849:
The preceding two morphemes are pluralizers of non-collective nouns. There is another set of morphemes which collectivize and pluralize nouns into sets that are â generally â based on the
Kuikuro understanding of inter-personal relationships and kinship. Below is demonstrative of the collectivization
1288:
The âng-â in the second example above is an object marker which blocks the reading of the sentence from being âit was a turtle that was eating my sister.â This is some evidence towards an accusative reading. But, there is no morphology on the argument itself and so it would be difficult to announce
1147:
However, there is also data that suggests that there is an accusative element to the
Kuikuro case system. This is shown in clefting situations, where /heke/ is not used and the language must find other strategies for showing case. In these scenarios, the verb takes on additional morphology to show
1086:
Pronouns surface in
Kuikuro as pronominal prefixes. They can act as arguments when attached to VPs or certain morphemes like /heke/, and they can act as possessives. They also display a number of phonologically conditioned allomorphs. Unlike its treatment of plurality, Kuikuroâs use of pronouns is
773:
In addition to the bound morpheme /-ko/, there is a quantifier which also serves to pluralize nouns; /tuguhu/. This quantifier is used to indicate that its entire constituent is pluralized. Unlike /-ko/ it can be used to mark plurality on nouns that are . The following data is a minimal pair of
246:
is prevalent among the men of the community, Amonap is not as immediately endangered as are many
Brazilian languages. As of 2006, there are an estimated 1,100 native speakers of the language, including 600 KuikĂșro and 500 KalapĂĄlo, who speak the same language but are ethnically distinct. The
1610:
The counting of mass nouns hinges on the fact that
Kuikuro is a number neutral language. In this system nouns can occur as either plural or singular and can occur bare. The Kuikuro grammar allows mass nouns to be counted using an assumed container. The following is a typical form.
1053:
Apart from their use as arguments for VPs, pronouns are also used to denote possession on NPs. These possessive prefixes are generally the same as their pronominal counter-parts. The data below also shows how the possessive pronouns are also split if they are in the plural.
1100:
Kuikuro from a typological prospective is ergative. There is no obvious absolutive case marker. The morpheme /heke/ is used with some variety of nominal or pronominal argument to denote the ergativity of the argument. Below is an example of a basic sentence.
1002:
To affect an ergative reading of a pronoun, it is prefixed to the ergative particle /heke/. The data below also shows that /-ko/ - as a pronominal pluralizer â is placed at the end of the verb construction.
912:
Pronouns and pronominal expressions in
Kuikuro are bound morphemes that can be prefixed onto nouns, verbs, and certain particles. A partial set is listed below, allomorphs are not included.
626:
that effects both verbs and nouns. It is head-final and dependent marking. Its case system is ergative. A sample sentence shows the S/O V structure, the morphological richness, and the
703:
which - when affixed to a noun - denotes it as plural and marked. In
Kuikuro this is the morpheme /-ko/. The following is demonstrative of one of the morphemeâs regular usages.
2010:
2000:
255:
1305:
Numerals function quite differently in
Kuikuro than the typical Indo-European system. First, there are morphemes for 1-5 and 10 only. The rest of the numerals are phrasal.
254:
In collaboration with linguist Bruna
Franchetto, the Kuikuro have created a library of recordings that feature Kuikuro stories in the language that is archived at the
1538:
Neither of the above examples can be read as having been counting the VP. To achieve this, the numeral must occur immediately preceding the VP it is quantifying.
2388:
3638:
3261:
588:
2006:
568:
1996:
1687:
Note that the morpheme /ingĂŒ/ is non-obligatory and that the container is assumed. This structure follows for all kinds of mass nouns.
1965:
1947:
Franchetto, Bruna (2010). "The ergativity effect in
Kuikuro (Southern Carib, Brazil)". In Gildea, Spike; QueixalĂłs, Francesc (eds.).
2381:
2493:
1148:
for a non-agentive reading on the initial argument. Below is a pair of sentences that show the changes in their canonical form.
3254:
2038:
343:
2285:
695:
Kuikuro nouns can occur bare, with both number and definiteness being unmarked. Like many other neutral number languages (
310:
1987:
2374:
1292:
Other than the possible issues presented above, Kuikuro is a rather straightforward example of an ergative case system.
