1223:
66:
1907:
others namely, Betlis, the ancient
Carduchia, lying to the south and south west of the lake Van. East and south east of Betlis is the principality of Julamerick, south west of it is the principality of Amadia. the fourth is Jeezera ul Omar, a city on an island in the Tigris, and corresponding to the ancient Bezabde. the fifth and largest is Kara Djiolan, with a capital of the same name. The pashalics of Kirkook and Solimania also comprise part of Upper Curdistan. Lower Curdistan comprises all the level tract to the east of the Tigris, and the minor ranges immediately bounding the plains and reaching thence to the foot of the great range, which may justly be denominated the Alps of western Asia.
2711:
699:
1607:
2651:
2635:
7047:
1239:
1020:
2726:
1898:
2679:
2695:
2582:
715:
2667:
7071:
1518:
1415:
1036:
5525:
1812:
7059:
1468:
majority
Kurdish populations. Despite their production with political aims related to specific claims on the demographic and ethnographic structure of the region, and their questionable methodologies, they have become 'Kurdistan in the minds of Kurds' and the boundaries they indicate have been readily accepted."
1868:, Kurdistan covers around 190,000 km (73,000 sq mi) in Turkey, 125,000 km (48,000 sq mi) in Iran, 65,000 km (25,000 sq mi) in Iraq, and 12,000 km (4,600 sq mi) in Syria, with a total area of approximately 392,000 km (151,000 sq mi).
4832:
Iraqi
Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkish origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul, located in the center of the Ninevah province...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs
1906:
Modern
Curdistan is of much greater extent than the ancient Assyria, and is composed of two parts the Upper and Lower. In the former is the province of Ardelan, the ancient Arropachatis, now nominally a part of Irak Ajami, and belonging to the north west division called Al Jobal. It contains five
2484:
As of July 2007, the
Kurdish government solicited foreign companies to invest in 40 new oil sites, with the hope of increasing regional oil production over the following five years by a factor of five, to about 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m/d). Gas and associated gas reserves are in
2476:
challenged the Iraqi central government's authority with the signing of oil and gas contracts for exploration rights to six parcels of land in
Kurdistan, including one contract in the disputed territories, just east of the Kirkuk mega-field. This act caused Baghdad to threaten to revoke Exxon's
2380:
These rivers, which flow from heights of three to four thousand meters above sea level, are significant both as water sources and for the production of energy. Iraq and Syria dammed many of these rivers and their tributaries. Turkey has an extensive dam system under construction as part of the
1467:
has described maps of greater
Kurdistan created in the 1940s and forward as: "These maps have become some of the most influential propaganda tools for the Kurdish nationalist discourse. They depict a territorially exaggerated version of the territory of Kurdistan, extending into areas with no
2332:
region. It is the source for much of the water supply for neighboring countries. It means that political stability and peace in the region are important to the water supply of the region and preventing wars. Many think that for conserving the water "returning to traditional water-conserving
1528:
The incorporation into Turkey of the
Kurdish-inhabited regions of eastern Anatolia was opposed by many Kurds, and has resulted in a long-running separatist conflict in which tens of thousands of lives have been lost. The region saw several major Kurdish rebellions, including the
1590:
Turkey has historically feared that a
Kurdish state in Northern Iraq would encourage and support Kurdish separatists in the adjacent Turkish provinces, and have therefore historically strongly opposed Kurdish independence in Iraq. However, following the chaos in Iraq after
298:
consisting of some or all of these areas with a
Kurdish majority, while others campaign for greater autonomy within the existing national boundaries. Though, the delineation of the region remains disputed and varied, with some maps greatly exaggerating its boundaries.
1560:, the Kurdish language was officially prohibited in public and private life. Many people who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, political parties that represented Kurdish interests were banned.
5485:(Rutgers University Press; 2014) 267 pages; Scholarly study of traditional social networks, such as patron-client relations, as well as technologically mediated communication, in a study of gender, kinship, and social life in Iraqi Kurdistan.
2385:; though incomplete, the GAP already supplies a significant proportion of Turkey's electrical energy needs. Due to the extraordinary archaeological richness of the region, almost any dam impacts historic sites. With the outbreak of the
1934:. Precipitation varies between 200 and 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 and 3,000 mm a year on the high plateau between mountain chains. The mountainous zone along the borders with Iran and Turkey experiences
2409:
in Iran on the east. The region includes Lake Van, the largest body of water in Turkey; the only lake in the Middle East with a larger surface is Lake Urmia – though not nearly as deep as Lake Van, which has a much larger volume.
2906:
At present, the different provinces of Kurdistān cover around 190,000 km2 in Turkey, 125,000 km2 in Iran, 65,000 km2 in Irāḳ, and 12,000 km2 in Syria. The total area of Kurdistān can then be estimated at approximately 392,000
1660:, with the resultant weakening of the ability of the Iraqi state to project power, also presented a "golden opportunity" for the Kurds to increase their independence and possibly declare an independent Kurdish state. The
1222:
627:
In Syria, they constitute three distinct belts, in the north of the country and to the south of the highway which forms a frontier and where they are in direct contact with their compatriots in Turkey... n the
1498:
has also presented an opportunity for independence for Iraqi Kurdistan, augmented by Turkey's move towards acceptance of such a state although it opposes moves toward Kurdish autonomy in Turkey and Syria.
3987:
The KDPS continued to promote the teaching of the Kurdish language in Latin characters and to cultivate the nationalist doctrine of the Syrian Kurds, using Kurdish myths (Kawa and "Greater Kurdistan")
210:
65:
4638:
1587:
were carried out by both sides. Food embargoes were placed on Kurdish villages and towns. Tens of thousands were killed in the violence and hundreds of thousands were forced to leave their homes.
