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501:
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led to the damages of houses along the dam site on the Kuma River. Difficulty to catch the Ayu fish also led to relocation of local residents around the Kuma river. The number of residents of
Sakamoto Village (located near the Arase dam), was once nearly 20,000, however, decreased to less than 5000. There were also issues of cost maintenance of the Arase dam and the decline in the need of hydropower. As a result, the removal of the Arase dam was decided in 2019, and its removal process began in early 2012, gaining much of its attention as the first ever dam removal in Japan . The removal of the Arase dam was completed in September 2017. Along with the decision to remove the Arase dam, a new dam construction on one of the tributaries of the Kuma river (Kawabe river) was also cancelled.
95:
318:
538:
462:, also known as sweetfish. The average length of Ayu in the Kuma River is 22.7 cm, with the weight at an average of 122g. However, the Ayu inhabiting around the dams have an average of 22 cm in length, and weighed 103g while Ayu inhabiting in the other sections of the river had an average length of 22 cm and weighed 103g. it is said that the number of Ayu in the area has decreased drastically due to human influences such as the constructions of the dams. Generally, from early March to May, Ayu swim into the Kuma River from the
451:
509:
Arase dam was constructed as the first step of the Kuma River
General Development Project in 1951. The Arase dam was built on the Kuma River for the purpose of hydropower generation and control of water levels and flooding. Setoishi dam was constructed by an electric power company, at the upper stream of the Kuma River. Ichifusa dam was built by the Kumamoto Prefecture government, also at the upper stream of the Kuma River for water supplies of its neighbourhood.
553:, Japanese prime minister at the time, responded to the flooding of the Kuma river by visiting the areas affected and assessing the aid needed. Financial aid for the areas with crucial damage, as well as restoration of highways and other damages caused by the Kuma river flooding was outlined. Prime Minister Abe assigned the aid of 400 billion yen as a support for repairing any damages as well as businesses affected by the flood.
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79:
310:
1109:
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1310:
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400:(1868-1912), slash-and-burn agriculture was active, in order to produce crops, including Japanese millet, azuki beans, sweet potato and taro. Until the late 20th century, wet rice cultivation of the primary factor of forming landscapes in the lower areas of the Kuma River. People often relied on the Kuma River for wet rice cultivation.
466:. The Kuma River and its tributary Kawabe River is known for its “shaku-ayu”, a very large Ayu having a length of 30 cm which attracts many of its tourists. Fishing of Ayu is generally done from early summer to fall, economically assisting the locals in the surrounding of Kuma River especially for those running inns and restaurants.
500:
529:
The Kuma River and its tributary Kawabe river is known for its “shaku-ayu”, a very large ayu having a length of 30 cm which attracts many of its tourists. Fishing of ayu is generally done from early summer to fall, economically assisting the locals in the surrounding of Kuma river especially for
297:
city, the Kuma village and the
Yatsushiro city. The Kuma River flows through the Shimanto terrane and mainly through the Chichibu terrane. The Kuma River has 80 tributaries with its combined total length of 434 km. One of the major tributaries of Kuma River is Kawabe River, joining Kuma river at
283:
The Kuma river is also known in relation to the Arase dam due to its removal project being the first dam removal in not only Japan but the whole of Asia. In 2020, the flooding of the Kuma River was a major incident in which a number of people from nearby areas were killed or seriously injured.
546:
In July 2020, there was massive overflowing of the Kuma river bank due to heavy rain, causing flooding in large areas of
Kumamoto prefecture. At least 50 people were found dead and 11 people missing due to this flood. Among the 50 deaths, 14 deaths were the residents of a nursing home located in the
420:
The Kuma River has always been the habitat of many species by maintaining its natural landscapes, although there have been cases of serious damage of the natural environment. These include construction of dams damaging the habitats of natural species, as well as deforestation of the Kuma river basin
407:
In 1896, Japan implemented the River Act for management of water. In 1964, it was renewed for further control of water and its use, aiming to manage rivers in Japan including the Kuma River. The Kuma River is categorised as one of the A-class rivers, strictly regulated under the
Japanese government.
