761:
Syllables are primarily CV, with some CwV and CjV; vowel-initial syllables do not occur. Roots (not counting nominal prefixes and the like) are of the forms CV, CVV, CVCV, CVVCV, and CVCVCV. In the latter case, the middle vowel is neutralized. There are only six medial consonants,
813:, perhaps because labialization is constrained by the spread front vowels; it does not occur before back (rounded) vowels. However, there is some doubt that a true stop can be made by this gesture due to gaps between the incisors, which are
1067:
784:
posits both tone and stress, with tone being high or low, though not every syllable is assigned a tone: there are five word-tone patterns in the language. Vowels may carry two tones to accomplish this.
617:
suggests that this is due to a conflict between labialization and the spread front vowels. The velar stop is word initially and typically between vowels; there is a similar alternation with and .
1060:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
1053:
817:
by the Teke people and would allow air to flow during the occlusion; this is particularly pertinent considering that one of the words with this consonant,
52:
2296:
1081:
189:
104:
1008:
20:
1037:
1018:
948:
205:
672:
argues against this analysis. Diachronically, Kukwa affricates derive from stops before close vowels or vowel sequences, and
801:, has only been reported from this one language. It is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips", being before
79:
1370:
1193:
1045:
1423:
1411:
1405:
601:
may be either or , apart from the word "with", which is always . The labiodental nasal is realized as before
215:
2348:
1613:
1329:
1317:
1311:
597:
Prenasalized voiceless consonants are aspirated. Depending on speaker and region, the sound represented by
1889:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
775:
763:
754:
750:
743:
739:
733:
729:
722:
718:
712:
708:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
661:
657:
649:
645:
641:
637:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
606:
602:
586:
579:
562:
554:
549:
542:
522:
517:
512:
507:
487:
482:
477:
472:
451:
444:
439:
432:
427:
413:
408:
401:
396:
389:
384:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
288:
284:
280:
264:
2287:
2091:
2085:
2055:
2049:
1765:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1134:
1116:
826:
570:
311:
42:
2013:
2043:
2037:
1128:
656:
argues against this analysis. corresponds to in neighboring Teke languages. Cj sequences such as
535:
460:
85:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2019:
1795:
318:
306:
2299:
is geographic and its groupings do not imply a relationship between the languages within them.
1813:
1789:
1571:
1565:
1033:
1014:
794:
374:
333:
323:
261:
257:
1960:
1753:
1595:
1583:
1364:
1341:
1335:
1140:
1122:
95:
90:
2216:
2174:
2168:
1978:
1913:
1854:
1801:
1759:
1642:
1589:
1577:
1559:
1553:
1529:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1287:
1077:
1000:
830:
340:
328:
100:
71:
1358:
2280:
2259:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2162:
2150:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1972:
1966:
1954:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1883:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1830:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1625:
1619:
1601:
1541:
1494:
1441:
1382:
1376:
1323:
1293:
1281:
1264:
1258:
1246:
1240:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1110:
1104:
254:
138:
110:
179:
2342:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2210:
2156:
1948:
1895:
1866:
1842:
1807:
1729:
1660:
1607:
1547:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1458:
1435:
1429:
1305:
1299:
1252:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1205:
1199:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1004:
1654:
1648:
1535:
836:
Given its rarity, it is worth providing some minimal pairs with other consonants:
1417:
1399:
931:
926:
172:
156:
636:
Cw sequences are rare and only occur before unrounded vowels; they include
283:, which may be long (double) or short. Other vowel sequences do not occur.
