollution and fragmentation resulting from
758:
914:) farmed by approximately 280 families in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area. It is unknown what impact the numbers of buffalo have on the ecosystem, however many avian species use their grazing areas for feeding and breeding sites including heron, egrets, stilts and wader species.
1027:) populations inhabit the reserve year round as one of only two breeding locations within Thailand and remain constant throughout the year. Cormorants, waders, herons, egrets, crakes, bitterns, terns, grebe and kites are among other avian species found in the non-hunting area.
976:) populations are also in decline due to habitat destruction, degradation and fragmentation, currently listed by the IUCN as Near Threatened, however large populations continue to breed in the wetlands between April and July, with over 20,000 individuals recorded in May 2002.
565:
providing valuable ecosystem services to local communities and as part of the greater food web. Many species in the wetlands have been declared as
Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered by the IUCN and are listed on their Red List of Threatened Species
730:), both of which are also listed on CITES due to trade exploitation. Populations of these species have declined in Thailand due to extensive habitat loss from land conversion into rice fields, rubber tree plantations and shrimp farms. The Four-toed Terrapin (
1040:
the feeding and breeding cycles of fish and other aquatic fauna which consequently impacted the entire food web. Reports of increased weed infestation has also been documented as a result of limited salt-water intrusions that previously reduced populations.
962:) is classified as Near Threatened. These species have all experienced rapid population declines due to land conversion for agriculture and industry causing habitat loss and environmental pollution that some species exhibit sensitivities to. Painted Stork (
364:) species bordering both ends of the reserve represent the largest Melaleuca habitat in Thailand. These flood tolerant trees provide protective breeding grounds throughout the year for common native waterbird species such as the Little Cormorant (
779:) are both IUCN listed as Least Concern, however are protected in Thailand under the Wild Animal Reservation & Protection Act (WARPA). All other reptile species are classified as Least Concern and include: Elephant Trunk Snake (
628:
resulting from privately bred stock being released into wild areas. This loss of genetic diversity increases the risk of local extinctions as populations become less adapted to survive in changing environments. It is reported that
576:
Current records indicate that populations of all amphibians within the protected area are not threatened, however this is likely due to lack of available data. Amphibian species present in the reserve are: Black-spectacled Toad
1930:
556:, found within the reserve are commonly used throughout Thailand for flavouring dishes and adding natural green colouring to drinks and sweets, as well as being used as a traditional medicine for treating diabetes.
271:
Khlong Ban Klang and Khlong Yuan, however sluice gates were installed in 1956 by the Royal
Irrigation Department to prevent salt water intrusion to create freshwater conditions conducive to rice production (see
282:
forests dominate the north and south with extensive rice paddy fields to the east and remaining areas combine swamp marsh, grassland and sedge beds, with only a relatively small area of open water.
1356:"Songkhla Lake: the Largest Natural Lake in Thailand - See more at: http://www.eosnap.com/image-of-the-day/songkhla-lake-the-largest-natural-lake-in-thailand-march-30th-2009/#sthash.SHvlQev7.dpuf"
633:, Walking Catfish, native to Thailand were previously found at Thale Noi, however there is no recent literature available on the distribution of this species in the area. The Giant Sword Minnow (
1763:
478:
spp.) and myriad other
Phytoplankton species. Many macrophyte populations form dense floating patches on the lake surface providing refuge and habitat for both mobile and sessile organisms.
956:) is Vulnerable, although it was once the most abundant species of stalk but now may also be extirpated from Thailand due to no recent documented sightings; and the Spot-billed Pelican (
982:
1060:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area provides an array of valuable ecosystem services to local communities whose economy revolves almost explicitly around exploiting the lake's resources.
1947:
1188:
736:), a semi-aquatic species that lives in terrestrial and freshwater habitats, was once found in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area, however is now Extinct in the Wild in Thailand,.