1124:. It was nominally under indirect political or religious influence of Khalifs or Shahs. A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the text of
5640:
4221:
1691:
4420:
4656:
1599:. The word 'Kurdistan', whether written or spoken, can still lead to detention and prosecution in Turkey. Kurdistan has been characterized as an "international colony" by the scholar
1490:
A 2010 US report, written before the instability in Syria and Iraq that exists as of 2014, attested that "Kurdistan may exist by 2030". The weakening of the Iraqi state following the
5645:
5613:
4574:"A fatwa (edict) has been issued permitting the shedding of the blood of the Kurds and they called from the mosque loudspeakers that the shedding of the Kurdish blood is halal"
3480:
Revue des études arméniennes, vol. 21, 1988–1989, p. 281, by Société des études armeniennes, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Published by Imprimerie nationale, P. Geuthner, 1989.
1708:. As of 2015, Turkey was actively supporting Al-Nusra, but as of January 2017, Turkey's foreign ministry has said that Al-Nusra is a terrorist group and has acted accordingly.
2341:
The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rain and snow fall, act as a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East, forming the source of the
1664:, who took more than 80 Turkish persons captive in Mosul during their offensive, is an enemy of Turkey, making Kurdistan useful for Turkey as a buffer state. On 28 June 2014
6566:
2569:
In July 2012, Turkey and the Kurdistan Region signed an agreement by which Turkey would regularly supply the KRG with refined petroleum products in exchange for crude oil.
2272:
Mountains are important geographical and symbolic features of Kurdish life, as evidenced by the saying "Kurds have no friends but the mountains." Mountains are regarded as
5324:
5222:
4443:
2725:
4757:
350:
1508:
1901:
The States outlined in red are two Kurdish States named Hakkiari and Mosul in this 1902 map. They are referred to as Upper Kurdistan and Lower Kurdistan respectively.
6313:
3099:
Extensive mountainous and plateau region in sw Asia, inhabited by the Kurds and including parts of E Turkey, NE Iran, N Iraq, NE Syria, S Armenia and E Azerbaijan.
6506:
5618:
5397:
5375:
3078:
1429:
of 1945, the Kurdish delegation proposed consideration of territory claimed by the Kurds, which encompassed an area extending from the Mediterranean shores near
1399:
and the borders of the modern Republic of Turkey, leaving the Kurds without a self-ruled region. Other Kurdish areas were assigned to the new British and French
4495:
4534:
3308:
2883:
4819:
2710:
2634:
1911:
The northern, northwestern and northeastern parts of Kurdistan are referred to as upper Kurdistan, and includes the areas from west of Amed to Lake Urmia.
1545:. All were forcefully put down by the authorities. The region was declared a closed military area from which foreigners were banned between 1925 and 1965.
2678:
2650:
6517:
6408:
6260:
5091:
5001:
Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, by A.M.T Moore, G.C. Hillman and A.J. Legge, Published 2000, Oxford University Press
3424:
648:
Many of the maps delineating Kurdistan are greatly exaggerated, also incorporating non-Kurdish regions, which has made the subject very controversial.
7106:
6926:
5726:
4833:
and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.
6550:
7024:
5952:
3970:
307:
333:
Iraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous
6511:
5874:
1669:
1580:
4428:
6914:
6848:
6384:
5559:
5472:
5432:
5013:
The Status of the Iraq Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli Hayman 1956 and Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 in Iraq.
4878:
4853:
4727:
4558:"President Masoud Barzani of Iraqi Kurdistan has pledged protection for Syrian Kurds from al-Nusra, a terrorist organization, which issued a
4376:
4330:
4303:
4251:
4205:
4175:
3921:
3835:
3810:
3775:
3602:
5026:
4469:
3700:
3019:
Kurdistan was never a sovereign state, though the area with an ethnic and linguistic majority of Kurdish population is defined as Kurdistan.
6828:
6599:
6429:
6234:
5660:
2786:
2694:
310:
were established from the 8th to 19th centuries. Administratively, the 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the
4034:
1704:
calling for Kurdish women and children in Syria to be killed, and the fighting in Syria has led tens of thousands of refugees to flee to
6961:
6890:
6735:
6571:
6306:
1653:
1491:
1457:
1227:
435:
6908:
6741:
6729:
6651:
6109:
6089:
5935:
5409:
5174:
4059:
3561:
A System of Geography. Popular and Scientific (A Physical, Political, and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions)
6950:
6746:
6390:
6374:
5985:
5511:
5060:
4018:
3980:
3585:
3377:
3332:
3291:
3092:
3012:
2899:
1408:
4524:
6938:
6902:
5298:
5331:
5276:
5229:
1966:. Mountain chains harbor pastures and forested valleys, totaling approximately 16 million hectares (160,000 km), including
1027:(mountains of northeastern Mesopotamia), highlighting "Summer and winter resorts of the Kurds", the Kurdish lands. Redrawn from
6079:
4747:
2666:
1997:
The region north of the mountainous region on the border with Iran and Turkey features meadow grasses and such wild trees as,
6685:
6528:
6485:
6299:
6074:
5905:
5688:
5358:
5246:
1426:
6480:
6468:
5379:
1727:, total population of Kurdistan is around 34.5 million, and Kurds making 86% of population of Northern Kurdistan. There are
311:
1556:" until 1991. The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Following the
6594:
6322:
6177:
6084:
5506:.: Includes a significant coverage of the Turkish sector of historic Kurdistan, the Kurds, and their resistance movement.
5072:
4565:
4555:
3519:
2751:
2382:
1705:
1596:
7037:
1045:
7111:
6836:
6817:
6690:
6611:
6555:
6104:
6094:
6069:
5947:
5495:. London: Published jointly by Kurdistan Solidarity Committee and Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p. Without ISBN
5455:. London: Published jointly by Kurdistan Solidarity Committee and Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 44 p. Without ISBN
1879:
4827:
1938:, rainy and sometimes snowy winters, and damp springs, while to the south the climate progressively transitions toward
7101:
6884:
6872:
6099:
5630:
1959:
1285:
698:
71:
6920:
6776:
6696:
6605:
4992:
A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University
3281:
1572:
1512:
6896:
6878:
6787:
6560:
6545:
6539:
6218:
5768:
4951:
4692:
4080:
2217:
1926:– hot in the summer, cold in the winter. Despite this, much of the region is fertile and has historically exported
1824:
1724:
31:
5012:
1914:
The lowlands of southern Kurdistan are called lower Kurdistan. The main cities in this area are Kirkuk and Arbil.
