1816:, pp. 25–26: "The Kukis are a wandering race consisting of several tribes who have long been working up from the South. They were first heard of as Kukis, in Manipur, between 1830 and 1840; though tribes of the same race had long been subject to the Rajah of Manipur. The new immigrants began to cause anxiety about the year 1845, and soon poured into the hill tracts of Manipur in such numbers, as to drive away many of the older inhabitants.... Seeing that the Kukis had been driven north by kindred but more powerful tribes, and that their first object was to secure land for cultivation; McCulloch, as they arrived, settled them down, allotting to them lands in different places according to their numbers, and where their presence would be useful on exposed frontiers.".
1804:, p. 55: "The Khongjais or Kookies until lately occupied the hills to the South of the Koupooees . Whilst in this position, little or nothing of them was known, but they caused fear from their numbers and the bloody attacks they sometimes made upon their neighbours. South of them lay the Poi, Sooté , Tauté, Loosei , and other tribes, better armed than they were and of the same genus as themselves, but at feud with them. By these, they were driven from their native hills, the task being rendered easier by the internal animosities of the Khongjais themselves, and are now scattered around the Valley of Munnipore, and thence through the hills to North and South Cachar.".
1900:, pp. 488–489: " are claims of colonial writers that the Kukis as 'first heard in 1830s and 1840s' (Johnstone, 1896) and as 'migrants from the south' (Shakespeare, 1912) and introduced and settled in Manipur to serve as a buffer zone against enemy tribes of British subjects (MacCulloch, 1980). In this regard the claims sounded one-sided since the hill areas of the Kukis were little known till the close of the 19th century. The Chahsads, for that matter, who settled a long time ago in the region bordering Burma (Myanmar), came to notice only in 1870s (Mackenzie, 2014).".
1504:, pp. 14–15: "Linguistically these whole congeries of tribes belong to the Kuki-Chin group of the Tibeto-Burman family (Grierson 1904: 1), and ethnologically they belong to the same ethnic group called Zo, a generic term and the only all-encompassing one for the so-called Chin, Kuki and Lushai people.... Today, many of these tribes were found in Manipur and the Lushai Hills (Mizoram) as their settlements have been demarcated by the colonial and postcolonial borders. They commonly identify themselves as Zomi, which means Zo people.".
937:. Christian missionaries entered Manipur in the late 19th century but did not yet make inroads into the tribal areas. The victory of the British in Anglo-Kuki War of 1917–1919 opened up their mind of the Kukis to the Christian God of the British, who was thought of as the victor. This led them to rapidly convert to Christianity. Conversion to Christianity has transformed their ideas, mentality and social practices at the cost of their traditions and customs. The majority of Kukis are now
586:. British Residents, William McCulloch (1844–1863) and Colonel Johnstone (1877–1886), wrote that Khongjais had long been subjects of Manipur, but "new immigrants" of them came through between 1830 and 1840. They "poured into the hill tracts" in large numbers, according to the Residents, driving away the older inhabitants. The Residents believed that these Khongjais were driven north by stronger tribes from the south, and hence settled all around the Imphal Valley.
5024:
1792:, pp. 15–16: "Of these , the principal are the Murams , who occupy the tract of country between Assam and Muneepoor ; the Kupooees , known in Bengal by the term Nagas, who reside on the several ranges of hills between the latter country and Cachar, and the Khongjuees , who under the more generally known names of Kookies , Koochungg, and Kuci, stretch from the southern borders of the Muneepoor valley to the northern limit of the province of Arracan ;...".
547:
101:
81:
61:
43:
563:, lived in the southern hills of the present-day Manipur, which was ungoverned territory for most of the historical period. The Manipuris referred to them as "Khongjais". The naming was apparently based on a village called "Khongchai" in the Tuipui river valley, with the surrounding hills also referred to as Khongjai Hills. The Manipur ruler
1516:, p.184: 'For instance. based on his findings, GA. Grierson concludes thus: "The name (Chin) is not used by the tribes themselves, who use titles such as Zo or Yo and Sho".... Now we find that the word somewhat like Zo or Yo in its various forms is commonly contained in the names of nearly almost all Chin tribal or linguistic groups..
1864:, p. 59: "The Sylhet-Manipur road, which was then under construction, passed through the Kabui Naga territory. The upkeep of this road greatly depended on the Kabuis who felt constantly threatened by the northward movement of the Kukis... McCulloch's solution was to plant a line of Kuki colonies as a buffer to the Kabui villages.".
681:, also known as the Anglo-Kuki War, after which their territory was subjugated by the British. Until their defeat in 1919, the Kukis had been an independent people ruled by their chieftains. The Dobashi, Lengjang Kuki was credited as responsible for preventing the Kukis of the Naga Hills from joining the Kuki Rebellion of Manipur.
653:
An important landmark in the history of the Kuki people was the arrival of missionaries and the spread of
Christianity among them. Missionary activity had considerable social, cultural and political ramifications while the acceptance of Christianity marked a departure from the traditional religion of
605:
chieftain called Khan Thuam. Along with his son Kam Hau, he embarked upon a territorial expansion, pushing the less powerful tribes towards the border of
Manipur. But many tribesmen also submitted to the Suktes, paid tribute, and participated in the expansion process. This period witnessed many raids
789:
visited
Manipur, there was a concerted attempt by the Kuki and Naga tribes to delineate each tribe separately in the Schedule Tribe Order's list. Consequently, in 1956, the umbrella terms such as 'any Kuki' and 'any Naga' were deleted, and 29 tribes of Manipur were listed individually. This revision
641:
to the west of the
Manipur valley. McCulloch arranged for a line of Kuki settlements to the south of their area to serve as a buffer and armed the settlers. These villages came to be known as "sepoy villages". According to McCulloch, sepoy villages were also set up along the southern frontier of the
1472:
is self-evident. For instance, the term Maring first appeared in 1302, Tangkhuns (Tangkhuls) in 1404, Koirengs in 1404, Kyangs (Chins) in 1467, Khongjai in 1508, Sairem in 1523, Takhen (Tripura) in 1533, Tekhao (Assam) in 1536, Anan/Namphou in 1559, Sakang in 1562, Lamkang in 1570, Kapui (Kabui) in
916:
With regard to governance, Semang (cabinet) is the annual assembly of a Kuki village community held at the Chief's residence represents the Inpi (Assembly). In such an assembly, the Chief and his Semang and
Pachong (cabinet members and auxiliary of Inpi) and all the household heads of the village
567:(also known as Bhagyachandra and Jai Singh) made war on this region in 1786, and subjugated the Kuki chieftain in the central village. Other regions in southern hills remained relatively untouched until 1894 when the British defined the border of the Manipur state to include the southern hills.
498:
by the
British administrators, which did not receive endorsement from Soppitt. Modern scholars also disapprove the terminology of "Old Kukis" and "New Kukis", but it does appear that the two groups followed different migration routes and thus developed significant cultural differences.
720:
and
British officers. The Kukis looted the area of Bakhshganj and murdered Kamal Poddar of Basantpur. They then proceeded to molest Poddar's women until Guna Ghazi and Jakimal waged war against them in the village of Kulapara. Whilst the Kukis abducted 700 women,
1210:, Outlook, 11 September 2024. ''At present, all tribal communities in Manipur (other than the Nagas) are united and organised under the banner of Kuki-Zo, and we want separate administration for our regions in Kangpokpi, Churachandpur and Tengnoupal.”
1473:
1573, Mayon (Muyon) in 1580, Maram in 1583, Monsang in 1595, Chothe in 1597, Langlong (Ranglong) in 1603, Purum in 1608, Cheeroi in 1641, Kharam in 1672, Aaimon (Aimol) in 1678, and so on. The mention of ‘Khongjai’ in 1503 is especially to be noted."
856:(assistant superintendent). Besides being a source of traditional learning, the institution of the Lawm also facilitated the transmission of both technical as well as practical knowledge to its members, especially with regard to particular methods of
1744:, p. 53: "Cognate tribes who occupied vast tracts of land in south of the valley of Manipur were broadly referred as Kukis by colonial rulers and 'Khongjai' by the Meitei , a term that only later was recognised to indicate several groups or clans.".
