25:
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in far higher registers in kulning than in head voice (easily observed up to 16 kHz) and that they were also less affected by an increased distance from the source than head voice, with more or less unaffected partial patterns when comparing a distance of 11 meters from the source, compared to 1 meter from the source. In the outdoor setting, they also found that head voice production exhibited a 25.2
204:"it was shown that kulning fell off less with distance from an intensity point of view, and also that partials in kulning – but not in head voice – remained more or less unperturbed 11 meters from the singer, as compared to 1 meter from the singer. Both results help explain why kulning as a singing mode was developed for calling cattle that might be at considerable distance from the singer".
195:
voice) production in both indoors (normal and anechoic rooms) and in an ecologically valid outdoor setting near
Dalarna, Sweden. The song analyzed was the same in all cases, and was performed by the same kulning singer (Pehrson). Comparing kulning to head voice, they found that partials were visible
212:
When a call is made in a valley, it rings and echoes against the mountains. The animals, a number of whom wear bells tuned so that the livestock's location can be heard, begin to respond to the call, answering back and the sound of the bells indicates that they are moving down the mountain towards
200:
decrease at 11 meters from the source, compared to 1 meter from the source, while the corresponding amplitude decrease in kulning was only 9.4 dB, which is a clear indication that kulning is well-suited to carry over long distances in an outdoor setting. Or, as the authors summarize the
217:
can belong to an individual, but are sometimes family-based and are handed down so that a family's cows know they are being called and thus respond. A number of calls contain names of individual (sometimes the "lead") animals, as herds are not very large.
82:
277:
based a few of his classical music compositions for piano and for orchestra on kulokker that he had heard. An early
Norwegian opera includes a soprano aria that is half aria and half kulning.
175:, so that it can be heard or be used to communicate over long distances. It has a fascinating and haunting tone, often conveying a feeling of sadness, in large part because the
163:
The song form is often used by women, as they were the ones tending the herds and flocks in the high mountain pastures, but there are recordings of these calls sung by men.
87:
86:
83:
88:
187:
Robert Eklund, speech therapist Anita McAllister and kulning singer and speech therapist Fanny
Pehrson studied the difference between kulning voice production and
221:
A study done by
Finnish and Swedish universities showed that kulning, as compared to falsetto, exhibits a better contact of the vocal folds and a longer
85:
241:, there is no evidence that kulning has been used in religious rituals or for other purposes. It has been used on farms in stock-raising since
782:
46:
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also showed medial and anteroposterior narrowing of the laryngeal inlet and approximation of the false vocal folds in kulning.
479:
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878:
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33:
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is a set of "techniques of calls and exhortations to the ploughing animals in most cases, intended to guide them".
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713:"An acoustic analysis of 'kulning' (cattle calls) recorded in an outdoor setting on location in Dalarna (Sweden)"
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767:
671:
50:
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Man and Animal in
Antiquity, Proceedings of the Conference at the Swedish Institute in Rome, September 2002
746:. Lund, Sweden: Centre for Languages and Literature, General Linguistics/Phonetics, Lund University: 8–10.
340:
672:"Kulning: A study of the physiological basis for long-distance sound propagation in Swedish cattle calls"
883:
736:
712:
226:
775:
Proceedings of
Fonetik 2013, the XXVIth Swedish Phonetics Conference, Studies in Language and Culture
667:
633:
471:
335:
324:
737:"An acoustic analysis of the cattle call "kulning": performed outdoors at Säter, Dalarna, Sweden"
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623:"An acoustic analysis of Swedish cattle calls, 'kulning', performed outdoors at three distances"
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364:
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when calling between person-to-animals, and is usually performed countrywide (especially in
766:
Eklund, Robert; McAllister, Anita & Pehrson, Fanny (June 2013). Eklund, Robert (ed.).
583:
357:
768:"An acoustic comparison of voice characteristics in 'kulning', head and modal registers"
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245:. The tradition is still alive today, although waning. Kulning is, however, similar to
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518:
847:
319:
There are also other examples of kulning to be found in other forms of modern media:
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825:
433:
401:
274:
222:
125:
242:
153:
824:
Rosenberg, Susanne & Ahlbäck, Sven (2004). Frizell, Barbro
Santillo (ed.).
463:
188:
751:
694:
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352:
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Kulning features in the music of some
Scandinavian folk groups, for example
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In comparison with other song traditions used in northern
Scandinavia, e.g.
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180:
172:
641:
592:
438:
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provided traditional
Norwegian kulning for the soundtracks of the films
812:(Thesis) (in Swedish). University of Uppsala, Department of Musicology.
810:
Svenska locklåtar i nutidstradition: studier över storform och funktion
423:
418:
304:
300:
281:
197:
141:
249:, a singing style also developed for long-distance sound propagation.
289:
258:
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373:("The Sacrifice" – Sweden, 1986) features kulning in its soundtrack.
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The song has a high-pitched vocal technique, i.e. a loud call using
179:
often include typical half-tones and quarter-tones (also known as "
80:
238:
557:"How to Follow Up 'Frozen'? With Melancholy and a Power Ballad"
530:
506:
803:(MA) (in German). University of Vienna, Faculty of Humanities.