391:
The landscape of the Kuma river basin was subject to change from the later 17th century for economical and social development of its neighbourhood. During this time, the Kuma river was utilised as an important site for transportation in association to business, connecting the
Yatsushiro city and the
556:
The Kuma River have also badly flooded in 1965, caused by heavy rainfall. It is also said that this flooding was worsened by the dams built along the Kuma River mainstream. Local residents have commented that flooding have become worse after the construction of dams, where flooded water became more
516:
After the construction of the Arase dam on the Kuma River, local residents were not only stressed due to the reduction of Ayu fish, but also the noises, water quality deterioration, as well as the uncomfortable smell it was producing at times. The ground vibration caused by the discharging of water
411:
In 1951, The Kuma River
General Development Project, also known as The Kuma River comprehensive development plan was enacted by the government of Kumamoto Prefecture. The purpose was to control the use of hydropower by setting up 7 dams and 10 plants. 3 dams were built on the Kuma River. During the
292:
The Kuma River and its watershed covers nearly 25% of the entire area of
Kumamoto Prefecture, and it is the largest river in the prefecture. The Kuma River begins its course from Mount Choushigasa flowing primarily through Kumamoto prefecture, leading to the Yatsushiro Bay. It is the only major and
508:
In the past, there have been constructions of three dams on the mainstream of Kuma River, which are, in the order from the estuary, the Arase dam, the
Setoishi dam and the Ichifusa dam. The completion of the Arase dam was in 1955, the Setoishi dam in the 1958, and the Ichifusa dam in the 1959. The
512:
Due to severe impacts on the environment of the river, such as the disappearance of particular species, there have been debates over dam constructions from the 20th century. In 1999, fish ladders were built at the Arase dam and
Setoishi dam but it did not lead to solving issues of decrease in the
525:
The Kuma River and its surrounding areas are also enjoyed as a popular tourist site. Number of people visit the Hitoyoshi city to enjoy recreations at the Kuma River (urban tourism). There are number of transportation available to access the Kuma River. The ecosystem services of the Kuma River
388:(1603-1868), the Kuma river had a pivotal role in providing drinking water and as a source of food. Despite maintaining much of its natural landscape, the Kuma River and especially its basin area was largely impacted by human activities for economic and social development.
249:. It is sometimes referred as Kumagawa River. It is the longest river in Kyushu, with the length of 115 km long and has a drainage area of 1,880 km (730 sq mi). The river's estuary was designated part of Japan's 500 Important Wetlands.
412:
1950s, the Kuma River gained attention of the Kumamoto prefecture when dealing with the issues the shortage of electricity supplies. The Kuma River and its watershed had a great role for developing the economy of the region by stabilising power supply.
301:
The round shape of the Kuma River basin assists with water and sediment transport function. The upper stream of the Kuma River run through a steep gradient which later changes to medium gradient. It splits into multiple channels before flowing to the
403:
Later in the 20th century, the landscapes of the Kuma river started to change due to constructions of large dams, including the Ichifusa dam, the Setoishi dam and the Arase dam for the purpose of controlling water-related issues such as flood.
1021:
Young, Sansfica M. (2013). "Mass transfer processes and impact on the geochemistry of terrestrial, estuarine and marine environments in Sri Lanka and SW Japan." (Doctor thesis, Shimane University, Japan). - via Research
293:
the largest river connected to the Yatsushiro sea. Before flowing into the Yatsushiro sea, where a large tidal flat is formed at its river mouth. Before flowing into the Yatsushiro sea, the Kuma River flows through the
1047:
Blair, G. (2020, July 7) Rescuers Search for Survivors of Japan Floods as More Heavy Rain Expected; At Least 50 People Have Been Killed after the River Kuma in Kyushu Burst Its Banks, Triggering Floods and Mudslides.
872:
429:
Despite being the habitat of various goby species, human activities have largely impacted to an extent in which many are threatened with extinction. These goby species include, as suggested by Japanese Red List,
267:
fish or sweetfish which inhabits at the Kuma river and some of its tributaries, where many people especially enjoy “shaku-ayu”. The river is also used for fishing, mainly in June, and for irrigation of nearby
492:) were often seen in the Kuma River before the construction of dams. The changes of water flow, water levels and the pollution of water caused the freshwater eels to leave the Kuma River areas.
94:
396:). From these periods up until the 1900s, residents of the Kuma River neighbourhood often managed woodlands which created agricultural landscapes. Starting from approximately the
922:"Habitat suitability of eight threatened gobies inhabiting tidal flats in temperate estuaries: model developments in the estuary of the Kuma River in Kyushu Island, Japan"
329:) by the local Japanese people, due to its fast-flowing nature. It is recognized as the three most rapid rivers in Japan, along with the Mogami River in
1097:
480:) were also popular for fishing prior to the construction of dams on the Kuma River. The local fishermen have also mentioned that the weather loach (
1075:
408:
The national level administrations of Ministry of land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism are in charge of management of the rivers of Japan.
