1850:(quantity), kubutz being shorter, or that the signs indicated different sounds (quality), kubutz being more rounded, although this is a matter of debate. It is also possible that Biblical Hebrew had several varieties of sounds, which were not consistently represented in writing.
1607:), this letter is assimilated with the second letter of the root, which in turn takes a complementary dagesh. This makes the syllable of the prefix closed, so accordingly the prefix takes kubutz:
1714:
is even a part of this word's root, and in the second word the sound is in the last syllable. Contrariwise, a shuruk is used in closed syllables where a kubutz would be expected, for example in
722: ). This is the consistent vocalization in the Bible and in normative modern Hebrew, but in spoken modern Hebrew it is not consistently productive and the conjunction may simply remain
653:. Hebrew one-letter words are written together with the next word and their pronunciation may change according to the first letters of that word. The basic vocalization of this conjunction is
1473:
The kubutz is used only if the prefix is a closed vowel, which is the majority of cases. With some root patterns, however, it becomes an open vowel, in which case a shuruk is written:
3314:
1761:- 'so says Yosef Levi'), but this usage is rare in modern Hebrew, where this word usually means "(a delivered) speech" and is regularly spelled with shuruk -
1268:. This doesn't change the pronunciation, since in modern Hebrew the dagesh is not realized anyway. The spelling without niqqud is also unchanged:
2560:
1842:
In
Biblical Hebrew both signs may have indicated the same sound and when the Bible manuscripts were vocalized kubutz was simply used where the letter
3269:
528:
butz, and this is the common name today, although the name "kibutz" is still occasionally used, for example by the
Academy of the Hebrew Language.
1710:('and your backslidings shall reprove you', ). Kubutz is used in both of them, even though in the first word the syllable is not closed and the
642:
Differently from all other niqqud signs, a shuruk can stand on its own in the beginning of the word and not after a consonant when it is the
780:). It is written in closed syllables which do not appear at the end of the word. A closed syllable is one which ends in a consonant with
2598:
1651:
Kubutz appears in some conjugated forms of verbs with roots whose second and third letter are the same (also called double stems and
2287:
847:. To this pattern belong also the words whose roots' second and third letter are the same and merge into one consonant with dagesh:
601:
Regardless of syllable type, shuruk is always written in foreign words and names if they weren't adapted to Hebrew word structure (
2405:
2273:
2386:
2497:
2476:
2426:
2235:
2207:
3225:
3220:
2593:
1787:
338:. In an alternative, Ashkenazi naming, the kubutz (three diagonal dots) is called "shuruk" and shuruk is called "melopum" (
2553:
3300:
3230:
1846:
was not written, although other possibilities were proposed by researchers, most commonly that the vowels had different
520:
etc.) but later all the names of vowel signs were changed to include their own sound in their first syllable. This way k
760:
Kubutz is used only in native Hebrew words and in words with foreign roots that were adapted to Hebrew word structure (
2745:
1755:, ) is written with kubutz in the Bible. It was previously frequently used to mark the signature on documents (e.g.
2458:
1874:
2073:
1256:. In March 2009 the Academy decided to simplify the niqqud of such words by eliminating the dagesh in the letter
3264:
2942:
2711:
2546:
1967:
1962:
1888:
333:
566:
The shuruk is used to mark at the last syllable of the word and in open syllables in the middle of the word:
1700:
are not always used according to the above consistent rules and sometimes quite arbitrarily. For example, in
3307:
3286:
3249:
3137:
2937:
2719:
2607:
2306:
1122:
Declined forms of words which have the pattern /CaCoC/ in the singular and become /CəCuCCim/ in the plural:
643:
560:
2947:
2603:
1903:
1896:
1884:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1286:
pual and huf'al and in some conjugated forms of verbs whose roots' second and third letters are the same.