1299:"Application of integrated environmental management through the preparation of an environmental action programme: Case study from the Songkhla Lake Basin in southern Thailand"
1341:
Iwasaki, S. & Shaw, R., [doi:10.3850/S179392402009000106 "Human Security and Coping Brackish Environmental Hazards in Fishing Communities of Songkhla Lake, Thailand"],
1820:"A New Subspecies Identification and Population Study of the Asian Small-Clawed Otter (Aonyx cinereus) in Malay Peninsula and Southern Thailand Based on Fecal DNA Method"
211:. Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area is one of the largest natural freshwater lakes in South East Asia. It is the smallest, northernmost basin in the chain of lagoons that form
415:) which all contribute to ecosystem stability for maintaining soil composition, food sources, sanctuary and breeding grounds for both terrestrial and aquatic species.
696:
There are 25 recorded species of reptiles in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area with 4 species listed on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable: the Southeast Asian Box Turtle (
509:
in the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area does not require legal land tenure and little financial outlay, making it an attractive method of earning income for poor families.
944:), classified as Critically Endangered and may be extirpated from the Thale Noi area and from Thailand, however data is lacking on this species; the Masked Finfoot (
968:), is classified as Near Threatened, have been recorded at the site in the past (Parr 1994), however it is now on the verge of extinction in Thailand. Similarly,
237:
864:
643:
102:
347:
is due to the heavy impact human populations have had on the area through the over-exploitation of natural resources and pollution into the lake (see
1836:
530:
278:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area is a biologically diverse wetland with multiple habitat types supporting a vast array of flora and fauna species. Dense
849:
658:
2024:
1259:
1355:
481:
Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area hosts several orchid species that are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (
637:) was once also found in Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area however is now extirpated due to its sensitivities to pollution and gillnet fishing.
515:
1237:
418:
Herbaceous macrophytes present in the reserve also provide important habitats for birds, otters and other wildlife and include reeds (
1185:
2019:
1524:"Change detection and identification of land potential for planting Krajood (Lepironia articulata ) in Thale Noi, Southern Thailand"
1445:
878:
Other mammal species found within the protected area are classified as Least Concern by the IUCN include the Crab-eating Macaque (
994:
44:
1502:"The Effect of Fishing on the Distribution and Behaviour of Waterbirds in the Kukut area of Lake Songkla, Southern Thailand"
388:
forests also provides night roosting areas for migratory bird species from April to July, such as the Black-headed Ibis (
1052:
1009:
710:
672:
Other non-threatened aquatic species present in the wetlands include several economically valuable species - Snakehead (
1853:
17:
757:
2014:
815:
There are 10 recorded species of mammals inhabiting the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area. The Asian Small-Clawed Otter (
1801:
Mukherjee, S., Sanderson, J., Duckworth, W., Melisch, R., Khan, J., Wilting, A., Sunarto, S. & Howard, J.G.,
1068:
742:
1764:"Species Diversity, Distribution and Proposed Status of Monitor Lizards (Family Varanidae) in Southern Thailand"
618:
and industrialisation, however more research is required to quantify the extent of loss. Siamese Fighting Fish (
1298:
843:
Non-Hunting Area were almost completely nocturnal, making recording individual numbers difficult to establish.
835:
825:
552:
958:
615:
1220:
1418:
964:
952:
1910:
1890:
1870:
1523:
1603:
1780:
1709:
1676:
1479:
1044:
surrounding pig, shrimp and crop farms are additional sources of pollution contaminating the area.
946:
935:) species have shown to correlate with average temperatures, relative humidity and total rainfall.
880:
722:
485:) due to historical over-exploitation for their aesthetic appeal, including Finlayson's Cymbidium (
216:
1802:
1726:
1627:
1221:"Population of Waterbirds in the Breeding Colony at Khuan Khi Sian, Thailand's First Ramsar Site"
716:
372:), as well as other common avian species with annual breeding cycles including the Little Egret (
360:
1746:
70:
1619:
1462:
1093:
969:
698:
344:
262:
241:
220:
163:
1931:"The Expansion of Inland Shrimp Farming and Its Environmental Impacts in Songkla Lake Basin"
1611:
704:
546:
58:
48:
1948:"Rural male leadership, religion and the environment in Thailand's mid-south, 1920s–1960s"
1431:
1192:
910:
625:
620:
807:) and several species of common terrestrial and water snakes, skinks and garden lizards.
