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succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the
Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men.
716:"Kunhali walked straight to the Samorin and delivered to him his sword in token of submission, throwing himself at his feet with much humility. Some say that the Samorin, inasmuch as he had promised him life, had secretly advised the Chief Captain, when Kunhali should deliver himself up, to lay hands upon him, as though he were taking him by force; and so the Chief Captain did. For, as the Samoriu was standing by him, Andre Furtado advanced, and, seizing him by the arm, pulled him aside; while the other gave a great lurch so as to get free. As he was then at the brink of a hole, the Chief Captain was in risk of falling therein, had not his arm been seized by Padre Fr. Diogo Horaen, a Religious of the Order of the Glorious Father S. Francisco, who stood on one side; Diogo Moniz Barreto, who was on the other, fell into the hole and skinned all his leg."
713:
and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was
Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunhali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar, and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them.
105:
40:
170:, a Portuguese historian, questioned the Kunjali and Chinali when they were captured. He was present when the Kunjali surrendered to the Portuguese and was described: "One of these was Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunjali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the
78:
187:
179:
816:
everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the
Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." This wild assertion of de Couto, lacking corroboration, is apparently incredible.
200:
Cangelotte (Kaniyaram Kottu). They were fortified only on the seas-side under the patronage of
Samoothiri, who granted these ports to Marakkar family who fortified them. These ports were two leagues from each other. Portuguese made multiple attempts to conquer these fortified ports, without effect or to their own loss, mainly at Badara.
734:
596:
we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to
Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His
849:
The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under
Francisco de Sousa, and despatching the body of
719:
A tumult now arose among the Nairs, which the
Samorin with difficulty suppressed. In the midst of it, Chinale and Cotiale, the pirate-chief's nephew, and the other captains, attempted to escape, but were seized and manacled by the Portuguese soldiery. Kunhali himself was led off under a strong guard
682:
command of Andre
Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian
845:
withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark
712:
allied forces the remnants of the garrison marched forth. "First came 400 Moors, many of them wounded, with their children and wives, in such an impoverished condition that they seemed as dead. These the
Samorin bade go where they pleased. Last of all came Kunhali with a black kerchief on his head,
174:
superstition and enemy of the
Christians in all Malabar, and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." However, de Couto's claim that he tortured Christians was questionable, since no other source reported this, and is
159:
The Kunjali IV had rescued a Chinese boy, called Chinali, who was said to have been enslaved on a Portuguese ship. The Kunjali was very fond of him, and he became one of his most feared lieutenants, a Muslim and enemy of the Portuguese. The Portuguese were terrorized by the Kunjali and his Chinese
815:
He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with
625:
and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were
787:
Last of all came Kunjali with a black kerchief on his head, and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was Chinali a Chinese who had been servant at
199:
Such a practice also prevailed in Calicut, registering the goods, Pyrard called the system "most admirable". Malabar pirates had four harbours under the ambit of the Samoothiri, there they built their galleys. These harbours were Moutingue (Muttungal), Badara (Vadakara), Chombaye (Chambal), and
758:
Kunjali was led to the scaffold. He was fifty years of age, fair, thick set and broadbreasted. He was 'of a low stature, well-shaped and strong'. With him was Chinali, a Chinese youth whom Kunjali had rescued from a Portuguese
90:
The Marakkars originate from a branch of Tamil-speaking merchants within the seafaring community who settled in Kochi. They were involved in trade and engaged in collaboration with the Portuguese. The 16th century writer
850:
da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp,1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens.
101:
stated in 1524 that the Marakkars had turned against the Portuguese when the latter disrupted the former's trade networks by purchasing spices and commodities directly from local people in Kochi.
240:, a small museum has been built in a hut that used to belong to the Marakkar family, with collection of ancient swords, cannonballs and knives. This is maintained by the State Archeology Dept
853:
The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him
654:
Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high
922:
275:
788:
Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunjali, who conceived such an affection for him that he
225:
which was a Portuguese stronghold in the 16th century. Villagers worship Maraikkayar as a deity and observe annual festivals. Stories of Maraikkayar are part of their
164:
they attacked the Kunjali and Chinali's forces, and they were handed over to the Portuguese by the Samorin after he reneged on a promise to let them go.