106:
7096:
6944:
6724:
6402:
6345:
6160:
5552:
4165:
1621:
1549:
1480:
1476:
1400:
1396:
925:
asked Mar Abdisho about his place of origin, he replied that according to his parents, they were originally from
156:
4568:"Al-Nusra Front, Syria's Al-Qaeda affiliate, issued a fatwa condoning the killing of Kurdish women and children"
2919:
1483:
who would be subjected to Iraqi air attacks. Amid the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from three northern provinces,
6860:
6854:
6842:
6718:
5854:
3503:
2827:
2717:
2455: m) of oil, making it the sixth largest reserve in the world. Extraction of these reserves began in 2007.
2181:
1606:
613:
542:
817:
and other scholars have dismissed this identification as false, while a common association is asserted in the
527:
4619:
3232:
The Edinburgh Encyclopædia, conducted by D. Brewster—Page 511, Original from Oxford University—published 1830
2377:
in Iraq; and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātā'u (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in Iran.
6932:
6799:
6617:
6583:
6577:
6533:
6474:
6396:
4280:
3422:
3084:
2520:
1875:
1464:
813:
Some historians have correlated a connection between Corduene with the modern names of Kurds and Kurdistan;
385:
354:
4601:
1600:
6811:
6194:
5889:
5650:
4687:
4004:
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2458:
2062:
2038:
2026:
1865:
1110:
1102:
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in 66 BC and remained allied with the Romans until AD 384. After 66 BC, it passed another 5 times between
511:
426:
139:
4639:"Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria"
4571:
3866:"Making a National Vatan in Turkey: Geography Education in the Late Ottoman and Early Republican Periods"
5997:
5964:
5915:
5832:
5678:
3410:
Oil and National Identity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Conflicts at the Frontier of Petro-Capitalism
1935:
1592:
1557:
1534:
1380:
1191:
1129:
945:
Tamanon lies just north of the modern Iraq-Turkey border, while Hazza is 12 km southwest of modern
819:
6793:
5529:
4523:
Deniz Duruiz (Summer 2020). Ayҫa Alemdaroğlu; Elif Babül; Arang Keshavarzian; Nabil Al-Tikriti (eds.).
3489:
T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", 1989, volume 3, page 360.
743:, lived in this region in antiquity. The original Mannaean homeland was situated east and south of the
491:
1533:
of 1920 under the Ottomans, then successive insurrections under the Turkish state, including the 1924
6994:
6434:
6264:
6048:
5859:
5683:
5625:
5597:
5545:
2018:
1530:
657:
507:
315:
4009:
3597:
T. A. Sinclair, "Eastern Turkey, an Architectural and Archaeological Survey", Vol. 3, Pindar Press,
466:
and Divriği. Equally, the whole region includes areas to the east and south-east of these limits...
7009:
6989:
6523:
6213:
6064:
6036:
6029:
5942:
5842:
5837:
5424:
4394:"After Being Banned for Almost a Century, Turkey's Kurds Are Clamoring to Learn Their Own Language"
2791:
2504:
2261:
2205:
2201:
2106:
2098:
2046:
2030:
2022:
2006:
1955:
1923:
1419:
1384:
1332:
1206:
705:
578:
535:
418:
327:
291:
196:
7046:
4042:
1665:
1487:
emerged in 1992 as an autonomous entity inside Iraq with its own local government and parliament.
1238:
503:
7116:
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7004:
6999:
6244:
6239:
5925:
5816:
5796:
5758:
5582:
5117:
5030:
4752:
4743:
4529:
4035:"Turkey may be divided, a Kurdish state could become a reality by 2030: U.S. Intelligence report"
3914:"Un mondo senza stati è un mondo senza guerre". Politisch motivierte Gewalt im regionalen Kontext
3895:
3697:
3500:
Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
3215:
3105:
2771:
2354:
2241:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2058:
2014:
1538:
1216:
1066:
1040:
982:
915:
641:
605:
566:
338:
323:
319:
5488:
4125:
The settlement issue in Turkey and the Kurds: an analysis of spatial policies, modernity and war
3615:
Mouawad, R. J. (1992). "The Kurds and Their Christian Neighbors: The Case of Orthodox Syriacs".
1897:
1521:
1019:
495:
588:
In Iraq, the Kurds occupy the north and northeast of the country in the liwaʾs or provinces of
6782:
6490:
6132:
6041:
5849:
5748:
5716:
5709:
5507:
5468:
5464:
5428:
5405:
5056:
4946:
4874:
4849:
4788:
4723:
4372:
4326:
4299:
4247:
4201:
4171:
4014:
3976:
3917:
3887:
3831:
3806:
3771:
3598:
3581:
3373:
3328:
3287:
3207:
3088:
3008:
2895:
2776:
2481:
Phase 1 project. Exxon responded by announcing its intention to leave the West-Qurna project.