1607:
1276:
938:
Globally threatened avian species listed on the IUCN Red List include: Baer's Pochard (
208:
254:
to September; November being the wettest month of the year and July being the driest.
2008:
1501:
838:
due to land conversion into rice paddies and shrimp farms (Mukherjees et al. 2010).
732:
720:). Two species are currently listed as Endangered - the Yellow-headed Temple Turtle (
395:
Other water adapted plant species found in the area include common mangrove species (
212:
1631:
940:
1854:"Distribution of Resident Birds in a Protected Tropical Habitat in South Thailand"
1540:
839:
1615:
219:, Phatthalung and Songkhla provinces and is home to the critically endangered
1623:
117:
104:
1590:
1569:
Meksuwan, P., Pholpunthin, P., Walsh, E.J., Segers, H. and Wallace, R., ,
1819:
1662:
Monvises, A., Nuangsaeng, B., Sriwattanarothai, N. and Panijpan, B., ,
1411:"A Socio-Economic and Tourism Assessment at Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area"
823:) are both on the IUCN Red List as Vulnerable species and Fishing Cat (
1588:
La-ongsri, Woranuch; Trisonthi, Chusie; Balslev, Henrik (2009-08-01).
771:
The 2 monitor species present in the wetlands, the Clouded Monitor (
1410:
1088:
1051:
482:
261:
1929:
Tanavud, C. Yongchalermchai, C., Bennui, A. and Kasetsart, O.D.,
1837:"Terrestrial Activity Patterns of Wild Cats from Camera Trapping"
1591:"Management and use of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. in Thai wetlands"
1858:
International Society for Southeast Asian Agricultural Sciences
566:
923:
biological indicator of change. Populations of Cattle Egret (
266:
Sunrise boat trips to see blooming lotus at Thale Noi lake.
1779:
Wright, L., de Silva, P., Chan, B. & Reza Lubis, I.,
1644:
Wakte, K.V., Nadaf, A.B., Ratnakar, J. and Jawali, N., ,
1089:"Kuan Ki Sian of the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area Wetlands"
1768:
The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University
1225:
The Natural History Journal of Chulalongkorn University
684:), Swamp eel (Fluta alba), 2 freshwater prawn species (
493:) both found on limestone outcrops within the reserve.
174:
Kuan Ki Sian of the Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area Wetlands
18:
Kuan Ki Sian of the Thale Noi Non-hunting Area Wetlands
1558:
Office of the National Environment Board of Thailand
1522:
Wunbua, J., Nakhapakorn, K. and Jirakajohnkool, S.,
1343:
Asian Journal of Environment and Disaster Management
686:
Macrobrachium lanchesteri, Macrobrachium rosenbergii
215:, spreading across three provincial boundaries into
1966:Cookey, P.E., Darnswasdi, R. and Ratanachai, C., ,
1463:"Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas - Thale Noi"
186:
178:
170:
161:
157:
149:
141:
133:
96:
88:
80:
32:
1589:
1528:Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology
1171:Cookey, P., Darnswasdi, R. & Ratanchai, C., ,
680:); several catfish varieties; Grey Featherback (
1303:Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management
1219:Kaewdee, W., Thirakhupt, K. and Tunhikorn, S.,
238:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1583:
1581:
1579:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
8:
1293:
1291:
1289:
950:) is Endangered; the Lesser Adjutant Stork (
1658:
1656:
1654:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1496:
1494:
1492:
908:). There are also over 4000 Water Buffalo (
714:) and the Southeast Asia Softshell Turtle (
1962:
1960:
1905:
1903:
1885:
1883:
1500:Pierce, G.J., Spray, C.J. and Stuart, E.,
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
348:
272:
29:
1741:
1739:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1167:
1165:
1056:Houses of National Park on Thale Noi lake
1980:
1978:
1976:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1691:
1689:
1337:
1335:
1114:
1112:
284:
1925:
1923:
1446:"A Study of the Waterfowl at Thale Noi"
1080:
988:Birds taking flight over Thale Noi lake
978:
845:
738:
639:
511:
1427:
1416:
1023:Non-threatened species, Purple Heron (
601:) and the Malaysian Narrowmouth Toad (
1762:Lauprasert, K. & Thirakhupt, K.,
1480:"Forest inventory at Thale Noi Basin"
1450:Natural History Bulletin Siam Society
829:) is presently listed as Endangered.