365:
with a dot in the middle and to the left of it. The dot is identical to the grammatically different signs
67:
3172:
2932:
2786:
2394:
1185:
Some words, in the base form of which the penultimate syllable has and is stressed (sometimes called
3052:
2781:
1701:
925:
331:
1715:
3179:
3085:
2889:
901:
697:
3253:
3194:
3189:
3067:
3004:
1847:
1795:
1326:
3245:
3142:
3075:
3040:
3036:
880:('point') . The dagesh is not realized in modern Hebrew, but if the letter with the dagesh is
1048:
Declined forms of words, whose roots' second and third letter are the same, and which have a
3293:
2698:
2666:
2633:
1957:
664:
3336:
3240:
3204:
3167:
3159:
3132:
3110:
3046:
3024:
2801:
2703:
2693:
2671:
2645:
2640:
2628:
2588:
2583:
2569:
2390:
2359:
2078:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1945:
1914:
771:
556:
321:
312:
300:
283:
271:
147:
119:
57:
1810:('multiplying', ). This practice disappeared in the middle of twentieth century and now
3057:
2776:
2766:
2681:
2676:
1952:
911:
3330:
3014:
2909:
2650:
2374:('she knows all'). In any case, this is in regard to ; for , there are no exceptions.
1922:
788:
2383:
3184:
3100:
3032:
2874:
2834:
2814:
2761:
2068:
1908:
1870:
1578:
1515:
1442:
935:
881:
687:
677:
667:
480:
27:
1865:
is not written. Kubutz is one of the reflections of the short Proto-Semitic short
1861:(ū) sound, although most likely in the Bible kubutz stands for it when the letter
2054:
These vowels lengths are not manifested in modern Hebrew. In addition, the short
726: in these cases. It is not reflected in writing without niqqud. Examples:
3259:
3105:
2829:
2771:
2686:
2521:
1340:
407:
3149:
2448:
There are several other possible readings, but this is enough for the example.
1794:
in words which were written with kubutz. For example, in the printed works of
377:, but in a fully vocalized text it is practically impossible to confuse them:
3124:
3095:
1010:
782:
3199:
2791:
2612:
1930:
939:
255:
1926:
1881:
1424:
Kubutz is used in the prefixes of verbs and participles in the passive
1044:
Common noun patterns in which kubutz appears in the declined form are:
921:
655:
635:
623:
20:
1440:('organized') . It is also correct to write words in this binyan with
3090:
2999:
2994:
2979:
2974:
2924:
2879:
2864:
2335:
2188:
2169:
1774:
1425:
1295:
1283:
1191:
1020:
855:
593:
425:) and only in some Bible manuscripts it appears in the letter
373:
367:
354:
sign is represented by three diagonal dots "◌ֻ" underneath a letter.
324:
231:
223:
207:
199:
160:
96:
92:
3294:
Gesenius' Hebrew and
Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures
804:
Common noun patterns in which kubutz appears in the base form are:
415:) in modern Hebrew and in the Bible it sometimes appears in
3235:
3080:
2984:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2894:
2839:
2824:
2819:
2809:
2538:
2330:
2173:
1599:
1330:
1050:
1006:
808:/CuCCaC/ where the middle CC is a double consonant (with Dagesh):
436:
417:
327:
215:
191:
183:
175:
874:/CəCuCCa/ where the last CC is a double consonant (with dagesh):
3009:
2954:
2904:
2899:
2884:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
1589:
1526:
1479:
1370:
1360:
1350:
1258:
1244:
was in the past written with a kubutz in texts with niqqud: sg.
892:
714:
708:
247:
167:
123:
2542:
1925:
of the kubutz and shuruk in reconstructed historical forms and
2914:
2869:
792:(essentially two identical consonants, the first of which has
1298:
pual usually have a kubutz in the first letter of the root:
405:
only appears at the end of the word and only in the letter
1891:. Its closest equivalent in English is the "oo" sound in t
1873:
is a variant of kubutz in the Bible, as they are found in
1790:
it was common in spelling without niqqud not to write the
972:/CuCCoCet/ with dagesh in the middle letter of the root:
2395:אקדם – ידיעון האקדמיה ללשון העברית, גיליון 40, שבט תש"ע
2257:
2255:
2253:
2220:
footnote. In modern Hebrew letter this word is written
1218:, both being normative spellings and pronunciations of
1777:', ) is spelled with kubutz in the Bible, but usually
1587:) and in six roots whose first two letters are
32:
26:"Shuruk" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see
2517:
2515:
381:
itself is a vowel sign, so if the letter before the
3278:
3213:
3158:
3123:
3066:
3023:
2923:
2800:
2754:
2738:
2731:
2659:
2621:
2576:
2062:in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
1182:(), with holam gadol and shuruk and without dagesh.