526:(1886), based on the same census, noted that the Kukis of Manipur wee composed of approximately 8,000 "Old Kukis" and 17,000 "New Kukis". Borders of Manipur were expanded after this date to include the Kuki-inhabited southern parts of the present
645:
According to modern scholars, the
British administrators overemphasized the Kukis' "migration from south", because they had inadequate knowledge of the Kukis already present in the hills of Manipur. In addition, some of the larger tribes such as
226:
725:
informed the
British authorities of the atrocities. 185 Britons were assassinated, 100 of them were kidnapped and the Kukis remained in the plains for one or two days. British troops and policemen were finally despatched from
843:
Lawm (a traditional type of youth club) was an institution in which boys and girls engaged in social activities for the benefit of the individual and the community. It was also another learning institution. Every Lawm has a
758:
in Assam, Manipur, and
Tripura. Among the "any Kuki" classification, it listed 39 subtribes/clans. The 1951 census recorded the Kuki population of Manipur as 69,855, that in Assam as 18,200, and that in Tripura as 3,428.
490:. Further, the Changsan–Thadou combine was believed to have been in turn forced out by newer tribes in the 19th century, and then followed the same routes as the earlier tribes. The first two groups were referred to as
822:
took care of chores, such as combing of the boy's hair, washing of the garments and making the beds. The best students were recommended to the King's or the Chief's service, and eventually would achieve the office of
1016:. Of the 3.7 million people living in these two northeast states only about 9,000 belong to the Bnei Menashe, several thousands have emigrated to Israel. Some have supported other movements to separate from India.
570:
The term "Kuki" to refer to these tribes was introduced by the British in the 1820s. By 1850s, they imported the terminology of "New Kuki" for the Khongjai tribes and "Old Kuki" for the other Kuki tribes such as
419:, a usage witnessed from 1508. This appears to have been a geographical term. The "Old Kuki" tribes in Manipur were referred to by their individual names, which were also partly of geographical origin.
470:
in the other class. Each of them was grouped with several subtribes. Soppitt suggested that, by the 16th century, the Hrangkhols and Biate inhabited the Lushai Hills region (currently divided between
1161:
The Thadous form the largest Kuki tribe in Manipur, constituting 7.6% of the population in 2011. All the remaining New Kuki tribes together constitute 8.1%, and the Old Kuki tribes constitute 3.6%.
582:
The British testimony regarding Kukis in Manipur was variable. British Commissioner Pemberton wrote in 1835 that the Khongjais stretched along the hills from the south of the Manipur valley to the
1876:, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 5 November 2023. (This road was part of the then Sylhet–Manipur road, which was strategic for the British, needed for the transport of troops to the Burma border).
454:
from before the 11th century, based on the fact that they had no traces of Buddhism, which was already prevalent in Burma by that time. He grouped the Kuki tribes into two broad classes:
4913:
2322:, New Delhi: Concept, pp. 84–102. 1996 Weil, Shalva. "Lost Israelites from North-East India: Re-Traditionalisation and Conversion among the Shinlung from the Indo-Burmese Borderlands",
3582:
606:
from the south on the border of Manipur, which was roughly in line with the southern boundary of the Manipur valley. A popular folk song summarised the position of Khan Thuam:
3291:
1451:, p. 53: "Cognate tribes who occupied vast tracts of land in south of the valley of Manipur were broadly referred as Kukis by colonial rulers and ‘Khongjai’ by the Meitei.".
1419:, p. 182: "Chin is a Burmese word to denote the various hill tribes living in the country between Burma and the Province of Assam and Bengal. is written and dialectically
4023:
766:. They also contributed to the construction of Kuki Inn in Imphal, to serve as the office for the organisation. Soon afterwards, frictions developed over the use of the
1732:, p. 135: "The hillmen, known as the Kukis or Khongjais, live for the greater part north of the Chin Hills boundary line and in hill territory belonging to Manipur..."
2828:
1542:
1049:
4906:
384:
Over time, the British came to distinguish the tribes currently called "Kukis" from the remaining "Lushais". An Intelligence Branch report from 1907 listed
589:
Scholar Pum Khan Pau notes that, around 1830, when the British established a political agency in Manipur, the area to the south of present-day Manipur (
1207:
903:
and, as a commemoration, a pillar is erected. The event is accompanied by dance and drinking rice-beer, which sometimes continues for days and nights.
6173:
3575:
1316:, p. 235: "From period of which we have any knowledge, the Lushai Hills have been inhabited by collection of tribes known to the Bengalis as Kukis.".
579:. The scholars of Kuki Research Forum consider the terminology misleading because the historical record does not justify such a progression in time.
762:
The 21 Kuki tribes of Manipur (as per the nomenclature used in the British colonial times) gathered together in 1948 to form an organisation called
654:
the Kuki peoples as well as their ancestral customs and traditions. The spread of English education introduced the Kuki people to the "modern era".
626:. The combined tribe earned the name "Kamhau-Sukte" and became "one of the most dreaded powers in Manipur, Lushai Hills and the Kale-Kabaw Valley".
365:" by the Burmese (spelt "Khyangs" in the original Burmese spelling). The British also used the term "Lushais" to refer to the tribes inhabiting the
1191:
4899:
3284:
1027:
women, a relationship requiring the husband to be a Muslim. They are mostly centred around the village of North Chandrapur in the Tripuri city of
650:
are said to have been native to the southern hills (Churachandpur and Chandel districts) that were later added to Manipur territory in the 1890s.
1533:"KNO and UPF submitted the detailed document entitled, "A case Statement for a Separate State for the Kuki/Zo people" to the government of India"
1100:
Other Kukis were referred to as "Takhens" (Tripuris), "Tekhao" (Assamese) and "Saitons" (inhabiting the Saiton hills) in the Manipur Chronicles.
6193:
4016:
629:
The domain of the Kamhau-Sukte tribes extended all the way to the south of the Manipur valley, encompassing major portions of the present-day
6203:
2791:
2671:
2538:
2285:
1566:
1489:
1465:
1389:
6198:
6178:
6153:
3568:
1998:
Guite, Jangkhomang (2010). "Representing Local Participation in INA–Japanese Imphal Campaign: The Case of the Kukis in Manipur, 1943–45".
1272:
637:
districts, driving the tribes in these districts further north. Their movement threatened the Naga tribes to the north, in particular the
559:, the court chronicle of the Manipur kings, mentions various Kuki tribes and clans from 1404 onwards. The largest of the Kuki tribes, the
1286:
1109:
The southern part of the Churachandpur and Chandel districts were added to Manipur in 1894 during a Manipur-Chin Hills border settlement.
3720:
2821:
1012:. In the late 20th century, an Israeli rabbi investigating their claims named them Bnei Menashe, based on their account of descent from
790:
completely left out other unlisted tribes from the scheduled tribes list. In 2003, the term "any Kuki tribes" was re-added to the list.
770:
for the business of the organisation. As a result, almost all the tribes other than Thadou left the Kuki Company, and formed a separate
408:
tribes among Kukis. It stated that each of these tribes had its own language, and these languages were unintelligible to the "Lushais".
2274:
Kipgen, Seikhohao; Haokip, Thongkholal (2018). "Keeping them under control: impact of the Anglo-Kuki War". In Jangkhomang Guite (ed.).
6188:
3277:
1059:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6129:
4009:
3617:
3300:
2761:
2692:
2572:
2561:
Haokip, Sielen (2012), "What Price, Twenty Years of Peace in Mizoram (1986–2006): A Kuki Perspective", in Thongkholal Haokip (ed.),
2505:
324:, the eastern extension of the Himalayas running north–south between India and Myanmar. The term is witnessed in the chronicles of
678:
535:
478:). He believed that they were pushed out by Changsan, who moved in from the east along with Thadou, forcing them to move to the
1064:
4922:
2814:
655:
278:
2208:
Paokhohao Haokp, "Reinculcating Traditional Values of the Kukis with Special Reference to Lom and Som", in T. Haokip (ed.).
2581:
Kipgen, Nehginpao (October–December 2011), "Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur",
1756:, p. 49: "Until some 32 years ago, the tribes to the south in contact with the Manipuris were the Khongjai and Kom Kukis.".
1630:
Kipgen, Nehginpao (October–December 2011), "Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case Study of the Kukis and the Nagas in Manipur",
2724:
Suan, H. Kham Khan (2011), "Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India",
2547:
Haokip, Rebecca C. (2007). "The Kuki-Paite Conflict in the Churachandpur District of Manipur". In Lazar Jeyaseelan (ed.).