392:), an IUCN Near Threatened species.
185:
177:
169:
160:
145:29 April 1975 Ramsar Site 13 May 1998
7:
1646:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
1571:International Review of Hydrobiology
79:
1852:Rittiboon, K. & Karntanut, W.,
1708:Vidthayanon, C. & Allen, D.J.,
27:Protected area in southern Thailand
1952:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
726:) and the Yellow-headed Tortoise (
581:); Pointed-tongued Floating Frog (
376:), the Black-crowned Night Heron (
25:
1297:Chufamanee, P. and Lonholdt, L.,
1260:"Phatthalung Tourism Information"
489:) and the Aloe-leafed Cymbidium (
137:460 km (180 sq mi)
1556:Ecological Research Division, ,
1275:Thai Meteorological Department,
1157:Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1008:
993:
981:
863:
848:
819:) and the Smooth-coated Otter (
756:
741:
702:); the Giant Asian Pond Turtle (
657:
642:
529:
514:
69:
57:
1986:Cambridge Philosophical Society
1841:The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology
1695:Humphrey, S. & Bain, J., ,
1596:Wetlands Ecology and Management
1236:Ramsar Convention Secretariat,
775:) and the Asian Water Monitor (
140:
87:
1710:"Macrochirichthys macrochirus"
1281:Thai Meteorological Department
1186:"Protected Areas Category III"
1175:, 2016. Retrieved 05-05-2016 .
1173:Ocean & Coastal Management
1155:Iwasaki, S. & Shaw, R., ,
927:), Black-crowned Night Heron (
84:Phatthalung Province, Thailand
1:
2025:Non-hunting areas of Thailand
1988:, 2006. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1970:, 2016. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1954:, 2011. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1937:, 2001. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1917:, 2012. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1897:, 2013. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1877:, 2015. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1860:, 2011. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1843:, 2013. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1826:, 2014. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1809:, 2010. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1787:, 2015. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1770:, 2001. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1753:, 2000. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1733:, 2000. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1716:, 2013. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1683:, 2013. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1666:, 2009. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1648:, 2009. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1573:, 2014. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1560:, 1981. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1547:, 2012. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1541:"Threskiornis melanocephalus"
1530:, 2012. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1508:, 1993. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1486:, 1999. Retrieved 14-05-2016.
1469:, 2016. Retrieved 19-05-2016.
1452:, 1977. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1362:, 2009. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1345:, 2009. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1305:, 2001. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1283:, 2014. Retrieved 19-05-2016.
1266:, 2016. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1244:, 2013. Retrieved 01-05-2016.
1242:Ramsar Convention Secretariat
1227:, 2002. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1199:, 2014. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1159:, 2010. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1135:, 2013. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
1122:, 2000. Retrieved 05-05-2016.
688:) and several crab species.