2317:
2315:
1561:Roots whose second and third letter are the same:
154:with a dot in the middle are examples of shuruk.
126:, the three diagonal dots) is the kubutz itself.
1853:Shuruk is usually a reflection of reconstructed
3315:Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament
1325:If the second letter of the root is one of the
978:('coat', 'garment') ; with a four letter root:
389:with the dot is a shuruk and otherwise it is a
2554:
1666:('turn') in the future tense of binyan qal:
494:In older grammar books the kubbutz is called
8:
2369:
2363:
2349:
2221:
1902:In modern Hebrew writing without niqqud the
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1778:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1705:
1678:
1670:
1661:
1652:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1568:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1435:
1429:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1269:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1229:
1223:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1000:
991:
985:
979:
973:
964:
958:
949:
943:
929:
915:
875:
866:
860:
848:
842:
836:
827:
821:
815:
809:
775:
765:
746:
738:
730:
629:
617:
609:
586:
578:
570:
536:
499:
474:
464:
454:
444:
430:
1877:in closely related morphological patterns.
2735:
2561:
2547:
2539:
1880:In modern Hebrew, both signs indicate the
385:doesn't have its own vowel sign, then the
1282:Kubutz is common in verbs in the passive
1055:in the last syllable of their base form:
555:For details on the sounds of Hebrew, see
2524:, 'Short Vowels in Tiberian Hebrew', in
2137:
2064:
1935:
135:
107:
46:
2200:
1196:when declined. For example, base form:
541:), but this name is rarely used today.
2384:Summary of meeting 308, March 16, 2009
1238:The plural form of words which end in
1189:), may be written with kubutz or with
1294:Verbs and participles in the passive
1079:('all of them') , a declined form of
910:), then it is pronounced as a
706:), and before any letter with
311:
282:
7:
2301:Based on the list of noun patterns (
1577:In many roots whose first letter is
786:(zero vowel) or in a consonant with
122:. The first vowel (under the letter
2370:
2364:
2350:
2222:
1912:, in which case it is considered a
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1779:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1706:
1679:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1569:
1563:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1466:
1460:
1458:(, ). Without niqqud, in any case:
1454:
1448:
1436:
1430:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1270:
1264:
1262:and changing the kubutz to shuruk:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:. All these words are written with
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1001:
992:
986:
980:
974:
965:
959:
950:
944:
930:
916:
876:
867:
861:
849:
843:
837:
828:
822:
816:
810:
776:
766:
747:
739:
731:
630:
618:
610:
587:
579:
571:
537:
500:
475:
465:
455:
445:
431:
304:
275:
2528:1999 (originally published 1961).
1736:(in modern Hebrew without niqqud:
1378:) -, the kubutz changes to
14:
2393:; שתי החלטות בדקדוק. דורון יעקב,
2321:changes to on a guttural letter.
1921:The following table contains the
1730:, ), instead of the more regular
1657:). Most of them are rarely used.