1001:
Iinuma, S. (2013). Removal of the Arase Dam: Japan's First Attempt to Dismantle a Hydroelectric Dam and Restore the Original River Environment.
2069:
698:
805:"Environmental change of the fluvial-estuary system in relation to Arase Dam removal of the Yatsushiro tidal flat, SW Kyushu, Japan"
633:
Ranlund, C. (2017). Impacts of the Sea Dike and Reclamation Project in Isahaya Bay on Baroclinic Structure in the Ariake Sea, Japan.
298:
Hitoyoshi city, Kumamoto prefecture. The sediments of Kuma River originate from the Chichibu terrane and the Higo volcanic.
1090:
39:
1314:
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1191:
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largely contribute to the tourism industry of its neighbourhood which includes hot springs and riverboat recreation.
317:
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1362:
2064:
2030:
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485:
1442:
606:
450:
1113:
435:
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1277:
263:
The Kuma River is a popular tourist spot; about 70,000 people visit every year. Tourists are attracted to
1884:
1419:
566:
434:, Gymnogobius cylindricus, Gymnogobius scrobiculatus, Apocryptodon punctatus, Gymnogobius macrognathos,
679:"Contextual Factors Affecting the Modes of Interaction in Governance: The Case of Dam Removal in Japan"
357:
967:
Yoshikawa, Manabu (11 March 2001). "MAINICHI DAILY NEWS: Kyushu dam survey warns of shrinking fish".
439:
373:
338:
330:
277:
854:
369:
349:
260:). The Kuma River is classified as class A river, under the management of the Japanese government.
431:
342:
294:
238:
31:
1874:
1065:
Japan's Abe visits deluge-hit Kumamoto pledges financial support to aid recovery. (2020, Jul 13).
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1605:
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903:
824:
777:
769:
750:"Assessment of dam removal from geochemical examination of Kuma River sediment, Kyushu, Japan"
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547:
Kuma village, near the Kuma river. One of the areas nearby was flooded up to a depth of 4.3m.
334:
155:
140:
1632:
1560:
1535:
1349:
1244:
1196:
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761:
686:
252:
It is considered to be one of the three most rapid rivers of Japan (the other two being the
920:
Koyama, Akihiko; Inui, Ryutei; Iyooka, Hiroki; Akamatsu, Yoshihisa; Onikura, Norio (2015).
1985:
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1600:
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From Sea to Source 2.0. Protection and restoration of fish migration in rivers worldwide
1975:
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Hoyano, H. (2004). The Struggle over the Arase Dam: Japan's First Dam Removal Begins.
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855:"Kuma River flooding in SW Japan surpassed level of floods dating back to 1965"
642:
Kiguchi, Y. (2013). The Past, Present and Future of Japan's River Development.
1945:
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Brink, K., Gough, P., Royte, J., Schollema, P. P. & Wanningen, H. (2018).
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Hitoyoshi city. The Kuma River was actively used by the local feudal lords (
309:
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321:
Kuma River - splits into multiple channels before flowing to Yatsushiro Sea
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The Kuma River is given the nickname of “Abaregawa” (meaning
458:
The Kuma River has always been famous for the catching of
904:"Arase Dam: Japan's First Dam Removal Project Underway"
1984:
1938:
1746:
1651:
1501:
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348:Other major tributaries of the Kuma River include:
204:
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125:
117:
71:
803:Young, Sansfica M.; Ishiga, Hiroaki (2014-10-01).
683:Interactive Approaches to Water Governance in Asia
504:Arase dam, located on the mainstream of Kuma River
1003:Nature and Our Future: The Mekong Basin and Japan
685:, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 55–76,
644:Nature and Our Future: The Mekong Basin and Japan
1035:. Netherlands: World Fish Migration Foundation.
226:
220:
147:
132:
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8:
748:Young, Sansfica M.; Ishiga, Hiroaki (2014).
27:River in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kyūshū, Japan
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513:number of species along the Kuma River.
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754:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
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730:"Residents take shelter from floods".
587:Brave Men with a Single Oar—Kuma River
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530:those running inns and restaurants.
902:Tanabe, Nobuhiro (November 2014).
484:), the Chinese soft-shell turtle (
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1114:River systems and rivers of Japan
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2025:
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542:Kuma River flooding: 3 July 2020
100:
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853:Asano, Shotaro (14 July 2020).