536:
514:
358:
248:
187:
2293:
1739:
552:
297:
3594:
2508:
1401:
In NP-modifying constructions, numerals can occur either before the NP to be modified or at the end of the sentence.
3633:
3358:
3247:
1360:
The rest of the numbers from 6-9 and 11-20 are expressed through phrase-level constructions such as the following.
482:
475:
380:
3106:
3096:
3328:
2755:
2644:
3443:
1999:
by Ellen Basso, an archive of audio recordings of narratives, instrumental music, and text transcriptions from
623:
323:
3132:
2861:
904:
These collective plurals and the collective plural morphemes are rich and complex and warrant further study.
3127:
2740:
2437:
2416:
2275:
770:
It is important to note here that the morpheme /-ko/ is only used on nouns that are as in (2) but not (3).
496:
2218:
545:
489:
3344:
2982:
2143:
2047:
445:
438:
232:
56:
2707:
2483:
3574:
3556:
3493:
3482:
3421:
3278:
3137:
3111:
3041:
2990:
2926:
2896:
2770:
2659:
2411:
2270:
2173:
1599:
1530:
1463:
1280:
1212:
452:
243:
3581:
3550:
3513:
3438:
3376:
3351:
3286:
3091:
3036:
2995:
2901:
2735:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2629:
2591:
2586:
2523:
2397:
2031:
2916:
1910:
Meira, SĂ©rgio; Franchetto, Bruna (2005). "The Southern Cariban Languages and the Cariban Family".
1607:
Critically, the above cannot be read as âthree monthsâ but has to be a verb-numeral construction.
3504:
3313:
3163:
2949:
2881:
2871:
2790:
2687:
2543:
2475:
1927:
459:
410:
3588:
3544:
3524:
3400:
3298:
3061:
3016:
3000:
2856:
2785:
2775:
2750:
2649:
2614:
2538:
2078:
3519:
3449:
3270:
3198:
3153:
3046:
3026:
2939:
2876:
2838:
2815:
2800:
2795:
2780:
2745:
2697:
2601:
2553:
2548:
2518:
2513:
2498:
2265:
2213:
2193:
2168:
2151:
560:
425:
415:
105:
3567:
3561:
3476:
3405:
3333:
3292:
3223:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3031:
3021:
2934:
2848:
2805:
2765:
2692:
2682:
2674:
2654:
2639:
2619:
2576:
2563:
2533:
2503:
2488:
2449:
2432:
2203:
2198:
2183:
1952:
1919:
405:
208:
3487:
3410:
3338:
3322:
3303:
3228:
3218:
3193:
3173:
3158:
3071:
3066:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2911:
2891:
2866:
2760:
2730:
2664:
2634:
2581:
2528:
2208:
2188:
2178:
2162:
2156:
2103:
2073:
963:
696:
582:
432:
420:
216:
97:
74:
2823:
2313:
1546:
1236:
3614:
3599:
3470:
3415:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3101:
3056:
3051:
2957:
2833:
2624:
2454:
2354:
2303:
2113:
2093:
2024:
1493:
1434:
1197:
1193:
469:
212:
70:
179:
3627:
3383:
2906:
2571:
2347:
2298:
2260:
2118:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2068:
2055:
1261:
1226:
1160:
619:
279:
228:
78:
258:. The remainder of this article will discuss the language as spoken by the Kuikuro.
2828:
2340:
2318:
2123:
2063:
1800:
dos Santos, GĂ©lsama Mara Ferreira (2007). Santos, GĂ©lsama Mara Ferreira dos (ed.).
774:
readings that show the scope of /tuguhu/ and its usage as a pluralizer of nouns.
850:
concept, but not necessarily of the phono-morphological reality of its creation.
609:
Plosives /p, t, k/ when preceded by nasals are heard as prenasalized and voiced .
2323:
2308:
386:
364:
349:
329:
316:
303:
291:
274:
236:
192:
60:
17:
1761:
2244:
2128:
2108:
1931:
1722:
1717:
1708:
1703:
627:
372:
284:
1744:
2886:
2234:
528:
506:
337:
172:
146:
1804:(Doctoral thesis). Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
162:
155:
2133:
1956:
1849:
1847:
700:
2016:
2444:
2366:
1991:
1289:
this as an accusative case rather than a different focus of the verb.