895:
547:
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493:
466:
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to the Portuguese lines. Furtado, after entering the fort hand-iu-hand with the Samorin, prudently gave up the place to be sacked by the
241:
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282:
31:
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834:. Vol. 2. LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 516
701:. Vol. 2. LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 523
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with the help of Zamorin navy under the command of ahmed ali. In 1525 Portuguese established a fortress in calicut a fleet of
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74:
invasion from 1520 to 1600. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.
295:
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39:
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taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."
1061:
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1066:
266:
581:
485:
Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore
458:
Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore
92:
610:
341:
949:
128:
Kingdom helped the ceylonese king in his campaign to expel the Portuguese from ceylon and reduced the
1040:
315:
210:
97:
59:
966:"DECLARATION – 50th KERALA STATE FILM AWARDS FOR MALAYALAM FILMS & WRITINGS ON CINEMA 2019"(PDF)
136:
ships under the command of kutty ahmed ali bombarded the fort. later that year entered the port of
108:
Ancestral home of Kunjali Marakkar at Iringal, Kottakkal, near Calicut, now preserved as a Museum.
247:
831:
The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil
698:
The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil
539:
Great Power Clashes along the Maritime Silk Road: Lessons from History to Shape Current Strategy
512:
Great Power Clashes along the Maritime Silk Road: Lessons from History to Shape Current Strategy
431:
Great Power Clashes along the Maritime Silk Road: Lessons from History to Shape Current Strategy
564:
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right-hand man, eventually, after the Portuguese allied with Calicut's Zamorin, under
77:
1050:
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209:
There is a temple dedicated to "Kunjali Maraikkayar" at Madhavan Kurichi village in
287:
129:
1004:
870:
226:
182:
The sword used by the last Kunjali Marakkar at the mosque at Kottakkal, Vatakara
17:
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190:
The Kunjali Marakkar Memorial erected by the Indian navy at Kottakkal, Vatakar
407:
900:
261:
237:
124:
he played a significant role in resisting the portuguese expansion. In 1524
739:. Vol. 1. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 161.
666:
Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939).
638:
Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939).
609:
Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939).
583:
Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550-1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao
186:
178:
70:, India. There were four Marakkars whose war tactics defended against the
291:
733:
T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics (2000).
233:
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63:
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in Malayalam, first published 1868, Kottayam: Vidyarthi Mithram, 1964
137:
67:
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setting fire to number of Portuguese vessels and returned safely to
81:
Inscriptions on the Kunjali Marakkar Memorial at Kottakkal, Vatakara
185:
177:
171:
103:
76:
38:
1036:
Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language
148:
navy defeated Portuguese navy in the battle of chetwai river.
1018:
Keralappalama (History of Malabar from A.D. 1498 – 1531)
342:"Maritime Heritage - Join Indian Navy | Government of India"
828:
François Pyrard; Pierre de Bergeron; Jérôme Bignon (1890).
695:
François Pyrard; Pierre de Bergeron; Jérôme Bignon (1890).
1029:
Queyroz Fr. The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylaö,
1005:
India's naval traditions: the role of Kunhali Marakkars
276:
National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam
246:
The Kunjali Marakkar Centre for West Asian Studies at
1025:
Portuguese Trade with India in the sixteenth century
923:"Official website of Calicut University - About"
305:The film is said to be historically inaccurate.
875:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 175 - 177
805:. Concept Publishing Company. 1978. p. 138
66:/ Zamorin, the King of Calicut, in present-day
597:eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain
8:
777:(2 ed.). Asia Pub. House. p. 133
569:. Concept Publishing Company. p. 138.
536:Rhode, Grant Frederick (15 October 2023).
509:Rhode, Grant Frederick (15 October 2023).
428:Rhode, Grant Frederick (15 October 2023).
896:"Kunjali Maraikkayars — bold adventurers"
856:It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.