260:
of the
Congolese plateau. It is the only language known to have a phonemic
163:
241:
223:
211:
821:, means a 'gap between filed incisors'. Because of these factors, Teke
219:
676:
derives from *k rather than *p. The labiodentals are not found before
703:
Phonemic neutralization may occur when consonants are prenasalized:
644:.) It may be possible that the frequent sounds (which occur before
664:. It may be possible that the frequent sounds are phonemically
2304:
Narrow Bantu languages by
Guthrie classification zone templates
1049:
1030:
Le kukuya, langue teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales
222:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
668:, but they are not restricted as to following vowels and
825:
might be better characterized as a labiodental nasal
660:
are also rare (a dozen cases) and only occur before
2142:
2029:
1987:
1940:
1875:
1822:
1721:
1680:
1673:
1634:
1521:
1450:
1391:
1350:
1273:
1214:
1149:
1096:
1089:
186:
170:
154:
149:
135:
68:
58:
48:
38:
28:
971:
699:Prenasalized affricates are generally transcribed
291:() and also before or another , as in the name
267:. The name of the language comes from the word
1061:
8:
2328:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones NâS)
2323:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones JâM)
2318:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones EâH)
2313:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones CâD)
2308:Template:Narrow Bantu languages (Zones AâB)
629:is found in a single highly frequent word,
1677:
1093:
1068:
1054:
1046:
25:
297:
983:
959:
919:
781:
692:is not found in underived words before
669:
653:
614:
216:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
240:
7:
1010:The Sounds of the World's Languages
287:is realised as in the environment
2286:Languages between parentheses are
766:, and six combinations of medial C
21:Kukuya language (Papua New Guinea)
14:
648:, respectively) are phonemically
16:Bantu language spoken in DR Congo
972:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996
949:New Updated Guthrie List Online
2290:of the language on their left.
1:
774:in the case of CVCVCV words,
1028:Paulian, Christiane (1975),
895:gap between filed incisors,
776:/ânâm,âtâp,âtâk,âlâp,âlâk,?/
2365:
638:/tw/,/sw/,/ndzw/,/jw/,/kw/
18:
2272:
829:( in IPA), rather than a
585:
583:
578:
576:
574:
569:
558:
553:
539:
534:
528:
526:
504:
493:
491:
469:
459:
450:
448:
436:
405:
393:
373:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
327:
322:
317:
310:
305:
303:
202:
33:
947:Jouni Filip Maho, 2009.
19:Not to be confused with
937:(subscription required)
684:is not attested before
2297:Guthrie classification
1082:Guthrie classification
1032:, Peeters Publishers,
857:to complete the rest,
204:This article contains
1013:. Oxford: Blackwell.
789:The labiodental nasal
253:, is a member of the
43:Republic of the Congo
279:The five vowels are
300:
299:Consonant phonemes
245:, also transcribed
53:Plateaux Department
889:to shake with fear
298:
64:39,000 (2000)
2336:
2335:
2281:extinct languages
2268:
2267:
1669:
1668:
935:(18th ed., 2015)
795:labiodental nasal
599:⟨y⟩
594:
593:
502:
467:
424:
381:
262:labiodental nasal
258:dialect continuum
242:[kĂŹkĂœkÈłÄ]
230:
229:
212:rendering support
208:phonetic symbols.
2356:
1678:
1094:
1080:(Zones AâB) (by
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1024:
1001:Ladefoged, Peter
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
938:
924:
871:they (class 8),
867:they (class 4),
824:
820:
812:
808:
804:
800:
777:
765:
756:
752:
745:
741:
735:
731:
724:
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581:
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141:
96:Southern Bantoid
74:
26:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2264:
2138:
2025:
1983:
1936:
1871:
1818:
1717:
1665:
1630:
1517:
1513:South-West Fang
1446:
1387:
1346:
1269:
1210:
1145:
1085:
1078:Bantu languages
1074:
1040:
1027:
1021:
999:
996:
991:
990:
982:
978:
970:
966:
958:
954:
946:
942:
936:
925:
921:
916:
831:nasal occlusive
815:filed to points
791:
773:
769:
701:mf, mv, ns, nz.
640:. (C cannot be
621:and especially
605:and as before
598:
596:
313:
277:
234:Kukuya language
210:Without proper
196:
193:
188:
178:
162:
155:
142:
137:
131:
75:
72:Language family
70:
61:
60:Native speakers
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2349:Teke languages
2341:
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2334:
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2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2300:
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2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
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2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
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2136:
2130:
2124:
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2100:
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2088:
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2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1969:
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1928:
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1904:
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1671:
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1645:
1638:
1636:
1632:
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1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
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1408:
1402:
1395:
1393:
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1354:
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1344:
1338:
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1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1235:Southeast Bobe
1231:
1229:Southwest Bobe
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
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1038:
1025:
1019:
1005:Maddieson, Ian
995:
992:
989:
988:
976:
964:
952:
940:
918:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
900:
890:
880:
862:
852:
790:
787:
782:Paulian (1975)
771:
767:
759:
758:
747:
736:
726:
715:
670:Paulian (1975)
654:Paulian (1975)
646:/iau,ieau,iea/
625:are uncommon.