1310:('acceptable') , without niqqud:
1040:Kubutz in declined forms of nouns
1931:International Phonetic Alphabet
1222:. Without niqqud, in any case:
330:signs that represent the sound
2058:is usually promoted to a long
1788:revival of the Hebrew language
1675:(1 sg. with possessive suffix)
1:
1514:Roots whose middle letter is
1404:('graded') ; without niqqud:
820:('saddle') . Without niqqud:
800:Kubutz in base forms of nouns
2099:
2066:
2021:
1993:
1786:In the first decades of the
1477:Roots whose first letter is
984:('skull') . Without niqqud:
1906:sound is always written as
1707:וּמְשֻׁבוֹתַיִךְ תּוֹכִחֻךְ
963:('desk') , without niqqud:
3353:
2604:Transliteration to English
2389:February 12, 2008, at the
2262:Academy Decisions: Grammar
1875:complementary distribution
1724:('naked', , the plural of
1061:('bears') , the plural of
841:('rat') , without niqqud:
663: ), but before the
531:Shuruk was earlier called
429:, for example in the word
89:Same appearance as shuruk
25:
18:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2022:
1994:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1531:
1521:
1493:('become better') , root
1484:
1375:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1335:
1095:in texts without niqqud:
907:
897:
887:
723:
719:
703:
693:
683:
673:
660:
646:
481:orthographic variants of
439:') . Compare for example
422:
412:
339:
288:
166:
158:
145:
136:
130:
117:
108:
102:
47:
35:
3287:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2499:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2478:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2460:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2428:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2407:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2368:('all the people'), but
2275:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2237:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
2209:Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar
1889:close back rounded vowel
1505:('brought down') , root
1398:('will be described') ,
516:(also transliterated as
512:. This was shortened to
510:contraction of the mouth
19:Not to be confused with
16:Hebrew niqqud vowel sign
2307:Even-Shoshan Dictionary
2050:Vowel length comparison
1798:the word מרבה may mean
1434:('was put to sleep') ,
718:) it becomes a shuruk (
2457:Preliminary Remark to
1552:('understood') , root
756:Kubutz in modern texts
550:Shuruk in modern texts
469:'protection' (without
2339:on a guttural letter.
1804:('multiplied', ) and
1625:('presented') , root
1567:('protected') , root
1023:') . Without niqqud:
638:') (closed syllable)
3308:Strong's Concordance
2599:Ancient inscriptions
1382:in a process called
1146:(). Without niqqud:
942:) . Without niqqud:
926:prenuptial agreement
774:') (without niqqud
3301:Brown–Driver–Briggs
2354:is written without
1660:Examples with verb
1540:('erected') , root
1368:) - but not
1327:guttural consonants
1304:('was gathered') ,
401:. Furthermore, the
146:The word shuruk in
118:The word kubutz in
3150:Law of attenuation
2660:Reading traditions
1796:Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
1783:in modern Hebrew.
1704:appear the words:
1631:. Without niqqud:
1613:('driven') , root
1128:('yellow', ), pl.
865:, without niqqud:
449:'varied' (without
3324:
3323:
3180:Verbal morphology
3119:
3118:
2637:
2348:As an exception,
2180:
2179:
2131:
2130:
2047:
2046:
1176:('sweet', ), pl.
1140:('round', ), pl.
735:('and a letter')
665:labial consonants
575:('they guarded')
524:butz changed to k
284:[kuˈbuts]
261:
260:
242: Kubutz
238: Shuruk
3344:
3270:Unicode and HTML
2736:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2689:
2634:northern dialect
2631:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2468:
2465:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2310:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2233:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2138:
2134:Unicode encoding
2109:
2103:
2065:
2024:
1996:
1936:
1905:
1886:
1868:
1860:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1782:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1523:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1347:
1337:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1250:('shop'), , pl.