2462:
2165:
2090:
2042:
1939:
1871:
1584:
1340:
1231:
1175:
1171:
1082:
934:
867:
752:
609:
589:
471:
467:
346:
275:
259:
240:
236:
91:
4368:
3131:
243:
have historically been based. Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the northwestern
7075:
7063:
7014:
6866:
6019:
5721:
5655:
3879:
3320:
3316:
3199:
2891:
2801:
2736:
2478:
2442:
2386:
2361:, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, and Hezil. Among rivers of historical importance to Kurds are the
2313:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2273:
2189:
1717:
1542:
1484:
1392:
1273:
1269:
1257:
978:
487:
483:
475:
410:
393:
380:
342:
334:
283:
248:
244:
203:
178:
101:
96:
54:
3270:, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 40, No. 3 (1991), pp. 366–74 (see p. 371)
1828:, Kurdistan covers about 190,000 km (or 73,000 square miles), and its chief towns are
6702:
6268:
6172:
6150:
6127:
6002:
5980:
5959:
5930:
5920:
5910:
5592:
5587:
5362:
5302:
5096:
Environmental Change and Security Program Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
5092:"A Watershed Moment for Iraqi Kurdistan: Subnational Hydropolitics and Regional Stability"
3704:
3428:
3117:
2969:
2508:
2301:
2253:
2229:
2225:
2010:
2002:
1736:
1687:
1674:
1336:
1323:
In the 16th century, after prolonged wars, Kurdish-inhabited areas were split between the
1211:
1141:
962:
950:
903:
783:
771:
756:
531:
519:
434:
In Turkey, the Kurds inhabit the whole of the eastern region of the country. According to
267:
232:
220:
4919:Çerkes halkı ve sorunları: Çerkes tarih, kültür, coğrafya ve siyasetine sınıfsal yaklaşım
4779:
Kushner, David (1987). "Pan-Turkism Today: Contemporary Turkey and the "Outside Turks"".
499:
458:. On the west they extend in a wide belt beyond the course of the Euphrates, and, in the
3916:, ed. by Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair and Günther Rautz (EURAC book 60), Bozen–Bolzano,
3172:
1775:. Kurdistan has also significant Caucasian population, Caucasians of Kurdistan included
1481:
no-fly zone over northern Iraq to provide humanitarian relief to and safeguard the Kurds
6589:
6208:
6024:
5992:
5763:
5753:
5733:
5704:
5448:
4393:
4363:
The Kurdish nationalist movement in the 1990s: its impact on Turkey and the Middle East
4226:
3241:
An Account of the State of Roman-Catholick Religion, Sir Richard Steele, Published 1715
2701:
2394:
2309:
2305:
2233:
2193:
2146:
2142:
2102:
2050:
1998:
1943:
1792:
1784:
1760:
1756:
1732:
1697:
1579:
took place through the 1980s and 1990s in which much of the countryside was evacuated,
1553:
1404:
1328:
1324:
1276:, who traveled in the region between 1640 and 1655, mentioned that Kurdistan includes
907:
795:
515:
459:
451:
414:
287:
17:
5355:
4846:
Caucasian battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921
4407:
2581:
2328:
Iraqi Kurdistan is a region relatively rich in water, especially for countries in the
714:
7085:
6656:
6413:
6379:
6189:
5869:
5806:
5801:
5780:
4965:
4361:
3899:
3324:
2762:
2758:
2350:
2213:
2197:
2177:
2110:
2078:
2066:
1829:
1800:
1780:
1752:
1661:
1657:
1639:
1576:
1495:
1368:
1179:
1137:
1106:
1062:
807:
728:
672:
621:
582:
479:
366:
303:
4657:"Turkey sees Nusra Front as terrorist group, acts accordingly: source Reuters Staff"
4295:
The Kurdisch conflict in Turkey : obstacles and chances for peace and democracy
1517:
6155:
5811:
2732:
2530:
Other mineral resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include
2524:
2512:
2431:
2419:
2374:
2358:
2285:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2070:
2034:
1975:
1845:
1772:
1768:
1744:
1678:
indicating Turkey's readiness to accept an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq.
1434:
1356:
1261:
1086:
1070:
1006:
986:
958:
891:
803:
799:
787:
523:
482:; in the centre, going from west to east and from north to south, the provinces of
295:
5254:
3250:
N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 95–55 BC",
839:
4320:
4293:
4241:
4195:
3947:
3883:
3675:
3665:, Vol. 5, 762 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1968. (see p. 237 for "Rawwadids")
3534:, Vol. 5, 762 pp., Cambridge University Press, 1968. (see p. 237 for "Rawwadids")
3367:
826:
Some of the ancient districts of Kurdistan and their corresponding modern names:
7051:
6007:
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5879:
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5773:
5743:
5568:
3575:
3440:
3203:
2781:
2619:
2362:
2329:
2317:
2237:
2221:
1991:
1837:
1811:
1796:
1568:
1456:
has identified "Greater Kurdistan" as being one of the "Kurdish myths" that the
1453:
1414:
1348:
1281:
1244:
1117:
911:
470:
numbers at least 17 of them almost totally: in the north-east, the provinces of
3865:
3543:
1894:(published 1846), John Miles describes Upper and Lower Kurdistan as following:
989:. They mention the mountains of Qardu, city of Qardu and country of Qardawaye.
778:
between Persia and Mesopotamia and ruled northern Mesopotamia and southeastern
6280:
6276:
6272:
6199:
6165:
5635:
4823:
4496:"Police detain citizen who told İYİ Party Chair Akşener 'Kurdistan is denied'"
2806:
2685:
2500:
2496:
2427:
2411:
2406:
2390:
2366:
2281:
2054:
1857:
1849:
1748:
1253:
1058:
1028:
998:
966:
744:
550:
546:
439:
4792:
4298:. Münster : New York, N.Y.: Lit ; St. Martin's press. p. 182.
3891:
3211:
3005:
Jewish Subjects and Their Tribal Chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival
2945:
6463:
6182:
4719:
3650:
Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan
2547:
2466:
2370:
2346:
2173:
2169:
2158:
2154:
2130:
2122:
1931:
1788:
1740:
1630:
1301:
1090:
740:
736:
688:
676:
633:
629:
624:, where they are neighbours of the Kurds of Iran to the west of the Zagros.