1824:The Scientific World Journal
1745:Asian Turtle Working Group,
1725:Asian Turtle Working Group,
803:); Puff-faced Water Snake (
711:Siebenrockiella crassicollis
666:Macrochirichthys macrochirus
635:Macrochirichthys macrochirus
497:Economically valuable plants
384:). The thick foliage of the
236:and in conjunction with the
933:Threskiornis melanocephalus
904:); and the Polynesian Rat (
708:); the Black Marsh Turtle (
593:); White-lipped Tree Frog (
390:Threskiornis melanocephalus
49:natural monument or feature
38:Thale Noi Waterfowl Reserve
2041:
1935:Journal of Natural Science
1327:Taylor & Francis Group
900:); Greater Bandicoot Rat (
890:Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
884:); Malayan Horseshoe Bat (
205:Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area
33:Thale Noi Non-Hunting Area
1803:"Prionailurus viverrinus"
1616:10.1007/s11273-008-9106-6
1277:"The Climate of Thailand"
1096:Sites Information Service
931:) and Black-headed Ibis (
855:Asian Small-clawed Otter
795:); Striped Water Snake (
411:) and the Shore Eugenia (
198:
194:
153:Royal Forestry Department
68:
56:
42:
37:
2020:Ramsar sites in Thailand
1909:Birdlife International,
1889:Birdlife International,
1869:Birdlife International,
1697:The Sandhill Crane Press
1539:Birdlife International,
1461:Birdlife International,
1120:Nordic Journal of Botany
1069:impact of climate change
836:population fragmentation
487:Cymbidium finlaysonianum
380:) and the Cattle Egret (
1911:"Mycteria leucocephala"
1891:"Leptoptilos javanicus"
1506:Biological Conservation
1258:Royal Thai Government,
1238:"Ramsar Sites Criteria"
872:Prionailurus viverrinus
826:Prionailurus viverrinus
783:); Reticulated Python (
676:spp.); Climbing Perch (
597:); Burmese Squat Frog (
595:Polypedates leucomystax
553:Pandanus amaryllifolius
544:Royal or Sacred lotus,
466:); Golden Bladderwort (
358:) and the White Samet (
354:The Weeping Paperbark (
338:Plant life ranges from
1984:Dudgeon, D. et al., ,
1835:Lynam, A. J., et al.,
1818:Rosli, M.K.A. et al.,
1467:Birdlife International
1426:Cite journal requires
1131:Ponnampalam et al., ,
1057:
959:Pelecanus philippensis
896:); Plantain Squirrel (
888:); Common Palm Civit (
799:); Rice Paddy Snake (
649:Siamese Fighting Fish
616:agricultural expansion
585:); Common Green Frog (
472:Ceratophyllum demersum
440:Paspalum scrobiculatum
356:Melaleuca leucadendron
310:Swamp/Sedge/Grassland
267:
1727:"Heosemys annandalii"
1264:Royal Thai Government
1055:
1031:Environmental Threats
965:Mycteria leucocephala
953:Leptoptilos javanicus
929:Nycticorax nycticorax
886:Rhinolophus malayanus
781:Acrochordus javanicus
682:Notopterus notopterus
589:); Chinese Bullfrog (
501:Over-exploitation of
446:spp.); Sacred Lotus (
442:) and other grasses (
413:Syzygium antisepticum
401:Sonneratia caseolaris
378:Nycticorax nycticorax
349:Environmental Threats
273:Environmental Threats
265:
225:Orcaella brevirostris
118:7.76667°N 100.15306°E
75:Thale Noi Locator Map
898:Callosciurus notatus
892:); Jarvan Mongoose (
728:Indotestudo elongate
609:Fish & Shellfish
523:Lepironia articulata
507:Lepironia articulata
503:Lepironia articulata
491:Cymbidium aloifolium
462:); Asian Watermoss (
458:); Water Snowflake (
436:Lepironia articulata
397:Rhizophora apiculate
368:) and Purple Heron (
345:loss of biodiversity
245:manage the reserve.
1608:2009WetEM..17..279L
1478:Liangphonphan, S.,
1017:Heliopais personata
947:Heliopais personata
894:Herpestes javanicus
881:Macaca fascicularis
821:Lutra perspicillata
791:); Monocled Cobra (
723:Hieremys annandalii
631:Prophagorus niuhofi
599:Calluella guttulata
434:spp.); Grey Sedge (
430:spp.); Spike-rush (
409:Alstonia spathulata
366:Phalocrocorax niger
327:11 sq mi
316:42 sq mi
305:59 sq mi
294:66 sq mi
217:Nakhon Si Thammarat
150:Governing body
114: /
1191:2014-08-04 at the
1118:Coesel, P.F.M., ,
1058:
805:Homalopsis buccata
789:Bungarus fasciatus
785:Python reticulatus
717:Amyda cartilaginea
678:Anabas testudineus
579:Bufo melanostictus
464:Salvinia cucullata
407:); Siamese Balsa (
403:); the Nipa Palm (
361:Melaleuca cajuputi
288:Melaleuca forests
268:
258:Ecosystem dynamics
187:Reference no.