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1004:
1003:
995:
994:
989:
988:
983:
982:
977:
976:
968:
967:
962:
961:
953:
952:
947:
946:
933:
932:
919:
918:
909:
899:
889:
879:
878:
870:
869:
864:
863:
852:
851:
846:
845:
840:
839:
831:
830:
825:
824:
819:
818:
813:
812:
779:
778:
772:formatted (disk)
769:
768:
750:
749:
742:
741:
734:
733:
725:
721:
705:
695:
685:
675:
662:
648:
633:
632:
621:
620:
613:
612:
611:אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה
590:
589:
582:
581:
574:
573:
561:Hebrew phonology
540:
539:
503:
502:
478:
477:
468:
467:
459:) as opposed to
458:
457:
448:
447:
434:
433:
424:
414:
341:
337:
316:, also known as
315:
313:[ʃuˈʁuk]
310:
306:
290:
286:
281:
277:
140:
139:
112:
111:
77:English example
51:
50:
49:וּ ֻ
33:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3279:Reference works
3274:
3209:
3205:Vav-consecutive
3154:
3133:Biblical Hebrew
3115:
3062:
3047:Mater lectionis
3019:
2919:
2796:
2750:
2727:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2685:
2655:
2617:
2572:
2570:Hebrew language
2567:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2520:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2400:
2391:Wayback Machine
2382:
2378:
2360:construct state
2347:
2343:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2185:
2136:
2084:
2079:Transliteration
2052:
1915:mater lectionis
1840:
1690:
1649:
1446:in the prefix:
1422:
1292:
1280:
1278:Kubutz in verbs
1215:מַשְׂכֻּרְתָּהּ
1209:מַשְׂכָּרְתָּהּ
1206:, ); declined:
1042:
802:
764:), for example
758:
743:('and a rose')
614:('university')
557:Help:IPA/Hebrew
552:
547:
492:
443:with dagesh in
348:
308:
279:
150:. Both letters
137:
131:Shuruk example
109:
103:Kubutz example
68:Transliteration
48:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3329:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3254:modern Israeli
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3143:Philippi's law
3140:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3058:Plene scriptum
3055:
3050:
3043:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2511:
2490:
2469:
2450:
2441:
2419:
2398:
2376:
2371:היא יודעת הכול
2358:when it is in
2341:
2323:
2311:
2294:
2266:
2249:
2228:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1977:Reconstructed
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1897:transliterated
1839:
1836:
1689:
1688:In older texts
1686:
1685:
1684:
1676:
1648:
1645:
1575:
1574:
1559:
1512:
1421:
1418:
1384:tashlum dagesh
1291:
1288:
1279:
1276:
1236:
1235:
1183:
1120:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
997:
970:
955:
912:stop consonant
872:
833:
801:
798:
757:
754:
753:
752:
751:('and books')
744:
736:
640:
639:
627:
615:
599:
598:
584:
576:
551:
548:
546:
543:
491:
488:
361:is the letter
347:
344:
259:
258:
164:
163:
156:
155:
143:
142:
133:
132:
128:
127:
115:
114:
105:
104:
100:
99:
90:
86:
85:
78:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
60:
54:
53:
44:
43:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3349:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Semitic roots
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3138:Modern Hebrew
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3053:Abbreviations
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Kubutz/shuruk
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2219:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:Pronunciation
1937:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1923:pronunciation
1919:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1855:Proto-Semitic
1851:
1849:
1845:
1838:Pronunciation
1837:
1835:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1754:
1743:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1702:Jeremiah 2:19
1699:
1695:
1692:In the Bible
1687:
1677:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1658:
1646:
1644:
1602:
1601:
1597:) and
1592:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1560:
1529:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1445:
1444:
1427:
1417:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1358:) and
1353:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1297:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1261:
1260:
1221:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1170:. Exception:
1121:
1094:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1022:
1012:
1008:
998:
971:
956:
941:
937:
927:
923:
913:
905:
904:
895:
894:
885:
884:
873:
858:
857:
834:
807:
806:
805:
799:
797:
795:
791:
790:
789:dagesh khazak
785:
784:
773:
763:
755:
745:
737:
729:
728:
727:
717:
716:
711:
710:
701:
700:
696:) and
691:
690:
681:
680:
671:
670:
666:
658:
657:
652:
645:
637:
631:אוּקְרָאִינָה
628:
625:
616:
608:
607:
606:
604:
596:
595:
585:
577:
569:
568:
567:
564:
563:
562:
558:
549:
544:
542:
534:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
501:קִבּוּץ פּוּם
497:
489:
487:
485:
484:
472:
462:
452:
442:
438:
428:
420:
419:
410:
409:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
370:
369:
364:
360:
355:
353:
345:
343:
335:
329:
326:
323:
319:
314:
302:
298:
294:
285:
273:
269:
265:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
162:
157:
153:
149:
144:
134:
129:
125:
121:
116:
106:
101:
98:
94:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
76:
75:
71:
69:
66:
65:
61:
59:
56:
55:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3101:Inverted nun
3086:Cantillation
3045:
3015:Sin/Shin dot
2989:
2787:Paleo-Hebrew
2608:from English
2525:
2498:
2493:
2477:
2472:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2427:
2422:
2406:
2401:
2379:
2355:
2344:
2334:
2326:
2302:
2297:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2236:
2231:
2208:
2203:
2176:, OR SHURUQ
2124:
2113:
2069:Vowel Length
2059:
2055:
2053:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1892:
1879:
1871:Kamatz katan
1862:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1791:
1785:
1758:נאם יוסף לוי
1752:
1744:
1716:Genesis 2:25
1711:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1680:תְּסֻבֶּינָה
1659:
1650:
1647:Double roots
1598:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1525:
1524:) or
1516:
1478:
1472:
1443:kamatz katan
1441:
1423:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1359:
1349:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1293:
1281:
1257:
1237:
1219:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1092:
1049:
1043:
999:/CuCCeCet/:
936:housewarming
902:
900:) or
891:
882:
854:
814:('scale') ,
803:
793:
787:
781:
761:
759:
713:
707:
698:
688:
678:
668:
654:
650:
641:
602:
600:
592:
565:
554:
553:
532:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
506:compression
505:
495:
493:
482:
479:); see also
470:
460:
450:
440:
426:
416:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
372:
366:
362:
358:
356:
351:
349:
317:
296:
292:
267:
263:
262:
256:Sin/Shin Dot
251:
243:
239:
235:
227:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
171:
151:
81:
40:
36:
28:Shuruk, Iran
3106:Shekel sign
3068:Punctuation
3033:with Niqqud
2943:Palestinian
2732:Orthography
2712:Palestinian
2530:(in Hebrew)
2526:Ḥiqre Lašon
2522:Chaim Rabin
2362:, compare:
2333:changes to
2096:Very Short
1869:(ŭ) sound.
1828:is written
1816:is written
1780:יְהוֹשׁוּעַ
1767:. The name
1380:holam haser
1199:מַשְׂכֹּרֶת
981:גֻּלְגֹּלֶת
644:conjunction
619:הַמְבּוּרְג
591:('answer',
287:, formerly
3256:literature
3076:Diacritics
2938:Babylonian
2720:Babylonian
2195:References
1929:using the
1899:as a "u".
1770:יְהוֹשֻׁעַ
1721:עֲרוּמִּים
1683:(3 pl. f.)
1534:):
1487:):
1348:),
1338:),
957:/CuCCan/:
890:),
748:וּסְפָרִים
732:וּמִכְתָּב
686:),
676:),
588:תְּשׁוּבָה
496:qibbûṣ pum
346:Appearance
342:).
320:) are two
3125:Phonology
3096:Gershayim
2948:Samaritan
2723:(extinct)
2715:(extinct)
2707:(extinct)
2699:Samaritan
2667:Ashkenazi
2577:Overviews
2365:כל־האנשים
2305:) in the
2303:mishkalim
1958:Ashkenazi
1895:l. It is
1745:The word
1733:עֲרֻמִּים
1672:אֲסֻבֵּךְ
1389:תשלום דגש
1265:חֲנוּיוֹת
1253:חֲנֻיּוֹת
1187:seggolate
1179:מְתוּקִים
1143:עֲגֻלִּים
1131:צְהֻבִּים
1011:buckwheat
1002:כֻּסֶּמֶת
975:כֻּתֹּנֶת
917:כְּתֻבָּה
859:) , root
835:/CuCCa/:
794:shva nakh
783:shva nakh
767:מְפֻרְמָט
291:,
3331:Category
3265:Surnames
3241:Keyboard
3214:Academic
3200:Segolate
3195:Suffixes
3190:Prefixes
3168:Biblical
3111:Numerals
3025:Spelling
2933:Tiberian
2802:Alphabet
2792:Solitreo
2782:Crowning
2746:Biblical
2704:Tiberian
2694:Yemenite
2672:Sephardi
2646:Medieval
2641:Mishnaic
2629:Biblical
2613:Gematria
2589:Alphabet
2584:Language
2387:Archived
2183:See also
2144:Unicode
2110:
2104:
2085:example
2025:
1997:
1988:Biblical
1983:Mishnaic
1973:Tiberian
1968:Yemenite
1963:Sephardi
1927:dialects
1825:מַרְבֶּה
1813:מְרֻבֶּה
1807:מַרְבֶּה
1801:מְרֻבֶּה
1455:מָסְדָּר
1449:הָרְדַּם
1437:מֻסְדָּר
1431:הֻרְדַּם
1428:Huf'al:
1284:binyanim
1220:her wage
1058:דֻּבִּים
1016:קֻבַּעַת
960:שֻׁלְחָן
940:Hanukkah
931:חֲנֻכָּה
877:נְקֻדָּה
853:('hut',
838:חֻלְדָּה
712:(except
649:
583:('cat')
572:שָׁמְרוּ
446:מְגֻוָּן
305:שׁוּרוּק
270:(modern
141:
138:שׁוּרוּק
113:
52:
3250:ancient
3226:Academy
3221:Revival
3160:Grammar
3037:missing
2777:Cursive
2767:Braille
2755:Scripts
2682:Mizrahi
2677:Italian
2594:History
2264:, §1.3.