597:
345:
were able to take control of large sections of northern Syria and establish
224:
6955:
5175:"Turkish dams threaten northeast Syria with ecological and economic blight"
3032:
Trapped between the map and reality: geography and perceptions of Kurdistan
1716:
For the demographics of the Kurdistand Region of the Republic of Iraq, see
365:
Kurdistan means "Land of the Kurds" and was first attested in 11th-century
5524:
5200:
5148:
2562:. The world's largest deposit of rock sulfur is located just southwest of
1571:
in response to the activities of the militant separatist organization the
1035:
720:
19th-century map showing the location of the Kingdom of Corduene in 60 BCE
4137:
3130:
Hamit Bozarslan “The Kurdish Question: Can it be solved within Europe?”,
2796:
2657:
2641:
2516:
2415:
2134:
2094:
1979:
1853:
1776:
1764:
1701:
1472:
1395:(and other pressing issues) caused the Allies to accept the renegotiated
1153:
1145:
1094:
1074:
1010:
1002:
919:
779:
775:
767:
760:
732:
680:
668:
637:
617:
570:
450:... The Kurds also occupy the western slopes of Ararat, the districts of
405:
6291:
3219:
3187:
1331:
empires. A major division of Kurdistan occurred in the aftermath of the
6636:
6330:
4525:"Tracing the Conceptual Genealogy of Kurdistan as International Colony"
3469:
2423:
2185:
2126:
1987:
1861:
1438:
1388:
1383:
contrived to split Kurdistan (as detailed in the ultimately unratified
1344:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1277:
1265:
1195:
1183:
1164:
1157:
1121:
930:
922:
873:
845:
748:
684:
601:
574:
562:
455:
443:
254:
Kurdistan generally comprises the following four regions: southeastern
5502:. Burnaby, B.C.: Talonbooks , 1999. 320 p., ill. with b&w photos.
4586:
4470:"Police detain Kurdish man for calling Turkey's southeast 'Kurdistan'"
3634:
Gunes, Cengiz; Bozarslan, Hamit; Yadirgi, Veli, eds. (22 April 2021).
2333:
cultivation techniques" will be needed, as well as "communal economy"
7019:
6761:
6622:
6012:
5356:
Official statements on the oil and gas sector in the Kurdistan region
4500:
3912:
Sardar Aziz (2013). "Re-conceptualizing Kurdistan as a Battlefield."
2848:
2555:
2551:
2535:
2342:
2209:
2150:
2114:
1983:
1963:
1954:
Kurdistan is one of the most mountainous regions in the world with a
1833:
1816:
1446:
1360:
1149:
1098:
1078:
835:
791:
640:; and finally, a belt of 250 km. in length by 30 km. in depth in the
593:
558:
463:
302:
Historically, the word "Kurdistan" is first attested in 11th century
255:
123:
86:
4587:"Some 30,000 Syrians flee to Iraq's Kurdistan region, more expected"
1391:
and others. However, the reconquest of these areas by the forces of
877:
5483:
Kurdistan on the Global Stage: Kinship, Land, and Community in Iraq
4322:
The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance
3722:(Chronicle), ed. by M. Melik-Adamyan et al., Erevan, 1991. (p. 156)
1120:
was a collection of semi-independent and independent states called
6984:
6805:
6670:
4897:(in Turkish). University of Wisconsin – Madison. 1994. p. 10.
4559:
2974:
2563:
2473:
2277:
2118:
1927:
1896:
1841:
1799:. From early stage on, these Caucasians went through a process of
1751:(Assyrian and Armenian) and Turkish (Turkmen) minorities as well.
1747:
minorities in Northern Kurdistan. In Southern Kurdistan there are
1728:
1516:
1430:
1364:
1317:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1221:
1133:
1024:
1018:
970:
946:
860:
831:
554:
375:
279:
228:
131:
4781:
Asian and African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society
2495: cu ft). Notable companies active in Kurdistan include
1815:
Historic map from 1721 showing borders of Curdistan provinces in
965:, Tamanon was located on the south-western or southern slopes of
6448:
6359:
4444:"Three raising Kurdistan flag during May Day arrested in Turkey"
3948:"The map presented by the Kurdish League Delegation, March 1945"
3369:
Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism
2990:
Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism
2766:
2559:
2543:
2539:
2531:
1564:
1442:
1352:
447:
271:
263:
127:
119:
6295:
5541:
5277:"Iraq says expects Exxon to finish West Qurna Sale by December"
4349:, 2nd edition. Joel Krieger, ed. Oxford University Press, 2001.
3466:
The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World, Vol. 7
1882:
of Turkey and it is home to an estimated 6 to 8 million Kurds.
5537:
4001:
Iraqi Kurdistan - Political development and emergent democracy
2576:
2349:
rivers, as well as other numerous smaller rivers, such as the
2138:
1971:
1967:
1581:
thousands of Kurdish villages were destroyed by the government
5053:
No Friends but the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds
4848:. Cambridge University Press. 17 February 2011. p. 104.
3791:, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (see p. 20)
3735:, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (see p. 19)
3262:
3260:
2389:, Turkey was accused of withholding water from the reservoir
1371:
among others and was one out of six regions of Ottoman Asia.
1339:. In a geography textbook of late Ottoman military school by
949:. In another passage in the same document, the region of the
3663:
The Cambridge history of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol periods
3532:
The Cambridge history of Iran: The Saljuq and Mongol periods
3268:
The Role of Hostages in Roman Diplomacy with Sasanian Persia
541:
inhabit the north-west of Iran. Firstly in the provinces of
438:(1878), the limit of their extent to the north was the line
4907:
Ahmet Buran Ph.D., Türkiye'de Diller ve Etnik Gruplar, 2012
4197:
Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective
3046:
Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland
2153:
and desert in the south, by contrast, have such species as
337:
within the federal Iraqi republic in 2005. There is also a
4934:
Anadolu'da bir köy: Eskikonak : antropolojik inceleme
4716:
Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development
4602:"Syrian Kurds continue to flee to Iraq in their thousands"
4170:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 3.
2365:(Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in Turkey; the Peshkhābur, the
424:
Albeit admitting a thorough delineation is difficult, the
308:
Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms
5421:
Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective
4060:"The Rise of ISIS, a Golden Opportunity for Iraq's Kurds"
3937:, Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol.43, No.4, p. 274.
3761:, Iran and the Caucasus, Vol. 13, pp. 1–58, 2009. (p. 20)
3563:, pp. 133–4, Vol. IV, Fullarton & Co., Glasgow, 1832.