1935:"Colonial violence and its 'Small Wars': fighting the Kuki 'guerillas' during the Great War in Northeast India, 1917–1919"
3980:
2058:
663:
2601:
Lunminthang, Michael (2016), "Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India: Historical Review on Kuki Country",
3678:
3591:
2080:
1873:
895:
The Lawm was also a centre where young Kuki people learned discipline and social etiquette. After harvest season, the
1127:
Judging from the description, the village is likely to have been in the vicinity of present-day Leijangphai, on the
662:. He, along with Dr. Crozier, worked in the North and the Northeast of Manipur. In the south, Watkins Robert of the
3896:
2377:
1128:
2638:. Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department). Calcutta: Bengal Printing Company.
1118:"Khongjai" is the British spelling of the name. The Manipuris spelt it as "Khongchai" and the Kukis as "Khongsai".
4826:
422:
Some Kuki and Chin tribes reject both of these terms as being of colonial origin, and use the self-designation "
6213:
6208:
4032:
2000:
786:
511:
487:
483:
433:
By 2023, a consensus seems to have developed among the Kuki tribes of Manipur to use the compound term "Kuki-Zo
370:
1245:
321:
2917:
3975:
3833:
1054:
997:
659:
502:
Per the 1881 census, the Kukis are estimated to have numbered 20,000 in the North Cachar Hills (present-day
4449:
1270:
T. Haokip, 'The Kuki Tribes of Meghalaya: A Study of their Socio-Political Problems', in S.R. Padhi (Ed.).
304:
in India, based on the dialect spoken by that particular Kuki community as well as their region of origin.
4848:
4379:
4304:
4151:
3163:
2992:
1023:, a Kuki Muslim community has also developed. They are said to be descendants of Kuki men who had married
685:
630:
527:
4389:
2070:
4875:
3985:
3821:
3694:
2400:
1911:
1526:
4309:
3017:
722:
6183:
6148:
5429:
4821:
4765:
4344:
4230:
3710:
2151:
Kom, Ch. Sekholal (June 2015). "Ethno-nationalism: Competing Micro-nationalist Dissents in Manipur".
1934:
709:
689:
619:
572:
343:) country, including in it almost the entire northeastern India. The term also occurs in traditional
4409:
4065:
3042:
2922:
2624:
History of the Relations of the Government with the Hill Tribes of the North-East Frontier of Bengal
2341:
5972:
5086:
5053:
4329:
4225:
4176:
4136:
4080:
4075:
3354:
3022:
2962:
2937:
2932:
2066:
973:
693:
503:
123:
4655:
4626:
4611:
4563:
4538:
4494:
4319:
4294:
4141:
4070:
3007:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2927:
2912:
2902:
1980:
618:
After Khan Thuam's death, his dominion came to be divided between his elder son Kam Hau, based at
5444:
5306:
4805:
4636:
4484:
4259:
4215:
4210:
4161:
3816:
3599:
3233:
3037:
2977:
2872:
2741:
2590:
2472:
2277:
The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during the First World War
2256:
2176:
2107:
2105:
2017:
1962:
1639:
564:
555:
479:
242:
5023:
4785:
4780:
4685:
4543:
4254:
4235:
2867:
1349:
1337:
1325:
754:
included "any Kuki tribe", "any Lushai tribe" and "any Naga tribe" (as umbrella terms among the
4705:
4444:
4289:
4200:
4195:
4171:
2806:
2421:
Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India, Vol. 4: North & North-Eastern Frontier Tribes
5676:
5272:
5226:
5184:
5124:
4971:
4795:
4710:
4454:
4334:
4274:
3901:
3793:
3702:
3027:
2877:
2787:
2771:
2757:
2688:
2667:
2639:
2568:
2534:
2501:
2281:
2168:
2036:
1954:
1562:
1556:
1432:
1385:
1361:
1309:
1293:
969:
953:
799:
282:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4489:
4469:
4339:
4314:
4166:
2562:
2526:
2453:"Reinterpreting Kuki Chieftainship of Northeast India in relation to Colonial Historiography"
2430:
2092:
2090:
1468:, 25 May 2022. "A comparison of the first appearance of the names of different tribes in the
774:. In 1950s, ten Old Kuki tribes changed their affiliation to 'Naga', induced to do so by the
5820:
5693:
5294:
5146:
4988:
4770:
4715:
4553:
4439:
4414:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4349:
4324:
4264:
4085:
3950:
3253:
3238:
3012:
2779:
2733:
2610:
2464:
2248:
2160:
2009:
1946:
1379:
1028:
755:
731:
684:
During World War II, seeing an opportunity to regain independence, the Kuki fought with the
658:, the first foreign missionary, came to Manipur on 6 February 1894 and was sponsored by the
634:
590:
583:
531:
455:
4434:
4424:
4404:
4374:
1170:
The ten tribes are: Anal, Chothe, Koirao, Lamkang, Maring, Moyon, Monsang, Purum and Tarao.
6077:
5992:
5942:
5872:
5504:
5439:
5366:
5290:
4880:
4865:
4853:
4838:
4616:
4459:
3607:
3223:
1698:
1696:
1001:
985:
961:
775:
767:
519:
451:
450:
Ethnologist C. A. Soppitt argued that the Kuki tribes must have settled in region west of
355:
301:
4429:
4205:
3002:
2515:
2652:
2441:
2432:
Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule
1525:"Second round of talk with Kuki UGs held at Delhi", Imphal Free Press, 21 October 2016.
6112:
6092:
6062:
6022:
5987:
5922:
5902:
5778:
5748:
5620:
5514:
5489:
5464:
5434:
5424:
5419:
5389:
5346:
5202:
5027:
4870:
4858:
4843:
4760:
4755:
4720:
4700:
4690:
4670:
4594:
4509:
4399:
4354:
4269:
4156:
4146:
4100:
4042:
3906:
3783:
3741:
3549:
3374:
3258:
3248:
3243:
3228:
3199:
3194:
3178:
3126:
3047:
2997:
2952:
2897:
2892:
2497:
Zo Chronicles: A Documentary Study of History and Culture of the Kuki-Chin-Lushai Tribe
1813:
1024:
739:
713:
594:
344:
2484:
1273:
Current Tribal Situation: Strategies for Planning, Welfare and Sustainable Development
546:
281:
communities in this region. In Northeast India, they are present in all states except
6142:
6052:
6017:
5967:
5957:
5891:
5834:
5795:
5758:
5744:
5658:
5648:
5643:
5615:
5585:
5555:
5509:
5454:
5404:
5399:
5361:
5351:
5321:
5286:
5277:
5240:
5222:
5207:
5106:
5096:
5091:
4953:
4943:
4938:
4800:
4775:
4675:
4514:
4504:
4394:
4120:
4090:
4060:
4051:
3945:
3884:
3869:
3859:
3846:
3801:
3746:
3736:
3534:
3509:
3479:
3449:
3399:
3384:
3369:
3359:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3204:
3116:
3106:
3083:
3052:
2745:
2476:
2452:
2315:
2180:
2021:
1966:
1044:
917:
congregate to discuss and resolve matters relating to the village and the community.