3168:
2239:
898:{âmy younger brotherâ} {âall those whom I call âmy younger brotherââ}
224:
220:
46:
3239:
1170:
1923:
1889:
Rill, Justin. Syntactic ergativity: a typological approach. Pg. 224
1265:
1117:
1015:
978:
883:
2013:- archive of audio recordings in Kuikuro with text transcriptions.
1966:"Count/Mass distinction in Kuikuro: on individuation and counting"
1113:
681:
671:
1783:
1781:
1377:
1066:
1019:
982:
879:
862:
825:
3243:
2370:
2020:
1557:
1507:
1448:
1131:
1070:
1037:
1023:
1011:
986:
974:
660:
649:
639:
1654:
1575:
1503:
1444:
1250:
1156:
1127:
1109:
1062:
1033:
875:
858:
1939:
Franchetto, Bruna; Mehinaku, Mutua; Santos, Mara (2007),
1853:
1838:
1814:
1240:
1174:
1964:
Franchetto, Bruna; Santos, Mara; Lima, Suzi (2013).
1898:
1826:
256:
Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America
3537:
3503:
3463:
3431:
3393:
3368:
3312:
3277:
3146:
3120:
3084:
3009:
2981:
2948:
2925:
2847:
2814:
2706:
2673:
2600:
2562:
2474:
2465:
2425:
2404:
2332:
2284:
2253:
2227:
2142:
2054:
186:
170:
144:
139:
124:
94:
84:
66:
52:
42:
32:
1748:, p. 57-85. Rio de Janeiro: Museu do Ăndio/FUNAI.
740:{â(the/a/some) fish/esâ} {} {â(the/some) fishesâ}
962:These pronouns - when affixed to a VP - have an
813:Canoe many.together {paddle canoe} many.together
1787:
895:1-younger.brother-REL 1-younger.brother-REL.COL
606:/p/ can also be heard as in medial positions.
3255:
2382:
2032:
1912:International Journal of American Linguistics
618:Like most of the Carib family, Kuikuro is an
8:
1941:Concepts and forms of âpluralityâ in Kuikuro
1203:u-ingĂŁtzu-ha ekise-I hikutaha enge-ni-mbĂŒngĂŒ
888:âall those whom I call âmy younger brotherââ
1277:âit was a turtle that my sister was eatingâ
227:. It is spoken in seven villages along the
3500:
3390:
3262:
3248:
3240:
2471:
2389:
2375:
2367:
2039:
2025:
2017:
1877:
1865:
1802:Morfologia Kuikuro: Gerando nomes e verbos
29:
1307:
1274:turtle-AF DDIST-COP 1-sister OM-eat-CONT
1271:hikutaha-ha ege-I u-ingĂŁtzu ng-enge-tagĂŒ
914:
677:katsogo-ko heke kangamuke-ko kagine-nĂŒgĂŒ
396:
265:
1696:
1206:1-sister-AF 3D-COP turtle eat-AGNR-SUBS
686:â(the) dogs frightened (the) childrenâ
2007:Kuikuro Collection by Bruna Franchetto
1854:Franchetto, Mehinaku & Santos 2007
1839:Franchetto, Mehinaku & Santos 2007
1815:Franchetto, Mehinaku & Santos 2007
1590:ige ngune-mbeke tilako u-hĂŒlu ihisundu
1762:"Did you know Kuikuro is threatened?"
1745:Alto Xingu: uma sociedade multilĂngue
123:
7:
1524:yesterday macaw see-PNCT 1-ERG three
1521:konige tahitse ingi-lĂŒ u-heke tilako
1457:yesterday three macaw see-PNCT 1-ERG
1454:konige tilako tahitse ingi-lĂŒ u-heke
1209:âit was my sister who ate the turtle
251:lists the language as "threatened".
1683:âI have three bottles of pequi oilâ
1596:âI traveled three times this monthâ
3639:Languages of Xingu Indigenous Park
1899:Franchetto, Santos & Lima 2013
1827:Franchetto, Santos & Lima 2013
1598:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1529:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1462:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1279:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
1211:Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (
25:
1740:Alto Xingu: uma ĂĄrea linguĂstica?