405:
339:(2018), and as a voice actress in action-adventure video game
18:
468:
Fanitullen : innføring i norsk og samisk folkemusikk
777:(21). Linköping, Sweden: Linköping University: 21–24.
711:
Eklund, Robert & McAllister, Anita (August 2015).
670:; Eklund, Robert & McAllister, Anita (June 2016).
621:
Dahlsmtrö, Kajsa & McAllister, Anita (June 2019).
382:
features aggressive kulning during some battle scenes.
735:
McAllister, Anita & Eklund, Robert (June 2015).
588:"Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons - Official Soundtrack"
253:
Comparison with herdcalling songs in other countries
191:(sometimes also somewhat erroneously referred to as
801:Lockrufe in Skandinavien: Funktion, Klang, Revival
445:associated with Germanic and Norse pagan tradition
183:") found in the music of the region. Linguist and
720:Proceedings of 18th Congress of Phonetic Sciences
311:, includes a kulning vocalisation on the chorus.
494:
233:Comparison with other regional song traditions
140:, and is mainly performed in the provinces of
8:
208:Function and physiological characteristics
116:when calling between person-to-person, or
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
32:This article includes a list of general
455:
632:. PERILUS (XXVII). Stockholm, Sweden:
826:"Kulning – herding calls from Sweden"
519:Glossaire Ethnomusicologie, in FRENCH
7:
391:features kulning in its soundtrack.
360:'s vocals are inspired by kulning.
307:, which they're competing with at
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
687:KTH Royal Institute of Technology
605:Kulning (vocals) by Emma Sunbring
408:at a kulning workshop in Sweden.
23:
555:Cohn, Gabe (29 November 2019).
799:Tellenbach, Magdalena (1999).
495:Eklund & McAllister (2015)
225:in the phonation cycle. Using
1:
466:(1993). Aksdal, Bjørn (ed.).
388:Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons
309:Eurovision Song Contest 2024
900:
722:. Glasgow, Scotland: 10–14
150:former Norwegian provinces
128:). In Sweden it is called
16:Scandinavian herding calls
859:Norwegian styles of music
837:Swedish Institute in Rome
397:Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?
744:Proceedings from Fonetik
685:(1). Stockholm, Sweden:
167:Acoustic characteristics
869:Swedish styles of music
53:more precise citations.
808:Johnson, Anna (1981).
679:Proceedings of FONETIK
642:10.5281/zenodo.3246001
630:Proceedings of FONETIK
470:(5th ed.). Oslo:
93:
668:Laukkanen, Anne-Maria
269:Kulning used in music
213:their home farm. The
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854:Norwegian folk music
634:Stockholm University
507:Geneid et al. (2016)
472:Universitetsforlaget
441:in general, and the
350:" for the 2019 film
336:Ant-Man and the Wasp
315:Kulning in the media
303:" by Norwegian band
385:The 2013 videogame
356:, Norwegian singer
341:God of War Ragnarök
273:Norwegian composer
879:Singing techniques
864:Swedish folk music
562:The New York Times
394:A 2019 episode of
292:(featuring singer
227:nasofiberendoscopy
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92:Example of kulning
784:978-91-7519-582-7
363:Russian director
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884:Vocal skills
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788:. Retrieved
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755:. Retrieved
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726:25 September
724:. Retrieved
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464:Nyhus, Sven
404:and singer
333:(2013) and
286:Gjallarhorn
185:phonetician
148:and in the
146:Hälsingland
51:introducing
848:Categories
839:: 150–153.
568:5 December
481:8200216926
450:References
376:TV series
299:The song "
201:findings:
189:head voice
181:blue tones
173:head tones
158:Härjedalen
59:March 2014
34:references
752:0280-526X
695:1104-5787
655:5 October
650:0282-6690
636:: 61–66.
400:features
353:Frozen II
323:Vocalist
689:: 8–10.
593:Bandcamp
586:(2013).
439:Chanting
429:Yodeling
413:See also
367:'s film
263:briolage
247:yodeling
193:falsetto
154:Jämtland
130:llalning
114:kaukning
874:Herding
443:variant
424:Lilting
419:Keening
379:Vikings
301:Ulveham
282:Heilung
215:kulokks
177:kulokks
142:Dalarna
138:kyrlokk
134:lĂĄlning
110:kauking
106:lalning
47:improve
781:
750:
693:
648:
531:"News"
478:
370:Offret
358:Aurora
330:Frozen
290:Frifot
259:France
122:kulokk
102:laling
98:Norway
36:, but
829:(PDF)
771:(PDF)
740:(PDF)
716:(PDF)
675:(PDF)
626:(PDF)
792:2019
779:ISBN
759:2019
748:ISSN
728:2019
702:2019
691:ISSN
657:2019
646:ISSN
601:2019
570:2019
542:2019
476:ISBN
305:GĂĄte
288:and
239:joik
156:and
144:and
118:lokk
108:and
638:doi
406:Sia
296:).
257:In
152:of
136:or
96:In
850::
835:.
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