647:
560:
471:
467:
416:
393:
216:
212:
2714:
2703:
2531:
Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919
6087:
6067:
6042:
6032:
6027:
6012:
5982:
5962:
5952:
5886:
5800:
5752:
5740:
5703:
5668:
5600:
5575:
5499:
5494:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5449:
5414:
5394:
5384:
5341:
5331:
5316:
5310:
5254:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5197:
5156:
5116:
5063:
4998:
4963:
4665:
4621:
4529:
4479:
4384:
4299:
4186:
4115:
3990:
3879:
3864:
3811:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3659:
3644:
3612:
3494:
3459:
3454:
3439:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3394:
3364:
3121:
3111:
3101:
3066:
3032:
2122:
2120:
2062:
957:
888:(javelin throw using the heavy wooden implement for pounding-de-husking-paddy) and
705:
638:
602:
576:
459:
389:
366:
204:
156:
136:
6072:
2252:
1950:
1655:
1613:
1597:
1581:
1208:
In Tense Manipur, Sub-Categorisation And 'Creamy Layer' Could Open A Pandora's Box
4891:
2682:
2633:
2495:
2275:
1558:
Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response
1530:
1246:"A Glimpse of the Indigenous Tribes of Myanmar and lost tribe of Israel (Part 1)"
6117:
6107:
6097:
6082:
6057:
6002:
5977:
5927:
5912:
5718:
5708:
5698:
5688:
5672:
5663:
5653:
5590:
5565:
5560:
5542:
5519:
5459:
5409:
5336:
5326:
5282:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5174:
5161:
5151:
5141:
5130:
5120:
5111:
5101:
5068:
5048:
5013:
5003:
4993:
4983:
4967:
4958:
4948:
4790:
4695:
4680:
4660:
4646:
4568:
4558:
4419:
4245:
4110:
4105:
3957:
3938:
3921:
3916:
3854:
3841:
3778:
3649:
3544:
3539:
3524:
3514:
3504:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3404:
3389:
3349:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3218:
3173:
3158:
3153:
3145:
3093:
2859:
2548:
2468:
2111:
993:
989:
934:
427:
401:
362:
290:
286:
208:
188:
180:
172:
2737:
2369:
Muslim women in Tripura: aspects of their status, roles, problems and prospects
2013:
534:
districts, adding further Kuki populations to the state of Manipur. During the
6102:
6007:
5997:
5947:
5937:
5713:
5595:
5524:
5302:
5262:
5212:
5192:
5166:
5008:
4750:
4631:
4584:
4548:
4519:
4284:
4220:
3926:
3637:
3560:
3489:
3434:
3168:
3131:
2957:
2947:
2942:
1031:. Notable Kuki Muslims include Khirod Ali Sardar of Chandrapur and Ali Mia of
942:
938:
803:
735:
598:
475:
405:
378:
351:
293:
of Mizoram are kindred tribes of the Kukis. Collectively, they are termed the
270:
106:
17:
2664:
The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa, Volume 2
2643:
2622:
2614:
2424:, Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters, India, 1907 – via archive.org
2419:
2172:
2164:
1958:
1801:
696:
but the success of the Allied forces over the Axis group dashed their hopes.
550:
The princely state of Manipur with approximate southern borders prior to 1894
6047:
6037:
5356:
5078:
4745:
4279:
3911:
3654:
3632:
3409:
3269:
2887:
2882:
2849:
2838:
2367:
2221:
T. Lunkim, "Traditional System of Kuki Administration", in T. Haokip (ed.).
2044:
1490:
Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur
1466:
Kuki Research Forum on objective historical position of the Kukis in Manipur
1141:
814:
Sawm, a community centre for boys – was the centre of learning in which the
611:
What I rule extends to Manipur in the north, and ends at Falam in the south;
423:
336:
294:
258:
196:
4001:
2684:
Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance
2096:
1897:
613:
Manipur to the north and Falam to the south, I am the tiger in the middle.
225:
2783:
988:
and have adopted the practice of Judaism. The Bnei Menashe are made up of
426:", which is a generic term that has variants in most Kuki-Chin dialects. "
229:
Approximate extent of the area traditionally inhabited by the Kuki people.
42:
5040:
4831:
3664:
3627:
1885:
1789:
1702:
1149:
1032:
1013:
926:
727:
717:
507:
463:
317:
250:
2594:
1643:
1220:
952:
Since the late 20th century, some of these peoples have begun following
5932:
5570:
5534:
5376:
4930:
4740:
4499:
3806:
3669:
3499:
2907:
2260:
1350:
Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India (2016)
1338:
Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India (2016)
1326:
Lunminthang, Rethinking the Political History of Northeast India (2016)
1145:
981:
977:
946:
930:
925:
Prior to conversion in the early 20th century to Christianity by Welsh
865:
861:
857:
515:
374:
325:
274:
266:
262:
246:
152:
148:
144:
140:
86:
2527:"'Hunger is more Savage than Cannon': Logistics of the Anglo-Kuki War"
2314:
Weil, Shalva. "Double Conversion among the 'Children of Menasseh'" in
1543:
Kuki-Zo people hold rally for separate administration in Churachandpur
738:
to suppress them but the Kukis had already fled to the jungles of the
5736:
5728:
5605:
5547:
4605:
4464:
4095:
3889:
3874:
3731:
3519:
3429:
3379:
3339:
2340:
Kommaluri, Vijayanand; Subramanian, R; Sagar K, Anand (7 July 2005).
2301:
1020:
397:
313:
2236:
1765:
677:
The first resistance to British hegemony by the Kuki people was the
670:
in 1913. To have a broader scope, the mission's name was changed to
5635:
5625:
5610:
5217:
3683:
3622:
3529:
3303:
2520:, London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company – via archive.org
2076:
1009:
1005:
984:; since the late 20th century, they claim descent from one of the
623:
545:
385:
254:
160:
66:
2342:"Issues in Morphological Analysis of North-East Indian Languages"
347:
hymns where the Kuki king is praised along with the Meitei king.
2772:"Christian Missionaries and Colonialism in the Hills of Manipur"
2126:
1729:
779:
4895:
4005:
3564:
3273:
2810:
2435:, Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing
2193:
2138:
1404:
1008:
mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries. They are called Chin in
335:) and fairly regularly afterwards. The Tibetan Buddhist writer
1814:
Johnstone, My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills (1896)
2754:
Violence and Identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki Conflict
2366:
Chakraborty, Anjali (2006). "Muslims of Tripura: A Profile".
1381:
Violence and Identity in North-east India: Naga-Kuki Conflict
300:
Some fifty tribes of Kuki peoples in India are recognised as
350:
The term came into British usage in 1777, when the chief of
2657:, Shillong: Assam Secretariat Press – via archive.org
1140:
The Assam state of 1951 included the present-day states of
752:
Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Part C States) Order, 1951
415:" to refer to the tribes to the south and southwest of the
1725:
1723:
1192:
Who are Kukis & Meiteis, the warring tribes in Manipur
1035:. The community has been subject to scorn by other Kukis.
2635:
Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes
2627:, Calcutta: Home Department Press – via archive.org
2556:. North Eastern Social Research Centre. pp. 185–207.
1753:
1671:
2776:
Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur
2550:
Conflict mapping and peace processes in North East India
2529:, in Ngamjahao Kipgen; Doungul Letkhojam Haokip (eds.),
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1777:
1741:
1714:
1687:
1501:
1448:
1258:
538:, the Kukis in Manipur were estimated to number 40,000.
2708:, Calcutta: Government of India – via archive.org
2666:. Foundation Books / Cambridge University Press India.
2204:
2202:
2112:
Sielen Haokip, What Price, Twenty Years of Peace (2012)
1802:
McCulloch, Account of the Valley of Munnipore (1859)
929:
missionaries, the Chin, Kuki, and Mizo peoples were
742:
and they never returned to Chhagalnaiya ever again.
5911:
5767:
5727:
5634:
5533:
5375:
5183:
5077:
5039:
4929:
4814:
4645:
4593:
4577:
4528:
4244:
4185:
4129:
4050:
3968:
3832:
3792:
3719:
3598:
3187:
3144:
3092:
3074:
3061:
2858:
166:
129:
117:
97:
77:
57:
52:
2564:The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture
2397:Thirty years of the Tripura state: Udaipur details
2223:The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture
2210:The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture
1898:Chongloi, Reinterpreting Kuki Chieftainship (2018)
2719:, London: McMillan and Co – via archive.org
1513:
1416:
1886:Mackenzie, Relations with the Hill Tribes (1884)
1790:Pemberton, Report on the Eastern Frontier (1835)
1703:Haokip, Hunger is more savage than cannon (2021)
704:On 31 January 1860, Kuki Riang led the Kukis of
2705:Report on the Eastern Frontier of British India
1287:"Alphabetical List of India's Scheduled Tribes"
778:. Seven New Kuki tribes eventually adopted the
608:
2774:. In Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.).
2072:A Descriptive Catalogue Of Bengali Manuscripts
1019:Due to the close proximity to Muslim-majority
27:Ethnic group in India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar
4907:
4017:
3576:
3285:
2822:
2237:"Head-Hunting among the Hill Tribes of Assam"
1461:
1459:
1457:
339:(1575–1634) wrote a description of the Kuki (
8:
2517:My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills
2489:, Manas Publications – via archive.org
2041:Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers
1276:. Delhi: Mangalam Publications, 2013, p. 85.
358:for help against Kuki raids from the hills.
35:
1766:Parratt, The Court Chronicle, Vol. 2 (2009)
361:The same collection of tribes were called "
269:, as well as the neighbouring countries of
4914:
4900:
4892:
4024:
4010:
4002:
3583:
3569:
3561:
3292:
3278:
3270:
3071:
2829:
2815:
2807:
2097:Suan, Rethinking 'tribe' identities (2011)
1910:Haokip, Thongkholal (July–December 2012).