2166:U+05BC
2158:QUBUTS
2155:U+05BB
2083:English
2028:Shuruk
2000:Kubutz
1953:Israeli
1939:Symbol
1882:phoneme
1401:מְדֹרָג
1395:יְתֹאַר
1307:מקֻבָּל
1301:כֻּנַּס
1231:משכורתה
1085:, root
1076:כֻּלָּם
1067:, root
993:גולגולת
922:ketubah
762:mishkal
740:וּוֶרֶד
656:shva na
636:Ukraine
624:Hamburg
603:mishkal
538:שׁוּרֶק
518:kibbutz
466:מִגּוּן
393:with a
307:,
289:קִבּוּץ
278:;
276:קֻבּוּץ
268:qubbutz
110:קֻבּוּץ
21:Kibbutz
3337:Niqqud
3246:Hebrew
3173:Modern
3091:Geresh
3000:Mappiq
2995:Dagesh
2980:Kamatz
2925:Niqqud
2880:Samech
2772:Ashuri
2687:Syrian
2651:Modern
2503:
2482:
2464:
2432:
2411:
2336:patach
2279:
2241:
2213:
2189:Niqqud
2170:DAGESH
2141:Glyph
2093:Short
1848:length
1775:Joshua
1764:נְאוּם
1753:speech
1739:ערומים
1698:kubutz
1694:shuruk
1622:הֻצַּג
1610:הֻסַּע
1564:הוּגַן
1549:הוּבַן
1537:הוּקַם
1502:הוּרַד
1490:הוּטַב
1426:binyan
1420:Huf'al
1296:binyan
1271:חנויות
1247:חָנוּת
1225:משכורת
1192:kamatz
1173:מָתוֹק
1167:עגולים
1155:צהובים
1021:goblet
987:כותונת
856:Sukkah
850:סֻכָּה
817:אֻכָּף
811:סֻלָּם
777:מפורמט
594:Tshuva
580:חָתוּל
533:shureq
514:qibbûṣ
498:etc. (
471:niqqud
461:shuruk
451:niqqud
403:mappiq
399:mappiq
395:dagesh
379:shuruk
374:mappiq
368:dagesh
359:shuruk
352:kubutz
340:מלאפום
325:niqqud
322:Hebrew
318:shuruq
301:Hebrew
297:shuruk
295:) and
293:qibbūṣ
272:Hebrew
264:Kubutz
252:·
250:
244:·
240:·
236:·
234:
232:Mappiq
228:·
226:
224:Dagesh
220:·
218:
212:·
210:
208:Kamatz
204:·
202:
200:Patach
196:·
194:
188:·
186:
180:·
178:
172:·
170:
161:Niqqud
159:Other
148:Hebrew
120:Hebrew
97:Mappiq
93:Dagesh
41:shuruk
37:Kubutz
3260:Names
3236:Ulpan
3231:Study
3081:Meteg
3005:Maqaf
2985:Holam
2975:Pataḥ
2970:Segol
2965:Tzere
2960:Hiriq
2895:Tsadi
2865:Lamed
2840:Zayin
2825:Dalet
2820:Gimel
2762:Rashi
2331:Segol
2174:MAPIQ
2147:Name
2090:Long
1942:Name
1857:long
1819:מרובה
1748:נְאֻם
1727:עָרֹם
1663:סָבַב
1600:tsade
1508:י־ר־ד
1496:י־ט־ב
1467:מוסדר
1461:הורדם
1413:מדורג
1407:יתואר
1331:aleph
1319:מקובל
1194:katan
1137:עָגֹל
1125:צָהֹב
1098:דובים
1088:כ־ל־ל
1070:ד־ב־ב
1053:haser
1051:holam
1032:קובעת
1026:כוסמת
1013:') ,
1007:spelt
966:שולחן
951:חנוכה
945:נקודה
928:') ,
862:ס־כ־כ
844:חולדה
545:Usage
476:מיגון
456:מגוון
437:torso
432:גֵּוּ
418:aleph
397:or a
336:]
332:[
328:vowel
254:
246:
230:
222:
216:Holam
214:
206:
198:
192:Segol
190:
184:Tzere
182:
176:Hiriq
174:
3041:full
3010:Rafe
2955:Shva
2910:Shin