5299:"Iraqi Kurds open 40 new oil sites to foreign investors"
4367:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. p.
2992:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 137, 177, 197.
353:(commonly called Rojava), where they seek autonomy in a
341:
in Iran, which is not self-ruled. Kurds fighting in the
4562:
calling for the killing of Kurdish women and children"
4081:"Turkey Ready To Accept Kurdish State in Northern Iraq"
3146:
3144:
2593:
4268:
The Hutchinson Unabridged Encyclopedia including Atlas
3805:. State University of New York Press. pp. 27–28.
3578:: Narrative and Christian Heroism in Late Antique Iraq
3395:
Routledge Library Editions: History of the Middle East
2445:
is estimated to contain around 45 billion barrels (7.2
27:
Region of West Asia with a historical Kurdish presence
7035:
5376:"First Shipment of Kurdistan Crude Arrives in Turkey"
4966:"Middle East | Kurds show coded support for PKK"
1595:, Turkey has increasingly worked with the autonomous
1460:(KDPS) were involved in promoting to Kurds in Syria.
189:
5453:
Selected Writings Kurdistan and Turkish Colonialism
3850:
C. Dahlman, "The Political Geography of Kurdistan",
1563:
In 1983, the Kurdish provinces were included in the
6827:
6769:
6760:
6711:
6678:
6669:
6644:
6635:
6499:
6456:
6447:
6422:
6367:
6358:
6338:
6329:
6227:
6143:
6120:
6057:
5973:
5898:
5825:
5789:
5697:
5671:
5606:
5575:
4112:
A people without a country: the Kurds and Kurdistan
1248:, the first Muslim atlas, showing Kurdistan in blue
910:, describing the stories of Assyrian saints of the
565:(ex-Sabla); in the province of Ardalan, called the
286:). Some definitions also include parts of southern
162:
155:
145:
138:
115:
79:
41:
4360:
3830:. State University of New York Press. p. 34.
3770:Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. "Trabzon Imparatorlugu" 2016 (
3186:Vanly, Ismet Chérif; Vanly, Ismet Cheriff (1977).
2970:Turkey demands Google remove Greater Kurdistan map
2477:contract in its southern fields, most notably the
1256:, the boundaries of the Kurdish land begin at the
1190:. The second record occurs in the prayer from the
933:. However, they were later driven out of Hazza by
4347:The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World
3307:Bois, Th; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D. N. (2002).
2882:Bois, Th; Minorsky, V.; MacKenzie, D. N. (2002).
802:and Persia. Corduene was situated to the east of
351:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
3698:Kurdistan and its native Provincial subdivisions
3007:. Leiden, The Netherlands: BRILL. pp. 1–2.
1803:and thereby had Kurdish as their mother tongue.
1387:) among several countries, including Kurdistan,
973:. Other geographical references to the Kurds in
806:, that is, to the east and south of present-day
5500:Anatolia Junction: a Journey into Hidden Turkey
5124:. International Society for Ecology and Culture
4820:"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province"
4154:, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), pp. 90–1.
4101:, 184 pp., Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. (see p. 6)
2688:, center of Mokrian district, northwestern Iran
1904:
1692:Syrian Kurdish–Islamist conflict (2013–present)
1552:, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "
432:
6567:Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front
6507:Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan
5027:"Iraq's Marshes Show Progress toward Recovery"
4127:, 354 pp., BRILL Publishers, 2007. (see p. 37)
4114:, 259 pp., Interlink Books, 1993. (see p. 250)
4054:
4052:
1379:After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the
782:from 189 BC to AD 384 as vassals of the vying
403:. One of the ancient names of this region was
6307:
5553:
5118:"Agriculture and Autonomy in the Middle East"
3580:(368 pages), University of California Press,
3132:page 84 “The years of silence and of renewal”
1053:In the tenth and eleventh centuries, several
774:, was located to the south and south-east of
616:(entirely Kurdish) and, in the... nahiyas of
231:form a prominent majority population and the
46:
8:
5073:"Iraqi Kurds: "No Friend but the Mountains""
4620:"Syrian Kurds Flee To Iraq by the Thousands"
4535:Middle East Research and Information Project
4075:
4073:
3972:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society
3283:The Political Economy of the Kurds of Turkey
3188:"Coup d'oeil sur la culture nationale Kurde"
1418:Kurdistan (shaded area) as suggested by the
1148:in the south; Bakran, Bohtan (or Botan) and
1089:(959–1015) (in Zagros between Shahrizor and
294:organizations seek to create an independent
5301:. Iraq Updates. 9 July 2007. Archived from
5153:Kurdistanica, The Encyclopedia of Kurdistan
5010:Al-Sheikhly, O.F.; and Nader, I.A. (2013).
4246:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134.
3676:"Sharafnama: History of the Kurdish Nation"
3372:. Cambridge University Press. p. 108.
3254:, Vol. 39, Issue 2, April 1952, pp. 156–63.
2672:Zê river in Zebari region, Iraqi Kurdistan.
6766:
6675:
6641:
6518:Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan
6453:
6409:Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle
6364:
6335:
6314:
6300:
6292:
5560:
5546:
5538:
3350:Kurdish Identity, Discourse, and New Media
3252:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
1962:adequate to sustain temperate forests and
1264:and stretch on an even line to the end of
1252:According to Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in his
1226:British Government 1921 proposal from the
898:One of the earliest records of the phrase
592:... Left outside their administration are
70:Kurdish-inhabited areas (according to the
64:
38:
4008:
3638:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
3173:"Kurds seek autonomy in democratic Syria"
2735:, taken in 2009 from the southern side. (
1163:The earliest medieval attestation of the
417:used the term 'Kurdistan' to refer to an
369:chronicles.The exact origins of the name
151:392,000 km (151,000 sq mi)
5402:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages
4988:
4986:
4189:
4187:
3150:
3048:. University of Texas Press. p. 2.
2469:and is suitable for agricultural lands.