41:
34:
2654:A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes
1658:A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes
1616:A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes
1600:A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes
1584:A Short Account of the Kuki-Lushai Tribes
506:), 15,000 in the Naga Hills (present-day
354:appealed to the British governor general
5022:
2393:ত্রিপুরা রাজ্যে তিরিশ বছর: উদয়পুর বিবরণ
2212:. New Delhi: Bookwell, 2013, Chapter 11.
224:
2583:The Indian Journal of Political Science
2440:Carey, Bertram S.; Tuck, H. N. (1896),
2225:. New Delhi: Bookwell, 2013, Chapter 1.
2127:Kipgen, Ethnic Conflict in India (2011)
1933:Guite, Jangkhomang (23 February 2019).
1730:Carey & Tuck, The Chin Hills (1896)
1632:The Indian Journal of Political Science
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1194:, The Statesman (Kolkata), 2 June 2023.
1183:
1076:
5739:(including Chumbipa, Dopthapa, Dukpa,
2662:Parratt, Saroj Nalini Arambam (2009).
2457:Media Theory Perspectives. Media Watch
2194:Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict (2007)
2139:Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict (2007)
1405:Haokip, The Kuki-Paite Conflict (2007)
852:(an overseer or superintendent) and a
798:The land of the Kukis has a number of
712:(then under the administration of the
430:" (meaning "Zo people") is also used.
1912:"Kuki Churches Unification Movements"
1384:. Mittal Publications. pp. 8–9.
872:(high jump, especially over a choice
622:and the younger son Za Pau, based at
369:region to the south and southwest of
7:
2702:Pemberton, Capt. R. Boileau (1835),
1561:. Lancer Publishers. pp. 120–.
1202:
1200:
1050:Kuki–Paite ethnic clash of 1997–1998
1000:, and whose ancestors migrated into
972:") are a small group within India's
933:; among their practices were ritual
277:. The Kukis form one of the largest
53:Regions with significant populations
2320:Contemporary Society Tribal Studies
1916:Journal of North East India Studies
965:
818:(an elder) did the teaching, while
601:) witnessed the rise of a powerful
147:with sizeable minorities following
2948:Laizao (Falam proper, Laizo, Pawi)
2525:Haokip, Doungul Letkhojam (2021),
328:from the reign of Dhanya Manikya (
320:to refer to the tribes inhabiting
25:
6130:List of Scheduled Tribes in India
2726:Contributions to Indian Sociology
1435:Frontier and Overseas Expeditions
1364:Frontier and Overseas Expeditions
1312:Frontier and Overseas Expeditions
835:(leaders, warriors) in the army.
666:mission organised the Indo-Burma
6174:Ethnic groups in Northeast India
2047:: The Pioneer Press. p. 30.
1754:Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886)
868:and sporting activities such as
831:(ministers) in their courts, or
716:) which was inhabited by ethnic
672:North East India General Mission
99:
79:
59:
1862:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1850:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1838:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1826:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1778:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1742:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1715:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1688:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1502:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1449:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1259:Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier (2019)
1055:Kuki–Tamil ethnic clash of 1992
330:
4923:Hill tribes of Northeast India
2533:, Routledge, pp. 93–117,
660:American Baptist Mission Union
518:). In addition, the plains of
1:
6194:Scheduled Tribes of Meghalaya
2621:Mackenzie, Alexander (1884),
2514:Johnstone, Sir James (1896),
2253:10.1080/0015587X.1909.9719869
2035:Webster, John Edward (1911).
1981:"A Dobashi of par excellence"
1951:10.1080/09592318.2018.1546369
1939:Small Wars & Insurgencies
1060:Kuki–Naga conflict in Manipur
411:The Manipuris used the term "
241:, are an ethnic group in the
6204:Scheduled Tribes of Nagaland
2778:. Routledge. pp. 183–.
2446:, Government Printing, Burma
2374:Institutional Repository NBA
6199:Scheduled Tribes of Mizoram
6179:Ethnic groups in South Asia
6154:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
3618:Stranded Pakistanis/Biharis
3592:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh
2469:10.15655/mw_2018_v9i3_49494
2318:and Deepak K. Behera (eds)
2081:Asiatic Society of Pakistan
974:North-Eastern border states
668:Thadou-Kuki Pioneer Mission
536:Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919
6230:
5020:
2738:10.1177/006996671104500201
2567:, Bookwell, pp. 89–,
2378:University of North Bengal
2014:10.1177/037698361003700206
1545:, The Hindu, 21 July 2023.
1065:2023–2024 Manipur violence
945:denominations, especially
6189:Scheduled Tribes of Assam
6126:
4039:
3310:
2846:
2770:Vaiphei, Lianboi (2015).
2043:. Vol. 4. Noakhali.
1717:, pp. 53, 56–57, 61.
941:, with most belonging to
679:Kuki Rebellion of 1917–19
597:townships of present-day
171:
134:
122:
40:
6169:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
6164:Ethnic groups in Tripura
6159:Ethnic groups in Manipur
4033:Ethnic groups in Myanmar
2687:. Taylor & Francis.
2646:– via archive.org.
2615:10.1177/0376983616628385
2603:Indian Historical Review
2443:The Chin Hills, Volume I
2280:. Taylor & Francis.
2165:10.1177/0049085715574192
2001:Indian Historical Review
1514:Go, Zo Chronicles (2008)
1417:Go, Zo Chronicles (2008)
787:Kaka Kalelkar Commission
466:along with the co-tribe
458:along with the co-tribe
437:to refer to themselves.
5831:Khawathlang, Khothalong
4152:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung)
2853:(Kuki-Chin-Mizo people)
2756:, Mittal Publications,
2752:Tohring, S. R. (2010),
2713:Shakespear, J. (1912),
2651:Soppitt, C. A. (1887),
2500:, Mittal Publications,
1225:Encyclopedia Britannica
1083:Alternative spellings:
998:Tibeto-Burman languages
794:Cultures and traditions
785:In the 1950s, when the
782:identity in the 1990s.
514:and 6,000 in Tipperah (
5033:
2943:Lai (Hakha Chin, Pawi)
2681:Pau, Pum Khan (2019).
2632:McCulloch, W. (1859).
2235:Hodson, T. C. (1909).
1378:S. R. Tohring (2010).
686:Imperial Japanese Army
616:
551:
522:had 6,000 people. The
312:The term "Kuki" is an
230:
5673:Khasi Synteng or Pnar
5121:Khasi Synteng or Pnar
5026:
4815:Unrecognised / Others
3679:Bishnupriya Manipuris
2837:Ethnic groups of the
2784:10.4324/9781315638317
2716:The Lushei Kuki Clans
2451:Chongloi, H. (2018),
2401:Government of Tripura
2391:Datta, B. C. (1972).
1874:Cachar–Bishnupur Road
1555:Sinha, S. P. (2007).
1433:Intelligence Branch,
1362:Intelligence Branch,
1310:Intelligence Branch,
986:Lost Tribes of Israel
899:is celebrated with a
848:(a senior member), a
746:Post-colonial history
549:
228:
167:Related ethnic groups
5821:Hrangkhwal, Rangkhol
5699:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
5460:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
5152:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
4994:Mizo (Lushai) tribes
3711:Urdu-speaking people
2494:Go, Khup Za (2008),
2486:Gazetteer of Manipur
2483:Dun, E. W. (1992) ,
2399:] (in Bengali).
2324:The Anthropologist,
2067:Hussain, Syed Sajjad
1674:Gazetteer of Manipur
690:Indian National Army
524:Gazetteer of Manipur
510:), 30,000–40,000 in
3301:Scheduled tribes of
2903:Falam Zahau (Jahau)
2141:, pp. 189–190.
2059:Abdul Karim, Munshi
1780:, pp. 161–164.
1690:, pp. 163–164.
1439:, pp. 232–233.
907:Laws and government
710:Chhagalnaiya plains
694:Subhas Chandra Bose
504:Dima Hasao district
322:Patkai–Arakan Yomas
289:of Myanmar and the
243:Northeastern Indian
124:Kuki-Chin languages
37:
5694:Man (Tai speaking)
5147:Man (Tai speaking)
5034:
4989:Man (Tai speaking)
4201:Mon Kayin (Sarpyu)
2429:Brown, R. (1874),
1987:. 17 January 2019.
1588:, p. viii-ix.