123:7.76667; 100.15306
2015:IUCN Category III
1968:Hydrology Journal
1946:Reynolds, C. J.,
1677:"Betta splendens"
1675:Vidthayanon, C.,
974:T. melanocephalus
970:Black-headed Ibis
797:Enhydris enhydris
787:); Banded Krait (
773:Varanus nebulosus
765:Cuora amboinensis
763:Asian Box Turtle
699:Cuora amboinensis
587:Hylarana erythrae
468:Utricularia aurea
460:Nymphoides indica
456:Nymphaea nouchali
331:
330:
242:Ramsar Convention
221:Irrawaddy dolphin
202:
201:
89:Nearest city
16:(Redirected from
2032:
1989:
1982:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1927:
1918:
1907:
1898:
1887:
1878:
1867:
1861:
1850:
1844:
1833:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1781:"Aonyx cinereus"
1777:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1743:
1734:
1723:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1649:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1593:
1585:
1574:
1567:
1561:
1554:
1548:
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1442:
1436:
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1429:
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1422:
1414:
1406:
1363:
1354:Earth Snapshot,
1352:
1346:
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1284:
1273:
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1234:
1228:
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1182:
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1153:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1085:
1015:tMasked Finfoot
1012:
997:
985:
902:Bandicota indica
867:
852:
801:Enhydris plumbea
777:Varanus salvator
760:
745:
705:Heosemys grandis
661:
646:
547:Nelumbo nucifera
538:Nelumbo nucifera
533:
518:
474:); Green Algae (
450:); White Lotus (
448:Nelumbo nucifera
374:Egretta garzetta
285:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
73:
61:
30:
21:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2005:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1921:
1908:
1901:
1888:
1881:
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1864:
1851:
1847:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1813:
1800:
1791:
1778:
1774:
1761:
1757:
1747:"Batagur baska"
1744:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1643:
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1555:
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1499:
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1456:
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1425:
1415:
1408:
1407:
1366:
1353:
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1340:
1333:
1324:
1309:
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1287:
1274:
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1257:
1248:
1235:
1231:
1218:
1203:
1193:Wayback Machine
1183:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1139:
1133:Aquatic Mammals
1130:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1050:
1033:
1019:
1013:
1004:
1000:Baer's Pochard
998:
989:
986:
920:
911:Bubalus bubalis
874:
868:
859:
853:
813:
767:
761:
752:
748:River terrapin
746:
694:
668:
662:
653:
651:Betta splendens
647:
626:genetic erosion
621:Betta splendens
611:
603:Kaloula pulchra
583:Occidozyga lima
574:
562:
540:
534:
525:
519:
499:
454:); Blue lotus (
438:); Rice Grass (
426:spp.), rushes (
422:spp.); sedges (
336:
260:
251:
233:
166:
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
76:
64:
52:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2038:
2036:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1990:
1972:
1956:
1939:
1919:
1899:
1879:
1871:"Aythya baeri"
1862:
1845:
1828:
1811:
1789:
1772:
1755:
1735:
1718:
1701:
1685:
1668:
1650:
1637:
1602:(4): 279–289.