619:/mpf/,/ɱʷ/,/n/
615:Paulian (1975)
592:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
575:
573:
567:
566:
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552:
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515:
510:
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503:
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485:
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475:
470:
468:
463:
457:
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430:
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419:
418:
416:
411:
406:
404:
399:
394:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
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368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
337:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
309:
304:
276:
273:
228:
227:
214:, you may see
200:
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150:Language codes
147:
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139:Writing system
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119:
86:AtlanticâCongo
78:
76:
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66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
55:
50:
46:
45:
40:
39:Native to
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
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2206:
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2200:
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2182:
2178:
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2113:
2111:
2107:
2105:
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2034:
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2028:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2009:
2005:
2003:
1999:
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1970:
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1478:
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1468:
1466:
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1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1390:
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1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1360:
1356:
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1349:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1291:
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1278:
1276:
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1262:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1039:2-85297-008-2
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1020:0-631-19815-6
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1002:
998:
997:
993:
985:
984:Paulian (1975
980:
977:
973:
968:
965:
961:
960:Paulian (1975
956:
953:
950:
944:
941:
934:
933:
928:
923:
920:
913:
908:
904:
901:
898:
894:
891:
888:
884:
881:
878:
874:
870:
866:
863:
860:
856:
853:
851:small opening
850:
846:
842:
839:
838:
837:
834:
832:
828:
816:
796:
788:
786:
783:
779:
764:/k,t,n,m,l,p/
748:
737:
727:
716:
706:
705:
704:
702:
697:
671:
655:
634:
616:
590:
572:
568:
560:
548:
546:
541:
537:
533:
530:
521:
516:
511:
506:
499:
498:
495:
486:
481:
476:
471:
464:
462:
458:
455:
443:
438:
431:
426:
421:
420:
417:
412:
407:
400:
395:
388:
383:
378:
376:
372:
369:
342:
338:
335:
332:
330:
325:
320:
315:
308:
302:
296:
294:
274:
272:
270:
263:
259:
256:
252:
251:Southern Teke
249:and known as
248:
243:
239:
235:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
201:
195:
191:
185:
181:
177:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
134:
118:
115:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
81:
77:
73:
67:
63:
57:
54:
51:
47:
44:
41:
37:
34:Southern Teke
32:
27:
22:
2276:
2115:
1029:
1009:
979:
967:
955:
943:
930:
922:
906:
902:
896:
892:
886:
885:to rejoice,
882:
876:
872:
868:
864:
858:
854:
848:
844:
840:
835:
805:and before
792:
780:
760:
700:
698:
635:
595:
466:Prenasalized
380:Prenasalized
292:
278:
268:
250:
246:
237:
233:
231:
203:
190:Guthrie code
171:
116:
2254:West Ngongo
861:to laugh at
827:approximant
793:A phonemic
571:Approximant
281:/ie~Éao~Éu/
271:"plateau".
218:instead of
91:BenueâCongo
80:NigerâCongo
2022:(spurious)
1306:South Kogo
1300:North Kogo
1223:North Bobe
994:References
932:Ethnologue
907:mĂ -mbvĂ Ă nĂŹ
887:kĂŹ-bvĂ nĂ mĂ
666:/tj,dj,nj/
650:/pw,bw,mw/
633:('also').
2288:varieties
2279:indicate
2187:East Yans
2086:Ndzindziu
2050:Ngungwele
2038:Tege-Kali
1796:Metombola
1736:West Kele
883:kĂŹ-ɱà nĂ mĂ
536:Fricative
461:Affricate
275:Phonology
173:Glottolog
157:ISO 639-3
145:unwritten
2343:Category
2134:Tsitsege
2044:Njiningi
2014:Kaning'i
1814:Mahongwe
1802:Molengue
1790:Ndambomo
1730:Sekiyani
1626:Koonzime
1483:Yangafek
1007:(1996).