488:) and the Japanese rice fish (
1:
2070:Rivers of Kumamoto Prefecture
1315:Rivers of Hokkaido on Commons
192:Physical characteristics
809:Environmental Earth Sciences
1192:Shiribeshi-Toshibetsu River
691:10.1007/978-981-13-2399-7_3
474:donko (Odontobutis obscura)
272:. It then empties into the
241:, central Western part of
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2043:Rivers of Japan on Commons
482:Misgrunus anguillicaudatus
29:
2020:
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1067:Xinhua News Agency – CEIS
938:10.1007/s10228-015-0490-7
821:10.1007/s12665-014-3139-3
792:– via ResearchGate.
766:10.1007/s10661-014-4002-4
476:, as well as gane crabs (
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133:
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2031:Rivers of Japan Category
121:Abaregawa (raging river)
30:Not to be confused with
926:Ichthyological Research
677:Ohno, Tomohiko (2019),
436:Periophthalmus modestus
421:due to paper industry.
607:"環境省_「重要湿地」の選定地分布 熊本県"
567:Japanese cruiser
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384:Since as early as the
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983:Asia-Pacific Journal
873:"Kuma River (Japan)"
440:Eutaeniichthys gilli
432:Taeniocides cirratus
331:Yamanashi prefecture
55:32.5°N 130.5666667°E
2075:Kumamoto Prefecture
1885:Sumiyoshijima River
969:Mainichi Daily News
557:muddy or polluted.
486:Pelodiscus sinensis
416:Natural Environment
343:Shizuoka prefecture
239:Kumamoto Prefecture
51: /
32:Kuma River (Russia)
575:2020 Kyushu floods
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760:(12): 8267–8289.
700:978-981-13-2398-0
358:Imo River (Japan)
313:Map of Kuma River
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109:Location of mouth
60:32.5; 130.5666667
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1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Shokotsu River
1232:
1230:Shibetsu River
1227:
1225:Abashiri River
1221:
1219:
1217:Sea of Okhotsk
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1207:Zenibako River
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1158:Toyohira River
1155:
1148:Ishikari River
1144:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1037:
1024:
1007:
987:
974:
959:
932:(2): 307–314.
909:
891:
864:
859:Mainichi Japan
842:
795:
737:
732:The Japan News
719:
699:
648:
635:
623:
597:
596:
595:
594:
582:
579:
578:
577:
572:
562:
559:
535:
532:
522:
519:
497:
494:
464:Yatsushiro Sea
447:
444:
426:
423:
417:
414:
381:
378:
370:Hatomune River
350:Kudagiri River
304:Yatsushiro Sea
289:
286:
274:Yatsushiro Sea
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
198:
194:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
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145:
129:
127:
123:
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119:
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108:
99:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
86:
85:
82:
74:
73:
26:
24:
18:Kumagawa River
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2092:
2081:
2080:Kyushu region
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2005:
2004:Urauchi River
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Kikuchi River
1954:
1952:
1951:Chikugo River
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:Yoshino River
1890:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Takatsu River
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
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1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1716:Katsura River
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:Kuzuryu River
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1653:Kansai region
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1628:Kushida River
1626:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
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1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
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1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Kuzuryū River
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Jōganji River
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1516:Shinano River
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1493:Tsurumi River
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Arakawa River
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1390:Mabechi River
1388:
1386:
1385:Koyoshi River
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:Arakawa River
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:Abukuma River
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1350:Tōhoku region
1347:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1298:Tokachi River
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Kushiro River
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:Pacific Ocean
1252:
1246:
1245:Yūbetsu River
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1214:
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1205:
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1200:
1198:
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1193:
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1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1153:Chitose River
1151:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:The Guardian.