2164:Animals found in the region include the
1886:Subdivisions (Upper and Lower Kurdistan)
1810:
1605:
1413:
1335:in 1514, and was formalized in the 1639
1237:
1234:, for an autonomous region of Kurdistan.
1057:emerged in the region: in the north the
1034:
7042:
7025:List of Kurdish dynasties and countries
4138:"Turkey – Linguistic and Ethnic Groups"
3652:, 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 68)
3514:Victoria Arekelova, Garnik S. Asatryan
3361:
3359:
3352:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 224–225.
3034:, 258 pp., Routledge, 2004. (see p. 77)
2819:
2630:
2465:region, has geopolitical importance of
1509:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)
704:Ancient Kurdistan as Kard-uchi, during
154:
144:
137:
6806:Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement
6512:Democratic National Union of Kurdistan
5143:
5141:
5139:
5122:Local Futures – Economics of Happiness
4805:
3828:Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State
3803:Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State
3408:Tinti, Alessandro (29 November 2021).
3113:
3103:
2288:(both prominent in Kurdish folklore),
941:which according to Abdisho was in the
399:"Kurdistan" was also formerly spelled
6927:Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party
4682:
4680:
4678:
4243:Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco
4003:. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 146–152.
3789:Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds
3759:Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds
3746:Colophons of the Armenian Manuscripts
3733:Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds
3516:Prolegomena To The Study Of The Kurds
3348:Sheyholislami, Jaffer (6 June 2011).
2704:, Northern Kurdistan (eastern Turkey)
747:, roughly centered around modern-day
526:; Finally, the southern provinces of
202:
161:
7:
6600:Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party
6430:Iranian Call and Reform Organization
5365:, Kurdistan Development Corporation.
5325:"Kurdistan Oil and Gas Activity Map"
4760:from the original on 14 January 2017
4345:Martin van Bruinessen, "Kurdistan."
3935:The Political Geography of Kurdistan
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2787:Lists of active separatist movements
2113:. The desert in the south is mostly
1922:Much of the region is typified by a
1864:(Mehabad) in Iran. According to the
1718:Kurdistan Region § Demographics
1662:Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
1658:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1496:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1463:An academic source published by the
126:with varying degrees of autonomy in
6962:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan
6736:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
6572:Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party
6551:Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq
5016:IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 30(1).
4871:Diasporas of the Modern Middle East
4167:Contemporary Turkish foreign policy
3412:. Taylor & Francis. p. 71.
3397:. Taylor & Francis. p. 47.
3393:O'Shea, Maria T. (25 August 2021).
1892:A Dictionary of Scripture Geography
1696:Various sources have reported that
1458:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
770:, which emerged from the declining
421:rather than a geographical region.
182:
47:
6742:Kurdish Democratic Political Union
6730:Kurdish National Alliance in Syria
6385:Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran
4566:David Phillips (World Post column)
4556:David Phillips (World Post column)
4468:English, Duvar (29 October 2021).
4200:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 63.
4099:The Kurds and the future of Turkey
3636:The Cambridge History of the Kurds
1186:in 1062 as to have taken place in
636:where the river enters Syria near
430:delineated Kurdistan as following:
322:i.e. "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929),
25:
6951:Society for the Rise of Kurdistan
6747:Movement for a Democratic Society
4408:Kurdish rebels kill Turkey troops
3854:, Vol.43, No.4, pp.271–299, 2002.
3696:For a list of these entities see
3136:Turkey Today: A European Country?
1194:of an Armenian manuscript of the
7069:
7057:
7045:
6939:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan
6903:Kurdistan Democratic Party/North
5523:
5330:. Western Zagros. Archived from
5116:Keller, Sean (6 February 2018).
5051:John Bulloch and Harvey Morris,
5029:. Wildlife Extra. Archived from
4964:Myrie, Clive (26 October 2007).
4748:"Who Are the Turkmens of Syria?"
4600:Martin Chulov (19 August 2013).
3999:Gareth R. V. Stansfield (2003).
3852:Eurasian Geography and Economics
3325:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0544
3162:Iraqi Constitution, Article 113.
2724:
2709:
2693:
2677:
2665:
2649:
2633:
2580:
2383:GAP (Southeast Anatolia Project)
713:
697:
561:, and to the south of the lake,
7107:Kurdistan independence movement
5203:. The Encyclopædia of Kurdistan
4624:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
4085:International Business Times UK
3280:Yadirgi, Veli (3 August 2017).
2438:Petroleum and mineral resources
1990:and, to the west of Kurdistan,
1640:Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
1343:Kurdistan span over the cities
1132:in 1597. The emirates included
727:Various groups, among them the
6686:Descendants of Saladin Brigade
6529:Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq
5461:International Colony Kurdistan
5253:. 4 March 2012. Archived from
4869:Anthony Gorman (29 May 2015).
3518:, Iran and The Caucasus, 2009
3445:Britannica Online Encyclopedia
3286:. Cambridge University Press.
2950:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
2434:, are frequented by tourists.
1427:San Francisco Peace Conference
1049:(1072–74), included Kurdistan.
1:
6595:Kurdistan Revolutionary Party
5826:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
5400:. In Bjork, Robert E. (ed.).
5396:Mitchell, Colin Paul (2010).
4282:, NY Times, 28 September 2007
2752:A Modern History of the Kurds
2640:A typical Kurdish village in
2280:. Included in the region are
1763:and do not identify with the
1670:Justice and Development Party
1668:, a spokesman for the ruling
1597:Kurdistan Regional Government
1178:. He described a battle near
201:'land of the Kurds';
6837:Communist Party of Kurdistan
6818:Civil Protection Units-Women
6612:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
6556:Kurdistan Conservative Party
5378:. BrightWire. Archived from
5090:King, Marcus (22 May 2018).
4917:Yeldar Barış Kalkan (2006).
4714:Peyrouse, Sebastien (2015).
4637:Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015).
3884:10.1080/00263206.2014.886569
3864:Özkan, Behlül (4 May 2014).