1129:National Highway 2
732:Tipperah (Comilla)
565:Ching-Thang Khomba
556:Cheitharol Kumbaba
552:
480:North Cachar Hills
462:in one class, and
231:
6136:
6135:
5669:Khasi and Jaintia
5185:Arunachal Pradesh
5117:Khasi and Jaintia
4964:Khasi and Jaintia
4889:
4888:
4500:Zahnyet (Zanniat)
3999:
3998:
3558:
3557:
3267:
3266:
3140:
3139:
3013:Rawngtu (Welaung)
2793:978-1-317-27066-9
2673:978-81-7596-854-7
2540:978-1-003-00065-5
2346:Language in India
2287:978-0-429-77494-2
1828:, pp. 56–57.
1768:, pp. 25–26.
1678:, pp. 32–33.
1568:978-81-7062-162-1
1391:978-81-8324-344-5
1340:, pp. 77–78.
1328:, pp. 72–73.
1299:on 17 April 2012.
1190:Syed Ayan Mojib,
954:Messianic Judaism
674:(NEIGM) in 1924.
656:William Pettigrew
316:: it was used by
283:Arunachal Pradesh
223:
222:
16:(Redirected from
6221:
5649:Dimasa (Kachari)
5420:Koirao (Thangal)
5278:Singpho (Jingpo)
5097:Dimasa (Kachari)
4944:Dimasa (Kachari)
4916:
4909:
4902:
4893:
4791:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw)
4480:Tiddim (Hai-Dim)
4415:Mro-Khimi people
4310:Kaung Saing Chin
4026:
4019:
4012:
4003:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3562:
3294:
3287:
3280:
3271:
3254:Sorbung Tangkhul
3072:
2831:
2824:
2817:
2808:
2797:
2766:
2748:
2720:
2709:
2698:
2677:
2658:
2647:
2628:
2617:
2597:
2589:(4): 1043–1060,
2577:
2557:
2555:
2543:
2521:
2510:
2490:
2479:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2405:
2404:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2032:
2026:
2025:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1627:
1621:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1474:
1463:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1430:
1424:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1292:. Archived from
1291:
1283:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1217:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1153:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1081:
996:, who all speak
967:
756:scheduled tribes
723:Munshi Abdul Ali
664:Welsh Presbytery
642:Manipur valley.
584:Arakan Mountains
334:
333: 1490–1515
332:
302:scheduled tribes
143:); historically
105:
103:
102:
85:
83:
82:
65:
63:
62:
45:
38:
21:
6229:
6228:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6214:Tribes of India
6209:Tribes of Assam
6139:
6138:
6137:
6132:
6122:
5915:
5907:
5771:
5763:
5723:
5675:, War, Bhoi or
5630:
5529:
5371:
5179:
5123:, War, Bhoi or
5073:
5035:
5029:
5018:
4970:, War, Bhoi or
4968:Synteng or Pnar
4925:
4920:
4890:
4885:
4810:
4641:
4632:Mru (Taung Mro)
4596:
4589:
4573:
4524:
4395:Meithei (Kathe)
4345:Lai (Haka Chin)
4240:
4181:
4125:
4096:Lashi (La Chit)
4046:
4035:
4030:
4000:
3995:
3964:
3828:
3788:
3715:
3594:
3589:
3559:
3554:
3306:
3298:
3268:
3263:
3183:
3136:
3088:
3057:
2854:
2842:
2835:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2769:
2764:
2751:
2723:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2680:
2674:
2661:
2650:
2631:
2620:
2600:
2580:
2575:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2524:
2513:
2508:
2493:
2482:
2450:
2439:
2428:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2313:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2137:
2133:
2129:, p. 1048.
2125:
2118:
2110:
2103:
2095:
2088:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1666:
1654:
1650:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1620:, pp. 7–8.
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1477:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1437:, Vol. 4 (1907)
1431:
1427:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:, Vol. 4 (1907)
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1314:, Vol. 4 (1907)
1308:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1221:"Mizo | people"
1219:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1041:
1002:northeast India
923:
914:
909:
841:
812:
796:
768:Thadou language
748:
708:in raiding the
702:
615:
612:
544:
452:Irrawaddy river
448:
443:
356:Warren Hastings
329:
310:
100:
98:
80:
78:
60:
58:
48:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6227:
6225:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6141:
6140:
6134:
6133:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5919:
5917:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5818:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5808:Haokip, Haupit
5806:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5775:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5719:Synteng (Pnar)
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5381:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Mishing (Miri)
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5299:
5298:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5248:
5230:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Dafla (Nyishi)
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5175:Synteng (Pnar)
5172:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5128:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5014:Synteng (Pnar)
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4602:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4530:Bamar (Burman)
4526:
4525:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Gunte (Lyente)
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4192:
4190:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4086:Maru (Lawgore)
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4048:
4047:
4043:Burmese people
4040:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4021:
4014:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3838:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3822:Sauria Paharia
3819:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:Jalia Kaibarta
3739:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3723:
3721:Austro-Asiatic
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3697:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Saline (Salai)
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2913:Gunte (Liante)
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Falam Khualsim
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2803:External links
2801:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2767:
2762:
2749:
2732:(2): 157–187,
2721:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2672:
2659:
2648:
2629:
2618:
2598:
2578:
2573:
2558:
2544:
2539:
2522:
2511:
2506:
2491:
2480:
2463:(3): 437–446,
2448:
2437:
2426:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2383:
2358:
2332:
2330:6(3): 219–233.
2307:
2293:
2286:
2266:
2247:(2): 132–143.
2227:
2214:
2198:
2196:, p. 190.
2186:
2159:(2): 289–307.
2143:
2131:
2116:
2101:
2099:, p. 163.
2086:
2050:
2027:
2008:(2): 291–309.
1990:
1972:
1945:(2): 447–478.
1925:
1902:
1890:
1888:, p. 157.
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1770:
1758:
1746:
1734:
1719:
1707:
1692:
1680:
1664:
1648:
1622:
1606:
1590:
1574:
1567:
1547:
1535:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1492:, 25 May 2022.
1475:
1453:
1441:
1425:
1409:
1407:, p. 187.
1397:
1390:
1370:
1368:, p. 235.
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1302:
1278:
1263:
1251:
1237:
1212:
1196:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1133:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1025:Bengali Muslim
922:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
882:Ka’ngchoi Ka’p
840:
837:
811:
808:
795:
792:
747:
744:
740:princely state
714:Twipra Kingdom
701:
698:
609:
543:
540:
447:
444:
442:
439:
309:
306:
239:Kuki-Zo people
221:
220:
203: Others (
169:
168:
164:
163:
135:Predominantly
132:
131:
127:
126:
120:
119:
115:
114:
109:
95:
94:
89:
75:
74:
69:
55:
54:
50:
49:
46:
31:
26:
24:
18:Kuki-Zo people
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6226:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5847:
5844:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5704:Mikir (Karbi)
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5689:Lakher (Mara)
5687:
5684:
5681:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5591:Lushai (Mizo)
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5532:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5500:Suhte (Paite)
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5342:Mikir (Karbi)
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5218:Khowa (Bugun)
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5157:Mikir (Karbi)
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Lakher (Mara)
5140:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:Mikir (Karbi)
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5031:
5025:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Mikir (Karbi)
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4905:
4903:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4822:Anglo-Burmese
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Danaw (Danau)
4654:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Kwangli (Sim)
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:Kayin (Karen)
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4022:
4020:
4015:
4013:
4008:
4007:
4004:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3834:Tibeto-Burman
3831:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3272:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Mara (Lakher)
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Myanmar Mizos
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Myanmar Mizos
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2953:Lautu (Lutuv)
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:Falam Zanniat
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2845:
2841:and its clans
2840:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2763:9788183243445
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2694:9781000507454
2690:
2686:
2685:
2679:
2675:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2574:9789380574448
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2507:9788183242103
2503:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2359:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2316:Georg Pfeffer
2311:
2308:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2153:Social Change
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2114:, p. 90.
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:. p. 74.
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2063:Sharif, Ahmed
2060:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1985:Nagaland Post
1982:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1855:
1852:, p. 58.
1851:
1846:
1843:
1840:, p. 57.
1839:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:, p. 99.
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1352:, p. 74.
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1261:, p. 14.