2905:Resh
2885:Ayin
2810:Alef
2739:Eras
2622:Eras
2288:§104
2223:גֵּו
1887:, a
1859:/uː/
1831:מרבה
1822:and
1696:and
1640:הוצג
1634:הוסע
1590:yodh
1527:yodh
1480:yodh
1371:heth
1361:resh
1351:ayin
1313:כונס
1290:Pual
1259:yodh
1241:־וּת
1204:wage
1161:עגול
1149:צהוב
1134:(),
1110:כולם
1082:כֹּל
1064:דֹּב
1009:', '
924:', '
893:kaph
868:סוכה
829:אוכף
823:סולם
715:yodh
709:shva
559:and
490:Name
371:and
357:The
350:The
309:IPA:
280:IPA:
248:Rafe
168:Shva
39:and
2915:Tav
2900:Kuf
2890:Pei
2875:Nun
2870:Mem
2860:Kaf
2855:Yud
2850:Tet
2845:Ḥet
2835:Vav
2830:Hei
2815:Bet
2413:§53
2356:vav
2351:כול
2281:§26
2127:be
2114:n/a
2074:IPA
1909:waw
1904:/u/
1885:/u/
1867:/u/
1863:vav
1844:vav
1792:vav
1742:).
1712:vav
1654:ע"ע
1628:יצג
1616:נסע
1580:nun
1570:גננ
1555:בין
1543:קום
1517:waw
1392:):
1212:or
1116:כול
1104:דוב
1093:vav
938:',
883:bet
796:).
724:וְ־
720:וּ־
689:mem
679:vav
669:bet
661:וְ־
651:and
626:')
605:):
504:),
483:waw
463:in
441:vav
427:vav
391:vav
387:vav
383:vav
363:vav
266:or
152:vav
124:Quf
58:IPA
3333::
3252:/
3248:/
3039:/
3035:/
2606:/
2514:^
2505:§9
2484:§9
2466:§8
2434:§8
2314:^
2286:,
2252:^
2243:§8
2215:§8
2172:,
2163:ּ
2152:ֻ
2120:u
2102:וּ
2023:וּ
1933:.
1918:.
1893:oo
1834:.
1773:('
1718:-
1643:.
1637:,
1619:;
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1499:;
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1164:,
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1152:,
1113:,
1107:,
1101:,
1073:;
1029:,
1019:('
1005:('
990:,
948:,
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920:('
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903:pe
826:,
770:('
699:pe
647:ו־
634:('
622:('
597:)
508:or
486:.
473::
453::
435:('
408:he
303::
274::
95:,
84:n
82:oo
72:u
62:u
2690:)
2684:(
2636:)
2632:(
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
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2507:o
2501:,
2486:n
2480:,
2462:,
2439:.
2436:l
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2415:b
2409:,
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2290:e
2283:a
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2245:d
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2217:m
2211:,
2125:u
2123:t
2108:ֻ
2060:u
2056:u
2041:?
2015:?
2010:?
2005:?
1995:ֻ
1751:(
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694:מ
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