1593:DPROX moon-TEMP three 1-walk unit
587:
567:
551:
544:
535:
513:
495:
488:
481:
474:
458:
451:
444:
437:
385:
379:
363:
357:
348:
342:
328:
322:
315:
309:
302:
296:
1680:three 1-have pequi.oil container
27:Cariban language spken in Brazil
816:â(the) paddles of (the) canoesâ
622:language with a highly complex
1997:Archive of Kalapalo Recordings
1527:âYesterday I saw three macawsâ
1460:âYesterday I saw three macawsâ
845:â(the) paddles of the canoe(s)
842:canoe paddle-REL many.together
1:
1742:In: Franchetto, Bruna (ed.),
680:dog-PL ERG child-PL frighten-
159: â KuikĂșro-KalapĂĄlo
1637:âthree bottles of pequi oilâ
249:Endangered Languages Project
1788:Meira & Franchetto 2005
1301:Constructions with numerals
3655:
1677:tilako u-ngipi nhukau ingĂŒ
1391:tilako inkguge-toho hĂŒgape
810:*ehu tuhugu etenegĂŒ tuhugu
699:, for example) there is a
3608:
3107:Paulista General Language
1394:three cross-INSTR on.foot
1137:u-ahetinhomba-tagĂŒ i-heke
1049:âIâm looking at you (pl)â
1046:2-see-CONT(-REL)-PL 1-ERG
242:Although bilingualism in
37:
908:Pronouns and Pronominals
2417:Brazilian Sign Language
1992:endangeredlanguages.com
1728:(subscription required)
1714:(subscription required)
1949:Ergativity in Amazonia
1087:largely unremarkable.
1043:e-ini-ta(gĂŒ)-ko u-heke
934:ku- (dual, inclusive)
711:â(the/a/some) fish/esâ
223:, and formerly by the
130:Kuikuro–Kalapalo
3112:Portunhol fronteiriço
2048:Xingu Indigenous Park
1140:1.ABS-help-CONT 3-ERG
998:âyou (pl) are cryingâ
764:{â(the/some) canoesâ}
233:Xingu Indigenous Park
166: â Matipuhy
57:Xingu Indigenous Park
2276:Villas-BĂŽas brothers
2271:Karl von den Steinen
1957:10.1075/tsl.89.06fra
1766:Endangered Languages
867:âmy younger brotherâ
244:Brazilian Portuguese
2398:Languages of Brazil
1970:Revista LinguĂÊtica
995:2-cry-CONT(-REL)-PL
754:â(the/some) canoesâ
730:â(the/some) fishesâ
399:
384:
362:
347:
327:
314:
301:
268:
2862:GaviĂŁo of JiparanĂĄ
2426:Regional languages
1951:. John Benjamins.
1880:, p. 144-145.
1868:, p. 121-158.
1841:, p. 104-105.
1738:Seki, Lucy. 2011.
1143:âhe is helping meâ
1106:u-ahetinhomba-tagĂŒ
992:e-iniluN-ta(gĂŒ)-ko
971:e-iniluN-ta(gĂŒ)-ko
397:
266:
3634:Cariban languages
3621:
3620:
3615:extinct languages
3533:
3532:
3459:
3458:
3271:Cariban languages
3237:
3236:
3080:
3079:
2766:LaklãnÔ (Xokléng)
2405:Official language
2364:
2363:
1726:(18th ed., 2015)
1712:(18th ed., 2015)
1358:
1357:
960:
959:
878:-younger.brother-
861:-younger.brother-
603:
602:
395:
394:
198:
197:
90:1,000 (2006)
16:(Redirected from
3646:
3501:
3391:
3369:Venezuelan Carib
3264:
3257:
3250:
3241:
2472:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2368:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
1977:
1960:
1943:
1935:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1715:
1704:KuikĂșro-KalapĂĄlo
1701:
1656:
1603:
1577:
1559:
1548:
1534:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1467:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1379:
1308:
1284:
1267:
1263:
1252:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
988:
984:
980:
976:
915:
892:u-hi-sĂŒ u-hi-jĂŁo
885:
881:
877:
864:
860:
827:
683:
673:
662:
651:
641:
591:
571:
555:
548:
539:
517:
499:
492:
485:
478:
462:
455:
448:
441:
400:
389:
383:
367:
361:
352:
346:
332:
326:
319:
313:
306:
300:
269:
209:Cariban language
203:, also known as
182:
165:
158:
149:
100:
38:KuikuroâKalapalo
30:
21:
18:Kuikuro language
3654:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3604:
3595:WaimirĂ AtroarĂ
3529:
3499:
3455:
3444:Mapoyo-Yawarana
3432:MapoyoâTamanaku
3427:
3389:
3364:
3308:
3273:
3268:
3238:
3233:
3142:
3116:
3076:
3005:
2977:
2944:
2921:
2843:
2810:
2702:
2669:
2596:
2558:
2467:
2461:
2421:
2400:
2395:
2365:
2360:
2328:
2280:
2249:
2223:
2138:
2050:
2045:
1984:
1963:
1946:
1938:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1901:, p. 9-13.