1260:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1177:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
963:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
920:
918:
911:
906:
904:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
801:
793:
791:
788:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
757:
753:
745:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
651:
649:
643:
640:
636:
632:
631:Churachandpur
627:
625:
621:
614:
607:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
568:
566:
562:
558:
557:
548:
541:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:Churachandpur
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:Early history
445:
440:
438:
436:
431:
429:
425:
420:
418:
417:Imphal Valley
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
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268:
264:
260:
256:
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248:
244:
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236:
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218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
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178:
174:
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162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
128:
125:
121:
116:
113:
110:
108:
96:
93:
90:
88:
76:
73:
70:
68:
56:
51:
44:
39:
30:
19:
5973:Khiamniungan
5768:
5682:
5580:
5135:
5087:Bodo-Kachari
5058:
5054:Bodo-Kachari
4977:
4966:(inc. Khasi
4681:Khmu (Khamu)
4627:Miram (Mara)
4474:
4270:Bre (Ka-Yaw)
4041:
3933:
3802:Kurukh/Oraon
3779:Pnar/Jaintia
3660:Shershabadia
3444:
3355:Bodo-Kachari
3239:Monsang Naga
3229:Koireng Naga
3075:
3062:
3033:Tedim (Zomi)
2848:
2775:
2753:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2704:
2683:
2663:
2653:
2634:
2623:
2609:(1): 63–82,
2606:
2602:
2586:
2582:
2563:
2549:
2530:
2516:
2496:
2485:
2460:
2456:
2442:
2431:
2420:
2412:Bibliography
2396:
2392:
2386:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2310:
2296:
2276:
2269:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2189:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2134:
2071:
2053:
2040:
2030:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1761:
1749:
1737:
1710:
1683:
1673:
1667:
1662:, p. 1.
1657:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1604:, p. 3.
1599:
1593:
1583:
1577:
1557:
1550:
1538:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1469:
1444:
1434:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1400:
1380:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1311:
1305:
1294:the original
1281:
1271:
1266:
1254:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1206:Rakhi Bose,
1186:
1166:
1157:
1136:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1018:
994:Chin peoples
958:Bnei Menashe
951:
924:
915:
900:
896:
894:
892:(shot put).
889:
885:
884:(top game),
881:
877:
873:
869:
853:
849:
845:
842:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:
813:
797:
784:
771:
764:Kuki Company
763:
761:
751:
749:
706:Hill Tippera
703:
683:
676:
671:
667:
652:
644:
628:
617:
610:
588:
581:
569:
554:
553:
523:
501:
495:
491:
449:
434:
432:
421:
412:
410:
383:
367:Lushai Hills
360:
349:
340:
311:
299:
238:
234:
232:
200:
192:
184:
176:
157:Bnei Menashe
137:Christianity
111:
91:
71:
47:A Kuki woman
32:Ethnic group
29:
6184:Headhunting
6149:Kuki people
5913:Naga tribes
5769:Kuki tribes
5751:, Tromopa,
5709:Naga tribes
5685:(see below)
5683:Kuki Tribes
5601:Munda, Kaur
5283:Tai peoples
5251:Naga tribes
5227:Miju Mishmi
5198:Aka (Hruso)
5193:Abor (Galo)
5162:Naga tribes
5138:(see below)
5136:Kuki Tribes
5004:Naga tribes
4980:(see below)
4978:Kuki Tribes
4806:Hkun (Khün)
4676:Khamti Shan
4597:(Arakanese)
4559:Kadu (Kado)
4485:Torr (Tawr)
4280:Dai (Yindu)
4211:Ta-Hlay-Pwa
3817:Mal Paharia
3600:Indo-Aryans
3224:Kharam Naga
3212:Chothe Naga
3209:Choroi Naga
3038:Tawr (Torr)
2918:Kaung Saing
1638:(4): 1048,
992:, Kuki and
968:, "Sons of
935:headhunting
886:Suhtumkhawh
854:Lawm-tangvo
850:To’llai-pao
833:gal –lamkai
377:as well as
291:Mizo people
287:Chin people
235:Kuki people
36:Kuki people
6143:Categories
5943:Chakhesang
5916:including:
5772:including:
5714:Pawi (Lai)
5273:Sherdukpen
5171:Raba, Rava
5167:Pawi (Lai)
5009:Pawi (Lai)
4157:Manu Manaw
4137:Geba Karen
3902:Tanchangya
3703:Rajbongshi
3638:Mahifarash
3249:Purum Naga
3244:Moyon Naga
3215:Chiru Naga
3169:Lai (Pawi)
2376:(Thesis).
1531:1830470827
1470:Cheitharol
1178:References
1045:Zale'n-gam
943:Protestant
939:Christians
912:Governance
878:Ka’ng Ka’p
804:traditions
772:Khul Union
736:Chittagong
599:Chin State
476:Chin State
379:Chin State
352:Chittagong
279:hill tribe
271:Bangladesh
245:states of
112:Not stated
107:Bangladesh
92:Not stated
72:Not stated
6128:See also
6113:Yimkhiung
5896:Thangngeu
5848:Lengthang
5828:Khawchung
5079:Meghalaya
5028:Yimkhiung
4876:Pakistani
4706:Shan Gale
4622:Maramagyi
4445:Saing Zan
4290:Eik-swair
4236:Shu (Pwo)
4196:Pa-Le-Chi
4172:Yin Talai
4130:Kayah (9)
3976:Armenians
3951:Hrangkhol
3794:Dravidian
3655:Rohingyas
3633:Dhakaiyas
3018:Saing Zan
2893:Falam Sim
2888:Dai Yindu
2850:Zo people
2839:Zo people
2746:220855274
2644:249105916
2477:199515134
2181:147919896
2173:0049-0857
2045:Allahabad
2037:"History"
2022:145397505
1967:189972384
1959:0959-2318
1656:Soppitt,
1614:Soppitt,
1598:Soppitt,
1582:Soppitt,
1142:Meghalaya
1085:Khongchai
921:Religions
901:Lawm-se’l
897:Lawm meet
776:Tangkhuls
496:New Kukis
492:Old Kukis
456:Hrangkhol
337:Taranatha
295:Zo people
259:Meghalaya
118:Languages
6078:Tangkhul
5993:Liangmai
5817:Hongsung
5792:Gamalhou
5786:Chongloi
5783:Changsan
5677:Lyngngam
5505:Tangkhul
5440:Liangmai
5367:Zekhring
5291:Khamyang
5125:Lyngngam
5041:Nagaland
4972:Lyngngam
4881:Taungtha
4866:Rohingya
4839:Bayingyi
4801:Maingtha
4796:Maw Shan
4711:Shan Gyi
4617:Daingnet
4595:Rakhine
4460:Tangkhul
4455:Senthang
4335:Kwelshin
4231:Monnepwa
4121:Ngochang
3807:Mushahar
3707:Ranjoarh
3665:Sylhetis
3628:Bengalis
3608:Assamese
3028:Senthang
2595:41856539
2241:Folklore
2065:(1960).
1922:(1): 35.
1644:41856539
1527:ProQuest
1230:21 April
1150:Nagaland
1089:Khongsai
1039:See also
1033:Sonamura
1014:Menasseh
970:Menasseh
966:בני מנשה
931:animists
870:Kung–Kal
846:Lawm-upa
816:Sawm-upa
728:Noakhali
718:Bengalis
688:and the
508:Nagaland
464:Changsan
413:Khongjai
373:(modern
318:Bengalis
251:Nagaland
130:Religion
6093:Thangal
6068:Sangtam
6063:Rongmei
6043:Pochury
6023:Monsang
5988:Lamkang
5983:Lainong
5903:Vaiphei
5883:Sitlhou
5880:Singson
5873:Sairhem
5863:Mangjel
5860:Lupheng
5857:Lhouvun
5854:Lhoujem
5851:Lhangum
5839:Kholhou
5805:Hanneng
5789:Doungel
5749:Tibetan
5741:Kagatey
5671:(inc.
5621:Tripuri
5571:Jamatia
5552:Chaimal
5535:Tripura
5515:Vaiphei
5490:Rongmei
5465:Monsang
5435:Lamkang
5425:Koireng
5377:Manipur
5347:Minyong
5287:Khampti
5241:Lishipa
5203:Apatani
5119:(inc.
4931:Mizoram
4832:Panthay
4827:Chinese
4761:Yin Net
4756:Yin Kya
4746:Wa (Va)
4741:Taungyo
4736:Taishon
4731:Tai-Lay
4726:Tai-Lon
4721:Tai Nua
4716:Tai-Loi
4701:Palaung
4608:(Kaman)
4578:Mon (1)
4490:Yin Gog
4470:Tay-Zan
4340:Kwe Myi
4315:Kaungso
4305:Hualngo
4167:Yin Baw
4147:Karenni
4066:Dalaung
4061:Jingpaw
3986:Indians
3981:Chinese
3907:Tripuri
3897:Rakhine
3784:Santals
3695:Nepalis
3670:Mahimal
3550:Tripuri
3500:Mudugar
3480:Mishing
3375:Chenchu
3127:Vaiphei
3043:Yin Gog
2923:Kaungso
2351:4 March
2261:1254109
2069:(ed.).