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
996:
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984:
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947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
916:
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834:
830:
826:
822:
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783:
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771:
767:
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759:
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742:
738:
733:
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706:
702:
696:
692:
688:
684:
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673:
671:
669:
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665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
649:
645:
639:
636:
630:
628:
624:
612:
611:www.env.go.jp
608:
602:
599:
592:
588:
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584:
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560:
558:
554:
552:
548:
540:
533:
531:
527:
520:
518:
514:
510:
502:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
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461:
452:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
424:
422:
415:
413:
409:
405:
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399:
395:
389:
387:
379:
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375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
319:
311:
307:
305:
299:
296:
287:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
266:
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
229:
217:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
187:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
165:
157:
150:
146:
142:
131:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
96:
87:
80:
75:
70:
67:
64:
33:
19:
2041:
2029:
1999:Nakama River
1994:Kokuba River
1960:
1904:Niyodo River
1875:Tamiya River
1870:Suketō River
1855:Aibiki River
1816:Yoshii River
1811:Tenjin River
1796:Sendai River
1761:Ashida River
1701:Yamato River
1681:Kumano River
1661:Choshi River
1643:Minami River
1616:Nagara River
1601:Shōnai River
1596:Yahagi River
1586:Tenryū River
1581:Sakawa River
1556:Tedori River
1531:Kurobe River
1503:Chūbu region
1478:Sumida River
1473:Sagami River
1435:Kantō region
1420:Takase River
1410:Oirase River
1400:Natori River
1395:Mogami River
1313:
1240:Tokoro River
1202:Teshio River
1182:Koetoi River
1175:Yūbari River
1140:Sea of Japan
1066:
1049:
1032:
1027:
1002:
982:
977:
968:
962:
929:
925:
882:. Retrieved
876:
867:
858:
812:
808:
798:
757:
753:
731:
712:, retrieved
682:
643:
638:
614:. Retrieved
610:
601:
586:
568:
555:
549:
545:
528:
524:
515:
511:
507:
468:
457:
428:
419:
410:
406:
402:
390:
383:
354:Yoshio River
347:
327:raging river
326:
324:
300:
291:
282:
262:
254:Mogami River
251:
215:
213:
36:
1976:Ōyodo River
1897:Dōzan River
1756:Asahi River
1731:Dōton River
1551:Oyabe River
1541:Jinzū River
1511:Agano River
1458:Kanda River
1415:Omono River
1405:Ōhata River
1370:Iwaki River
1187:Rumoi River
1168:Anano River
884:11 November
878:Google Maps
270:rice fields
126:Native name
118:Nickname(s)
58: /
46:130°34′00″E
2059:Categories
1966:Mimi River
1961:Kuma River
1946:Arie River
1926:Rivers of
1880:Sako River
1838:Rivers of
1791:Saba River
1771:Hino River
1738:Yura River
1726:Kizu River
1721:Kamo River
1711:Yasu River
1706:Yodo River
1696:Muko River
1671:Kako River
1638:Kita River
1633:Miya River
1611:Kiso River
1591:Toyo River
1566:Fuji River
1526:Hime River
1521:Seki River
1488:Tone River
1483:Tama River
1468:Naka River
1463:Kuji River
1453:Fuji River
1336:Rivers of
1288:Saru River
1263:Akan River
1126:Rivers of
985:2(8), 1-4.
714:2020-11-20
581:References
551:Shinzo Abe
454:Kuma River
386:Edo period
366:Mune River
278:Yatsushiro
258:Fuji River
216:Kuma River
205:Basin size
182:Prefecture
83:Kuma River
72:Kuma River
43:32°30′00″N
1971:Ōno River
1786:Oze River
1781:Ōta River
1776:Hii River
1666:Ibo River
1621:Ibi River
1571:Abe River
1546:Shō River
1448:Edo River
954:254172224
946:1341-8998
837:131565020
829:1866-6299
790:207137096
774:0167-6369
709:169491558
446:Fisheries
398:Meiji era
362:Mae River
339:Yamanashi
295:Hitoyoshi
288:Geography
228:Kuma-gawa
1576:Ōi River
1278:Mu River
1128:Hokkaido
782:25182684
616:23 April
561:See also
256:and the
186:Kumamoto
167:Location
156:Japanese
149:Kumagawa
141:Japanese
1840:Shikoku
875:(Map).
521:Tourism
425:Species
380:History
208:1880km²
172:Country
1939:Kyushu
1928:Kyushu
1338:Honshu
1005:, 1-5.
952:
944:
835:
827:
788:
780:
772:
707:
697:
646:, 1-2.
394:daimyo
372:, and
335:Nagano
243:Kyūshū
197:Length
152:
137:
1022:Gate.
950:S2CID
833:S2CID
786:S2CID
705:S2CID
534:Flood
247:Japan
235:river
233:is a
200:115km
176:Japan
942:ISSN
886:2020
825:ISSN
778:PMID
770:ISSN
695:ISBN
618:2024
593:1998
569:Kuma
496:Dams
341:and
214:The
934:doi
817:doi
762:doi
758:186
687:doi
591:NHK
460:Ayu
276:at
265:Ayu
237:in
222:球磨川
134:球磨川
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219:(
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154:(
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139:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