333:
250:is named in honour of Kunjali Marakkar.
366:Singh, Arun Kumar (11 February 2017).
236:, a village about 35 km north of
43:Bust of the third Kunjali Marakkar at
771:Odayamadath Kunjappa Nambiar (1963).
7:
894:Anwar, Kombai S. (24 January 2019).
274:in the title role. The film won the
1033:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942),
948:Vijayakumar, B. (14 August 2011).
869:Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1978).
563:Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1978).
25:
774:The Kunjalis, admirals of Calicut
396:"Who were the Kunjali Marakkars?"
394:Nazeer, Mohamed (16 March 2020).
283:Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea
120:Kutty Ahmed Ali was a Admiral of
32:Kunjali Marakkar (disambiguation)
977:"Marakkar: Lion of Arabian Sea"
221:temple, it is situated near to
58:was the title inherited by the
27:Fleet admiral of the Samoothiri
260:In 1967, S. S. Rajan made the
1:
296:50th Kerala State Film Awards
155:Against the Portuguese Empire
1011:, Northern Book Centre, 1997
580:Charles Ralph Boxer (1948).
488:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
461:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd.
272:Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair
482:MacDougall, Philip (2014).
455:MacDougall, Philip (2014).
1098:
672:. Vol. 9. p. 456
644:. Vol. 9. p. 456
615:. Vol. 9. p. 456
368:"Give Indian Navy its due"
286:, a film made by director
29:
950:"Kunjali Marakkar - 1967"
586:. M. Nijhoff. p. 225
542:. Naval Institute Press.
515:. Naval Institute Press.
434:. Naval Institute Press.
346:www.joinindiannavy.gov.in
300:67th National Film Awards
175:dismissed as ridiculous.
162:André Furtado de Mendonça
1082:Naval history of India
191:
183:
109:
82:
52:
1072:People from Kozhikode
189:
181:
107:
93:Zainuddin Makhdoom II
80:
42:
1041:University of Madras
736:A handbook of Kerala
316:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen
211:Thoothukudi district
98:Tuhfat-ul-Mujahideen
60:Admiral of the fleet
30:For other uses, see
86:Origins of Marakkar
669:T'ien Hsia monthly
641:T'ien Hsia monthly
612:T'ien Hsia monthly
248:Calicut University
192:
184:
116:Kunjali Marakkar I
110:
83:
53:
1057:History of Kerala
956:. Chennai, India.
549:978-1-68247-867-7
522:978-1-68247-867-7
495:978-1-84383-948-4
468:978-1-84383-948-4
441:978-1-68247-867-7
322:Mayimama Marakkar
16:(Redirected from
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929:on 8 August 2011
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927:the original
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150:
130:Colombo Fort
119:
111:
96:
89:
55:
54:
36:
986:28 November
933:23 November
907:13 November
879:12 November
227:Villu Paatu
217:. Known as
1051:Categories
328:References
215:Tamil Nadu
144:. In 1529
72:Portuguese
954:The Hindu
901:The Hindu
408:0971-751X
400:The Hindu
290:starring
270:starring
262:Malayalam
238:Kozhikode
1077:Mappilas
1007: –
413:10 April
351:10 March
309:See also
294:won the
292:Mohanlal
838:2 March
809:2 March
781:2 March
752:2 March
705:2 March
676:2 March
648:2 March
619:2 March
590:2 March
379:6 March
234:Iringal
223:Manapad
219:perumal
172:Moorish
146:Zamorin
142:Calicut
134:Zamorin
126:Zamorin
122:Zamorin
62:of the
743:
546:
519:
492:
465:
438:
406:
229:songs.
204:Legacy
138:Cochin
68:Kerala
759:ship.
264:film
988:2023
935:2010
909:2021
881:2021
840:2012
811:2012
783:2012
754:2012
741:ISBN
707:2012
678:2012
650:2012
621:2012
592:2012
544:ISBN
517:ISBN
490:ISBN
463:ISBN
436:ISBN
415:2024
404:ISSN
381:2020
353:2020
298:and
232:At
213:of
1053::
1039:,
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