1146:Mizoram
1029:Udaipur
982:Mizoram
978:Manipur
947:Baptist
927:Baptist
890:So’ngse
866:fishing
862:hunting
858:farming
829:Pachong
820:Sawm-nu
800:customs
700:Tripura
692:led by
648:Thadous
635:Chandel
591:Tonzang
561:Thadous
542:Manipur
532:Chandel
516:Tripura
512:Manipur
488:Tripura
484:Manipur
472:Mizoram
441:History
375:Mizoram
371:Manipur
326:Tripura
275:Myanmar
267:Mizoram
263:Tripura
247:Manipur
217:Kachins
213:Meiteis
153:Judaism
149:Animism
145:Animism
141:Baptist
87:Myanmar
6108:Wancho
6098:Tikhir
6083:Tangsa
6058:Rengma
6053:Poumai
6018:Maring
6003:Makury
5978:Konyak
5968:Kharam
5958:Chothe
5928:Angami
5877:Selnam
5842:Kipgen
5835:Khelma
5825:Jongbe
5814:Hengna
5811:Haolai
5796:Gangte
5759:Lepcha
5745:Sherpa
5737:Bhutia
5729:Sikkim
5659:Hajong
5644:Chakma
5616:Santal
5606:Noatia
5586:Lepcha
5576:Khasia
5556:Chakma
5548:Bhutia
5510:Thadou
5455:Maring
5405:Gangte
5400:Chothe
5362:Puroik
5322:Khamba
5305:(inc.
5285:(inc.
5267:Wancho
5259:Tangsa
5253:(inc.
5237:Chugpa
5235:(inc.
5225:(inc.
5223:Mishmi
5213:Galong
5107:Hajong
5092:Chakma
4954:Hajong
4939:Chakma
4859:Tamils
4854:Indian
4844:Gurkha
4771:Man Zi
4691:Kokang
4606:Kamein
4554:Yabein
4515:Zotung
4510:Zophei
4505:Sizang
4465:Tapong
4450:Saline
4440:Rongtu
4410:Lusayy
4370:Lyente
4365:Lhinbu
4360:Laymyo
4355:Lawhtu
4350:Laizao
4325:Khawno
4226:Monpwa
4177:Zayein
4111:Rawang
4081:Duleng
4076:Hkahku
4052:Kachin
3991:Jummas
3969:Others
3946:Pankho
3890:Pangal
3885:Meitei
3875:Laleng
3870:Khyang
3860:Hajong
3847:Chakma
3747:Kharia
3737:Bhumij
3535:Santal
3520:Rabari
3450:Lepcha
3430:Khonds
3415:Irulas
3400:Hajong
3385:Dimasa
3380:Dhanka
3370:Chakma
3345:Birhor
3340:Bhutia
3335:Bhumij
3325:Bharia
3205:Angami
3188:Others
3117:Sizang
3107:Gangte
3084:Thadou
3053:Zotung
3048:Zophei
2963:Lhinbu
2938:Kwemyi
2933:Khawno
2790:
2760:
2744:
2691:
2670:
2642:
2593:
2571:
2537:
2504:
2475:
2302:"Chin"
2284:
2259:
2179:
2171:
2020:
1965:
1957:
1676:(1886)
1660:(1887)
1642:
1618:(1887)
1602:(1887)
1586:(1887)
1565:
1529:
1421:Khyang
1388:
1021:Bengal
962:Hebrew
956:. The
874:mithun
825:Semang
639:Kabuis
620:Mualpi
520:Cachar
468:Thadou
398:Lakher
394:Thadou
345:Meitei
314:exonym
285:. The
205:Karbis
201:·
199:
195:
193:·
191:
187:
185:·
183:
181:Halams
179:
177:·
175:
159:) and
104:
84:
64:
6103:Tutsa
6088:Tarao
6038:Para
6033:Nocte
6028:Moyon
6013:Maram
5998:Lotha
5963:Inpui
5953:Chiru
5948:Chirr
5938:Chang
5899:Uibuh
5892:Thado
5887:Sukte
5869:Riang
5866:Misao
5801:Guite
5779:Biate
5753:Yolmo
5636:Assam
5626:Uchoi
5611:Riang
5566:Halam
5561:Garoo
5495:Simte
5485:Ralte
5480:Purum
5475:Paite
5470:Moyon
5450:Maram
5415:Inpui
5395:Chiru
5385:Aimol
5332:Memba
5317:Deori
5311:Padam
5295:Phake
5263:Tutsa
5255:Nocte
5245:Takpa
5233:Momba
5032:woman
4871:Malay
4666:Intha
4612:Khami
4564:Ganan
4539:Dawei
4495:Zahau
4475:Thado
4435:Panun
4430:Oo-Pu
4425:Ngawn
4405:Mi-er
4385:Marma
4380:Malin
4375:Magun
4320:Kebar
4300:Guite
4275:Cumtu
4206:S'gaw
4142:Gheko
4116:Taron
4071:Gauri
3939:Halam
3880:Marma
3865:Khumi
3812:Malto
3772:Sabar
3762:Munda
3757:Mahle
3752:Khasi
3732:Bauri
3699:Polia
3684:Bonaz
3645:Kahar
3623:Beens
3613:Barua
3530:Reang
3525:Rabha
3510:Oraon
3495:Munda
3465:Mahli
3460:Lodha
3455:Limbu
3440:Korwa
3425:Khasi
3420:Karbi
3395:Gondi
3365:Bonda
3360:Boksa
3320:Baiga
3304:India
3259:Tarao
3200:Anaal
3195:Aimol
3179:Ralte
3159:Lusei
3122:Sukte
3112:Simte
3102:Paite
3008:Panun
2998:Ngawn
2988:Mi-er
2983:Kaang
2973:Malin
2968:Magun
2928:Kebar
2878:Cumtu
2742:S2CID
2591:JSTOR
2554:(PDF)
2473:S2CID
2395:[
2257:JSTOR
2177:S2CID
2077:Dacca
2018:S2CID
1963:S2CID
1672:Dun,
1640:JSTOR
1297:(PDF)
1290:(PDF)
1071:Notes
1010:Burma
1006:Burma
1004:from
624:Tedim
603:Sukte
595:Tedim
577:Aimol
460:Biate
390:Paite
386:Ralte
363:Chins
341:Ko-ki
255:Assam
237:, or
209:Nagas
197:Zomis
189:Mizos
173:Chins
161:Islam
67:India
6118:Zeme
6073:Sumi
6048:Phom
5923:Anāl
5845:Kuki
5664:Hmar
5654:Garo
5581:Kuki
5543:Bhil
5520:Zeme
5410:Hmar
5390:Anal
5337:Miji
5327:Lisu
5307:Bori
5131:Koch
5112:Hmar
5102:Garo
5069:Naga
5059:Kuki
5049:Garo
5030:Naga
4984:Mara
4959:Hmar
4949:Garo
4849:Mizo
4776:Pyin
4696:Lahu
4671:Pa-O
4661:Danu
4649:(33)
4647:Shan
4637:Thet
4569:Hpon
4544:Beik
4420:Naga
4400:Mgan
4390:Matu
4265:Asho
4260:Anun
4248:(53)
4246:Chin
4216:Paku
4189:(11)
4162:Pale
4106:Lisu
4101:Atsi
4091:Hpon
4054:(12)
3958:Mizo
3934:Kuki
3922:Chin
3917:Bawm
3855:Garo
3851:Dalu
3842:Chak
3767:Kora
3728:Aowe
3691:Koch
3688:Keot
3545:Toda
3540:Sora
3515:Pnar
3505:Naga
3485:Mizo
3475:Mech
3470:Mara
3445:Kuki
3405:Hmar
3390:Garo
3350:Bodo
3330:Bhil
3315:Asur
3219:Bawm
3154:Hmar
3146:Mizo
3094:Zomi
3076:Kuki
3067:Zomi
3063:Kuki
2978:Matu
2883:Daai
2873:Anun
2860:Chin
2788:ISBN
2758:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2668:ISBN
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