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1878:Franchetto 2010
1876:
1872:
1866:Franchetto 2010
1864:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1750:(in Portuguese)
1749:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1716:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1648:
1639:
1634:three pequi.oil
1629:
1621:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1580:
1569:
1561:
1550:
1536:
1528:
1519:
1511:
1497:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1438:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1399:
1389:
1381:
1370:
1303:
1298:
1286:
1278:
1269:
1255:
1244:
1230:
1218:
1210:
1201:
1186:
1178:
1164:
1145:
1135:
1121:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1074:
1051:
1041:
1027:
1008:e-ini-ta(gĂŒ)-ko
1000:
990:
910:
902:
890:
869:
847:
837:
829:
818:
808:
800:
792:
784:
768:
756:
744:
732:
721:
713:
693:
688:
675:
664:
653:
643:
616:
264:
178:
161:
160:
154:
153:
145:
120:
101:
98:Language family
96:
87:
86:Native speakers
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3652:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3507:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Haitian Creole
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:Brazilian Sign
3124:
3122:
3121:Sign languages
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3085:Interlanguages
3082:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2355:The Hyperwomen
2351:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Curisevo River
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:CĂąndido Rondon
2263:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1983:
1982:External links
1980:
1979:
1978:
1961:
1944:
1936:
1932:10.1086/491633
1924:10.1086/491633
1918:(2): 127â192.
1904:
1903:
1891:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1856:, p. 108.
1843:
1831:
1819:
1817:, p. 101.
1807:
1792:
1790:, p. 132.
1777:
1753:
1731:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1668:
1660:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1581:
1570:
1562:
1551:
1541:
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1512:
1498:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1439:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1382:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1256:
1245:
1231:
1220:
1219:
1189:enge-ni-mbĂŒngĂŒ
1187:
1179:
1165:
1151:
1150:
1122:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1076:i-tahaku-gu-ko
1059:i-tahaku-gu-ko
1057:
1056:
1028:
1006:
1005:
969:
968:
958:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
909:
906:
870:
853:
852:
830:
820:
819:
801:
793:
785:
777:
776:
746:
745:
734:kanga â kanga-
722:
714:
706:
705:
692:
689:
665:
654:
644:
633:
632:
615:
612:
611:
610:
607:
601:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
585:
579:
578:
576:
574:
572:
565:
563:
557:
556:
549:
542:
540:
533:
531:
525:
524:
522:
520:
518:
511:
509:
503:
502:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
466:
465:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
393:
392:
390:
377:
375:
369:
368:
355:
353:
340:
334:
333:
320:
307:
294:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
263:
260:
211:spoken by the
196:
195:
190:
184:
183:
176:
168:
167:
150:
142:
141:
140:Language codes
137:
136:
135:
134:
131:
126:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:
104:
102:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
54:
50:
49:
44:
43:Native to
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3651:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:Guianan Carib
3462:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3394:PemĂłngâPanare
3392:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2385:
2380:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Culuene River
2297:
2295:
2294:Arraias River
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Percy Fawcett
2259:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2056:Xingu peoples
2053:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:tilako nhukau
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1501:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:âtheir bow(s)
1080:
1077:
1073:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1031:
1026:
1009:
1004:
999:
996:
993:
989:
972:
967:
965:
955:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
938:
937:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
917:
916:
913:
907:
905:
901:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
873:
868:
865:
856:
851:
846:
843:
840:
836:
835:many.together
833:
828:
822:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:many.together
804:
799:
796:
791:
790:many.together
788:
783:
780:
775:
771:
767:
765:
762:
761:
755:
752:
751:
743:
741:
738:
737:
731:
728:
727:
720:
717:
712:
709:
704:
702:
698:
690:
687:
684:
678:
674:
668:
663:
657:
652:
647:
642:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
620:agglutinative
613:
608:
605:
604:
599:
597:
595:
593:
590:
586:
584:
581:
580:
577:
575:
573:
570:
566:
564:
562:
559:
558:
554:
550:
547:
543:
541:
538:
534:
532:
530:
527:
526:
523:
521:
519:
516:
512:
510:
508:
505:
504:
501:
498:
494:
491:
487:
484:
480:
477:
473:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
434:
431:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:
391:
388:
382:
378:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
360:
356:
354:
351:
345:
341:
339:
336:
335:
331:
325:
321:
318:
312:
308:
305:
299:
295:
293:
290:
289:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:
261:
259:
257:
252:
250:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
229:Culuene River
226:
222:
218:
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210:
206:
202:
194:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
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174:
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148:
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138:
132:
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115:
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62:
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51:
48:
45:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3610:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3549:
3538:Unclassified
3512:
3492:
3475:
3448:
3420:
3382:
3375:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3321:
3291:
3147:Non-official
3133:Ka'apor Sign
2716:Akwáșœ-XerĂ©nte
2609:
2509:EnawenĂȘ-NawĂȘ
2353:
2346:
2339:
2319:Ronuro River
2314:JabotĂĄ River
1973:
1969:
1948:
1940:
1915:
1911:
1894:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1834:
1822:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1769:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1743:
1734:
1721:
1707:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
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1626:
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1375:
1373:inkguge-toho
1372:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1260:
1258:ng-enge-tagĂŒ
1257:
1249:
1246:
1235:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1169:
1166:
1155:
1153:u-ingĂŁtzu-ha
1152:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1085:
1081:
1079:3-bow-REL-PL
1078:
1075:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1010:
1007:
1001:
997:
994:
991:
973:
970:
961:
911:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
887:
874:
871:
866:
857:
854:
848:
844:
841:
838:
834:
831:
823:
821:
815:
812:
809:
805:
802:
798:paddle canoe
797:
794:
789:
786:
781:
778:
772:
769:
766:
763:
759:
757:
753:
749:
747:
742:
739:
735:
733:
729:
725:
723:
718:
715:
710:
707:
694:
685:
679:
676:
669:
666:
658:
656:kangamuke-ko
655:
648:
645:
637:
634:
630:of Kuikuro:
617:
253:
241:
204:
200:
199:
171:
113:
3575:Paravilyana
3159:Vlax Romani
3138:Terena Sign
3102:MacarrĂŽnico
2983:Nambikwaran
2741:DjeoromitxĂ
2324:Xingu River
2309:Ferro River
1553:ngune-mbeke
1338:tatakegeni
1222:hikutaha-ha
667:kagine-nĂŒgĂŒ
398:Consonants
237:Mato Grosso
219:peoples of
61:Mato Grosso
3628:Categories
3582:Pawishiana
3377:Tiverikoto
3352:Pimenteira
3287:Hixkaryana
3279:Parukotoan
3097:Lanc-PatuĂĄ
2996:Nambikwara
2927:Chapacuran
2902:Tenetehara
2776:MáșœbĂȘngĂŽkre
2736:Chiquitano
2645:ParĂĄ ArĂĄra
2630:Hixkaryana
2466:Indigenous
2438:Pomeranian
2412:Portuguese
2245:Yamurikuma
2219:YawalapitĂ
2129:Yawalapiti
1771:2017-02-10
1723:Ethnologue
1709:Ethnologue
1691:References
1397:âEighteenâ
964:absolutive
635:katsogo-ko
628:ergativity
624:morphology
614:Morphology
3613:indicate
3293:KatxĂșyana
3164:Hungarian
2887:Nheengatu
2882:Munduruku
2872:Kagwahiva
2791:Rikbaktsa
2688:Kashinawa
2544:Wapishana
2484:AshĂĄninka
2468:languages
2254:Explorers
2235:Huka-huka
2144:Languages
1673:container
1665:pequi.oil
1627:pequi.oil
1476:yesterday
1409:yesterday
1296:Semantics
1247:u-ingĂŁtzu
966:reading.