1575:
1562:
1549:
1532:
1510:
1488:
1471:
1454:
1444:Storer, P.J.,
1437:
1428:|journal=
1364:
1347:
1331:
1307:
1285:
1268:
1246:
1229:
1201:
1177:
1161:
1137:
1124:
1108:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1049:
1046:
1032:
1029:
1025:Ardea purpurea
1021:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1005:
999:
992:
990:
987:
980:
919:
916:
906:Rattus exulans
876:
875:
869:
862:
860:
854:
847:
812:
809:
769:
768:
762:
755:
753:
747:
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610:
607:
573:
570:
561:
558:
542:
541:
535:
528:
526:
520:
513:
498:
495:
452:Nymphaea lotus
405:Nypa fruticans
370:Ardea purpurea
343:reserve. This
335:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
318:
317:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
289:
259:
256:
250:
247:
232:
229:
209:Satun province
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
167:
164:Ramsar Wetland
162:
159:
158:
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
98:
94:
93:
90:
86:
85:
82:
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74:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
43:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2037:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:IUCN Red List
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1895:IUCN Red List
1892:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1875:IUCN Red List
1872:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1838:
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1829:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:IUCN Red List
1804:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:IUCN Red List
1782:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:IUCN Red List
1748:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:IUCN Red List
1728:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:IUCN Red List
1711:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:IUCN Red List
1678:
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1566:
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1545:IUCN Red List
1542:
1536:
1533:
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1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1495:
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1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
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1438:
1433:
1420:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1338:
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1328:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1251:
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1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1065:
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1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
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1011:
1006:
1003:
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991:
984:
979:
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975:
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967:
966:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
948:
943:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
925:Bubulcus ibis
917:
915:
913:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
882:
873:
866:
861:
858:
857:Aonyx cinerea
851:
846:
844:
841:
837:
832:
831:Aonyx cinerea
828:
827:
822:
818:
817:Aonyx cinerea
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:Naja kaouthia
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
766:
759:
754:
751:
750:Batagur baska
744:
739:
737:
735:
734:
733:Batagur baska
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
706:
701:
700:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
667:
664:Sword Minnow
660:
655:
652:
645:
640:
638:
636:
632:
627:
623:
622:
617:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Rana rugulosa
588:
584:
580:
571:
569:
567:
559:
557:
555:
554:
549:
548:
539:
532:
527:
524:
517:
512:
510:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
470:); Hornwort (
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:Bubulcus ibis
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
333:
326:
323:
320:
319:
315:
312:
309:
308:
304:
301:
299:Rice Paddies
298:
297:
293:
290:
287:
286:
283:
281:
276:
274:
264:
257:
255:
248:
246:
243:
239:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Songkhla Lake
210:
206:
197:
193:
189:
181:
173:
171:Official name
165:
156:
152:
148:
144:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
91:
83:
72:
67:
60:
55:
50:
46:
45:IUCN category
41:
36:
31:
19:
1985:
1967:
1951:
1942:
1934:
1914:
1894:
1874:
1865:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1831:
1823:
1814:
1806:
1784:
1775:
1767:
1758:
1750:
1730:
1721:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1680:
1671:
1664:Science Asia
1663:
1645:
1640:
1599:
1595:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1505:
1483:
1474:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1419:cite journal
1409:Parr, John.
1359:
1350:
1342:
1326:
1325:King, V., ,
1302:
1280:
1271:
1263:
1241:
1232:
1224:
1196:
1180:
1172:
1156:
1132:
1127:
1119:
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1092:
1083:
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1062:
1059:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1024:
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1002:Aythya baeri
1001:
973:
963:
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937:
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924:
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893:
889:
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879:
877:
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856:
830:
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820:
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814:
804:
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339:
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313:109 km
302:153 km
291:170 km
279:
277:
269:
252:
234:
224:
204:
203:
840:Overfishing
521:Grey Sedge
324:28 km
321:Open water
182:13 May 1998
142:Established
121: /
109:100°09′11″E
97:Coordinates
92:Phatthalung
2009:Categories
1075:References
1048:Management
572:Amphibians
432:Eleocharis
420:Phragmites
179:Designated
1624:1572-9834
386:Melaleuca
340:Melaleuca
280:Melaleuca
106:7°46′00″N
63:Thale Noi
1632:25530088
1189:Archived
1101:25 April
692:Reptiles
81:Location
1699:, 1990.
1604:Bibcode
1329:, 1998.
811:Mammals
444:Scleria
428:Scirpus
424:Cyperus
249:Climate
231:History
1630:
1622:
1360:Chelys
1184:IUCN,
1094:Ramsar
674:Channa
1628:S2CID
1484:AGRIS
918:Birds
560:Fauna
483:CITES
476:Chara
334:Flora
47:III (
1620:ISSN
1432:help
1197:IUCN
1103:2018
1067:The
399:and
134:Area
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190:948
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