899:interval
879:the cold
859:kĂŹ-ɱà à lĂ
855:kĂŹ-mĂ Ă lĂ
319:Alveolar
307:Bilabial
238:Kikukuya
224:Help:IPA
180:teke1280
2277:Italics
2104:Musieno
1961:Tsaangi
1849:Himbaka
1754:Mbangwe
1689:Mpongwe
1596:Ukwedjo
1584:Bomwali
1566:Medjime
1554:Konabem
1495:GbĂŻgbĂŻl
1418:Bacenga
1412:Mangisa
1406:Yambasa
1377:Ngayaba
1365:Kaalong
1342:Yambeta
1330:Aling'a
1194:Mulimba
1158:Bomboko
1141:Nkongho
1123:Bonkeng
1076:Narrow
909:to meet
847:urine,
658:/pj,kj/
375:Plosive
334:Glottal
324:Palatal
220:Unicode
2237:(Ngwi)
2221:[B821
2132:[B701
2062:Tsaayi
2056:Mpumpu
2020:Yangho
2012:[B602
2008:Nduumo
2002:Mbaama
1965:[B501
1914:Varama
1906:[B401
1855:Bongwe
1841:[B301
1770:[B201
1760:Wumbvu
1707:Dyumba
1674:Zone B
1643:Kwakum
1588:[A801
1578:Mpiemo
1572:Mpompo
1560:Bekwil
1530:Mvumbo
1511:[A751
1489:Bëbëlë
1465:Ewondo
1428:[A621
1381:[A501
1328:[A441
1318:Nyokon
1288:Bankon
1247:Bapoko
1198:[A221
1164:Baakpe
1133:[A141
1117:Balong
1090:Zone A
1036:
1017:
927:Kukuya
905:baby,
875:bulb,
843:eyes,
757:("nz")
751:/dz,j/
746:("ns")
740:/ts,s/
725:("mf")
723:/ɱpÌȘf/
719:/pf,f/
688:, and
652:, but
314:Dental
312:Labio-
293:Kukuya
289:/ÉČuni/
117:Kukuya
113:(B.70)
105:Zone B
49:Region
29:Kukuya
2260:Nzadi
2258:B865
2252:B864
2248:Mpiin
2246:B863
2240:B862
2233:B861
2227:B822
2217:Mbuun
2203:B85e
2199:Ntsuo
2197:B85d
2191:B85c
2185:B85b
2181:Mbiem
2179:B85a
2175:Mpuun
2173:B84b
2169:Mpuon
2167:B84a
2163:Mfinu
2151:Tiene
2128:Wuumu
2120:B77b
2116:Kukwa
2114:B77a
2108:B76b
2102:B76a
2090:B74b
2084:B74a
2078:B73d
2072:B73c
2068:Laali
2066:B73b
2060:B73a
2054:B72b
2048:B72a
2042:B71b
2036:B71a
2018:B603
1996:Mbete
1977:B503
1973:Mwele
1971:B502
1967:Wanzi
1955:Nzebi
1932:Bwali
1930:B411
1926:Ngubi
1924:B404
1920:Vungu
1918:B403
1912:B402
1908:Bwisi
1902:Lumbu
1890:Sangu
1865:B305
1861:Pinzi
1859:B304
1853:B303
1847:B302
1837:Kande
1831:Tsogo
1812:B252
1808:Shake
1806:B251
1800:B221
1794:B205
1788:B204
1782:B203
1778:Sighu
1776:B202
1772:Ndasa
1746:B22c
1740:B22b
1734:B22a
1713:Nkomi
1711:B11e
1705:B11d
1701:Galwa
1699:B11c
1695:Rongo
1693:B11b
1687:B11a
1653:A92b
1647:A92a
1624:A842
1620:Bajue
1618:A841
1614:Bekol
1612:A832
1606:A831
1602:Shiwe
1600:A803
1594:A802
1590:Gyele
1576:A86c
1570:A86b
1564:A86a
1558:A85b
1552:A85a
1542:Makaa
1493:A73b
1487:A73a
1481:A72d
1477:Bakja
1475:A72c
1471:Mvele
1469:A72b
1463:A72a
1442:Mbule
1440:A623
1434:A622
1400:Ngoro
1383:Hijuk
1340:A462
1336:Bonek
1334:A461
1324:Mandi