691:Plurality
670:frighten-
529:Fricative
507:Affricate
262:Phonology
205:Apalakiri
173:Glottolog
147:ISO 639-3
110:(Nahukwa)
67:Ethnicity
3557:Japréria
3520:Karihona
3505:Taranoan
3494:Wayumara
3483:Ye'kuana
3471:Kari'nja
3450:Tamanaku
3422:PurukotĂł
3314:Pekodian
3199:Romanian
3154:Japanese
3047:Katawixi
3042:KanamarĂ
2991:MamaindĂȘ
2950:Tukanoan
2897:Tapirapé
2796:TapayĂșna
2771:MaxakalĂ
2746:Kaingang
2708:Macro-JĂȘ
2698:Yaminawa
2660:Ye'kuana
2577:JamamadĂ
2549:Warekena
2519:Mehinaku
2514:Mapidian
2499:Barawana
2476:Arawakan
2194:Mehinaku
2174:KamayurĂĄ
2169:Kalapalo
2159:(TxikĂŁo)
2104:Mehinako
2079:KamayurĂĄ
2074:Kalapalo
1718:Matipuhy
1583:ihisundu
1181:hikutaha
1159:-sister-
956:is- -ko
920:Singular
872:u-hi-jĂŁo
701:morpheme
411:Alveolar
217:Kalapalo
180:nucl1656
133:Matipuhy
125:Dialects
75:Kalapalo
3611:Italics
3562:Kuikuro
3551:BoanarĂ
3514:Akuriyo
3477:Palmela
3406:Makushi
3334:BakairĂ
3224:Chinese
3214:Turkish
3209:Tagalog
3204:Russian
3092:CafundĂł
3037:Kadiwéu
3032:Irantxe
3022:Arutani
2935:Oro Win
2816:Nadahup
2806:Xavante
2801:Timbira
2756:KÄ©sĂȘdjĂȘ
2726:ArikapĂș
2721:Apinajé
2693:Shipibo
2683:Amawaka
2655:Sikiana
2640:Macushi
2620:Bakairi
2602:Cariban
2592:ZuruahĂĄ
2587:PaumarĂ
2534:Tariana
2524:PalikĂșr
2489:Atorada
2450:Italian
2445:Hunsrik
2228:Rituals
2199:Nahukwa
2184:Kuikuro
2165:(Yudja)
2109:NahukuĂĄ
2094:Kuikuro
1651:u-ngipi
1489:ingi-lĂŒ
1481:tahitse
1430:ingi-lĂŒ
1422:tahitse
1387:on.foot
1354:timĂŒho
1346:nhatĂŒi
1330:tilako
1322:takeko
1253:-sister
1225:turtle-
1167:ekise-I
945:e- -ko
939:Second
923:Plural
855:u-hi-sĂŒ
824:paddle-
795:etenegĂŒ
561:Lateral
426:Glottal
416:Palatal
280:Central
267:Vowels
231:in the
213:Kuikuro
207:, is a
193:Kuikuro
152:Either:
106:Cariban
71:Kuikuro
3589:SaparĂĄ
3545:ApalaĂ
3525:Tiriyo
3488:Wayana
3439:KumanĂĄ
3411:Panare
3401:KapĂłng
3359:YarumĂĄ
3339:Ikpéng
3323:Apingi
3304:Waiwai
3299:SalumĂĄ
3229:Slovak
3219:Korean
3194:Polish
3174:French
3169:Arabic
3072:Xukuru
3067:Ticuna
3062:PirahĂŁ
3017:AikanĂŁ
3010:Others
3001:SabanĂȘ
2973:Wanano
2968:Tuyuca
2963:Tukano
2912:Xipaya
2892:Omagua
2867:Juruna
2857:AkwĂĄwa
2849:Tupian
2786:PanarĂĄ
2761:Krenak
2751:KarajĂĄ
2731:Bororo
2675:Panoan
2665:Waiwai
2650:SalumĂĄ
2635:Ikpeng
2615:ApalaĂ
2610:Amonap
2582:Kulina
2564:Arawan
2539:TerĂȘna
2529:Paresi
2494:Baniwa
2455:Talian
2433:German
2348:Kaurup
2286:Rivers
2240:Quarup
2209:Trumai
2189:Matipu
2179:Kayabi
2163:Juruna
2157:Ikpeng
2119:Trumai
2099:Matipu
2089:Kayapo
2084:Kaiabi
2069:Ikpeng
1988:Amonap
1930:
1662:nhukau
1643:tilako
1624:nhukau
1616:tilako
1572:u-hĂŒlu
1564:tilako
1514:tilako
1500:u-heke
1473:konige
1441:u-heke
1414:tilako
1406:konige
1384:hĂŒgape
1376:cross-
1365:tilako
1314:aetsi
1184:turtle
1124:i-heke
1116:-help-
1091:Syntax
1030:u-heke
950:Third
928:First
839:tuhugu
832:tuhugu
803:tuhugu
787:tuhugu
724:kanga-
719:
697:Korean
659:child-
406:Labial
225:Matipu
221:Brazil
201:Amonap
114:Amonap
79:Matipu
53:Region
47:Brazil
33:Amonap
3600:Yukpa
3416:PemĂłn
3329:Arara
3189:Greek
3179:Dutch
3057:Ninam
3052:Kwaza
3027:GuatĂł
2958:Cubeo
2940:Wariʌ
2877:KaiwĂĄ
2839:Nadëb
2834:Kakwa
2781:Ofayé
2625:Carib
2554:WaurĂĄ
2341:Xingu
2333:Films
2214:WaurĂĄ
2152:AwetĂŻ
2134:YudjĂĄ
2124:Wauja
2064:Aweti
2011:AILLA
2009:from
2001:AILLA
1928:JSTOR
1657:-have
1646:three
1619:three
1578:-walk
1567:three
1556:moon-
1547:DPROX
1517:three
1484:macaw
1425:macaw
1417:three
1378:INSTR
1368:three
1264:-eat-
1237:DDIST
1233:ege-I
1065:-bow-
1014:-see-
977:-cry-
782:Canoe
758:*ehu-
748:*ehu-
708:kanga
583:Glide
433:Nasal
421:Velar
292:Close
275:Front
3568:OpĂłn
3384:Yaio
3345:Juma
2917:Zo'Ă©
2907:Xeta
2572:Deni
2504:Baré
2204:SuyĂĄ
2114:SuyĂĄ
1976:(1).
1670:ingĂŒ
1600:help
1586:unit
1558:TEMP
1531:help
1494:PNCT
1492:see-
1464:help
1435:PNCT
1433:see-
1281:help
1266:CONT
1213:help
1198:SUBS
1194:AGNR
1192:eat-
1118:CONT
1096:Case
1016:CONT
979:CONT
779:*ehu
682:PNCT
672:PNCT
646:heke
638:dog-
470:Stop
373:Open
285:Back
215:and
2829:Hup
2824:DĂąw
1990:at
1953:doi
1920:doi
1720:at
1706:at
1543:ige
1508:ERG
1449:ERG
1351:10
1241:COP
1175:COP
1132:ERG
1114:ABS
1067:REL
1038:ERG
1020:REL
983:REL
953:is-
884:COL
880:REL
863:REL
826:REL
650:ERG
338:Mid
235:of
188:ELP
163:mzo
156:kui
3630::
1972:.
1968:.
1926:.
1916:71
1914:.
1846:^
1780:^
1764:.
1602:);
1533:);
1466:);
1343:5
1335:4
1327:3
1319:2
1311:1
1283:);
1262:OM
1227:AF
1215:);
1171:3D
1161:AF
1071:PL
1024:PL
1022:)-
1018:(-
987:PL
985:)-
981:(-
942:e-
931:u-
760:ko
750:ko
736:ko
726:ko
661:PL
640:PL
515:ts
317:ÉšÌ
239:.
77:,
73:,
59:,
3263:e
3256:t
3249:v
2390:e
2383:t
2376:v
2040:e
2033:t
2026:v
2003:.
1974:9
1959:.
1955::
1934:.
1922::
1829:.
1774:.
1655:1
1576:1
1506:-
1504:1
1447:-
1445:1
1251:1
1239:-
1196:-
1173:-
1157:1
1130:-
1128:3
1112:.
1110:1
1069:-
1063:3
1036:-
1034:1
1012:2
975:2
882:.
876:1
859:1
716:â
589:w
569:l
553:h
546:ÉŁ
537:s
497:k
490:É
483:t
476:p
460:Ć
453:ÉČ
446:n
439:m
387:ĂŁ
381:a
365:Ă”
359:o
350:áșœ
344:e
330:Ć©
324:u
311:Éš
304:Ä©
298:i
20:)
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