1312:Banen
1304:A43c
1298:A43b
1294:Mbene
1292:A43a
1282:Lombi
1265:Benga
1259:Kombe
1257:A33b
1251:A33a
1245:A32b
1241:Banoo
1239:A32a
1233:A31c
1227:A31b
1221:A31a
1204:A231
1200:Bubia
1188:Pongo
1176:Duala
1139:A151
1111:Barue
1105:Londo
914:Notes
903:ɱåanĂ
897:mbvĂĄĂĄ
819:/ɱåå/
755:/ndz/
744:/nts/
730:/d,l/
709:/p,w/
694:/i,u/
642:/f,l/
501:Plain
473:ᶏpÌȘfÊ°
423:Plain
341:Nasal
329:Velar
247:Kukáș
a
197:B.77a
101:Bantu
2295:The
2242:Lwel
2235:Ngul
2229:Nunu
2215:B87
2209:B86
2205:Mpur
2193:Yeei
2161:B83
2157:Boma
2155:B82
2149:B81
2126:B78
2122:Fumu
2110:Ngee
2098:Bali
2096:B75
2092:Boma
2006:B63
2000:B62
1994:B61
1979:Vili
1959:B53
1953:B52
1949:Duma
1947:B51
1900:B44
1896:Punu
1894:B43
1888:B42
1884:Sira
1882:B41
1867:Vove
1843:Viya
1835:B32
1829:B31
1784:Sama
1766:Kota
1764:B25
1758:B24
1752:B23
1748:Bubi
1742:Ngom
1728:B21
1661:Kako
1659:A93
1655:Pomo
1641:A91
1608:Byep
1582:A87
1548:Njem
1546:A84
1540:A83
1534:A82
1528:A81
1507:Fang
1505:A75
1501:Bulu
1499:A74
1459:Eton
1457:A71
1436:Gunu
1430:Baca
1424:Bati
1422:A65
1416:A64
1410:A63
1404:A62
1398:A61
1375:A54
1369:A53
1363:A52
1357:A51
1322:A46
1316:A45
1310:A44
1286:A42
1280:A41
1263:A34
1253:Yasa
1206:Kole
1192:A27
1186:A26
1180:A25
1174:A24
1168:A23
1162:A22
1156:A21
1135:Bafo
1127:A15
1121:A14
1115:A13
1109:A12
1103:A11
1034:ISBN
1015:ISBN
986::40)
974::18)
962::57)
849:pfĂŹĂ
809:and
749:N +
738:N +
734:/nd/
728:N +
717:N +
713:/mp/
707:N +
674:/pf/
631:/hé/
609:and
483:âżtsÊ°
478:ᶏbÌȘv
269:kuya
255:Teke
232:The
111:Teke
2223:Mpe
2143:B80
2080:Kwe
2074:Yaa
2030:B70
1988:B60
1941:B50
1876:B40
1823:B30
1722:B20
1681:B10
1649:Pol
1635:A90
1522:A80
1451:A70
1392:A60
1371:Kpa
1359:Faâ
1351:A50
1274:A40
1215:A30
1182:Oli
1150:A20
1129:Mbo
1097:A10
929:at
893:ɱåå
877:mfĂȘ
869:bvé
845:mĂĂŹ
841:ɱĂĂŹ
823:/ɱ/
811:/e/
807:/i/
803:/a/
799:/ɱ/
690:/Ć/
686:/u/
682:/n/
678:/o/
662:/a/
627:/h/
623:/d/
611:/e/
607:/i/
603:/a/
555:z~j
513:bÌȘv
508:pÌȘf
488:âżdz
452:k~ÉĄ
409:á”kÊ°
397:âżtÊ°
385:á”pÊ°
285:/u/
265:/ɱ/
206:IPA
164:kkw
2345::
2211:Di
1536:So
1170:Su
1003:;
873:fĂš
865:ɱé
833:.
797:,
778:.
753:â
742:â
732:â
721:â
711:â
696:.
680:.
613:;
565:)
523:dz
518:ts
414:á”ÉĄ
402:âżd
390:á”b
295:.
236:,
82:?
2283:.
1084:)
1069:e
1062:t
1055:v
1023:.
772:3
770:C
768:2
587:w
580:l
563:h
561:(
550:s
543:f
445:d
440:t
433:b
428:p
366:Ć
361:ÉČ
356:n
351:ɱ
346:m
226:.
107:)
103:(
23:.
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