2485:excess of 2,800 km (100
2393:in Syria, while filling the
1874:encompasses a large area of
1672:(AKP), made comments to the
1654:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
1492:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
1445:inhabited areas of southern
1081:and which controlled all of
569:, whose capital is Senna or
413:was the first time that the
6885:Kurdistan Communities Union
6873:Freedom and Democracy Party
6346:Yezidi National Union (ULE)
5404:. Oxford University Press.
4442:Khalidi, Ari (1 May 2017).
3470:(copy at Project Gutenberg)
3204:10.1163/22138617-0570910007
2920:"Kurdish People Fast Facts"
2660:in northern Iraqi Kurdistan
1723:According to 2016 estimate
1170:is found in a 12th-century
1105:(990–1096) to the south of
790:empires. Corduene became a
306:chronicles. Many disparate
219:, is a roughly defined geo-
190:
7133:
6897:Islamic Party of Kurdistan
6891:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
6879:Freedom and Equality Party
6561:Kurdistan Democratic Party
6546:Kurdish Tribal Association
6540:Kurdistan Islamic Movement
6391:Kurdistan Democratic Party
5899:Central and Eastern Europe
4693:Kurdish Institute of Paris
4325:. Routledge. p. 130.
2550:(which is used to produce
2218:Euphrates softshell turtle
1970:and countryside is mostly
1725:Kurdish Institute of Paris
1715:
1685:
1506:
996:
708:'s Empire, 4th century BCE
666:
655:
32:Kurdistan (disambiguation)
29:
6975:
6945:Rights and Freedoms Party
6915:Peoples' Democratic Party
6909:Peace and Democracy Party
6849:Democratic People's Party
6725:Kurdish Supreme Committee
6691:People's Protection Units
6403:Kurdistan Free Life Party
6261:Border changes since 1914
6253:
4932:Dursun Gümüşoğlu (2008).
3975:. Routledge. p. 92.
3548:The Columbia Encyclopedia
3003:Zaken, Mordechai (2007).
2731:A picture of the city of
1567:, which was placed under
1565:state of emergency region
1397:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1209:documents in 1336 and in
810:in south-eastern Turkey.
755:rule during the reign of
632:;..., to the east of the
361:Etymology and delineation
63:
6921:People's Democracy Party
6861:Democratic Regions Party
6855:Democratic Society Party
6777:Kurdistan Workers' Party
6719:Kurdish National Council
6697:Women's Protection Units
6652:Kurdish Democratic Party
6606:Kurdistan Toilers' Party
6469:Êzîdxan Protection Force
5936:unification with Moldova
5619:Turks and Caicos Islands
5493:Interviews and Speeches
5459:Beşikçi, İsmail (2015).
4688:"The Kurdish population"
4589:. UNHCR. 20 August 2013.
4292:Ibrahim, Ferhad (2000).
4152:The Dynamic of Secession
3748:, Erevan, 1988. (p. 307)
3703:18 November 2005 at the
3588:, 2006, pp. 26, 52, 108.
3366:Kaya, Zeynep N. (2020).
2461:province, also known as
2182:Indian crested porcupine
1638: Controlled by the
1573:Kurdistan Workers' Party
1316:, Derne, Derteng, until
1201:A later use of the term
1097:(990–1116) (centered in
1077:(955–1221) (centered on
751:. The region came under
373:are unclear. The suffix
6800:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks
6788:People's Defence Forces
6618:Service and Reform List
6584:New Generation Movement
6578:Kurdistan Islamic Union
6534:Kurdistan Islamic Group
6475:Sinjar Resistance Units
6397:Kurdistan Freedom Party
5986:unification with Kosovo
5361:12 October 2007 at the
4952:Encyclopædia Britannica
4818:Bassem, Wassim (2016).
4410:", BBC News, 8 May 2007
4164:Çelik, Yasemin (1999).
3085:Oxford University Press
2521:Gulf Keystone Petroleum
1876:Eastern Anatolia Region
1825:Encyclopædia Britannica
1706:Iraq's Kurdistan region
1471:At the end of the 1991
1465:University of Cambridge
981:chronicle, writings of
18:Kurdish-inhabited areas
6812:Civil Protection Units
6770:Militant organizations
6679:Militant organizations
6457:Militant organizations
6368:Militant organizations
6195:Greater Germanic Reich
5993:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5419:Triana, María (2017).
4830:on 12 September 2021.
4359:Olson, Robert (1996).
4319:Gunes, Cengiz (2013).
3871:Middle Eastern Studies
3826:Özoğlu, Hakan (2004).
3801:Özoğlu, Hakan (2004).
3550:, Sixth Edition, 2001.
3313:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3175:. BBC. 16 August 2012.
2888:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2063:Paliurus spina-christi
2039:Juniperus foetidissima
2027:Cupressus sempervirens
1909:
1902:
1866:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1819:
1759:share close ties with
1644:
1610:Military situation on
1541:in 1927, and the 1937
1525:
1513:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1422:
1249:
1235:
1101:) and in the west the
1055:Kurdish principalities
1050:
1032:
1015:Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)
993:Post-classical history
953:is also identified as
906:Christian document of
851:Zabdicene or Bezabde (
830:Corduene or Gordyene (
646:
549:..., the districts of
462:, in the districts of
427:Encyclopaedia of Islam
347:self-governing regions
204:[ˌkʊɾdɪˈstɑːn]
6481:Êzîdxan Women's Units
6323:Kurdish organisations
6183:Annexation of Austria
4240:Aslan, Senem (2014).
4194:Baser, Bahar (2015).
3969:Tejel, Jordi (2008).
3678:. Mazdapublishers.com
3062:(north, Turkey), and
3044:Bengio, Ofra (2014).
2988:Kaya, Zeynep (2020).
2405:Kurdistan extends to
2220:. Birds include, the
1900:
1880:southeastern Anatolia
1814:
1609:
1558:military coup of 1980
1535:Sheikh Said rebellion
1520:
1433:to the shores of the
1417:
1241:
1225:
1130:Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi
1038:
1022:
820:Columbia Encyclopedia
577:; in the province of
567:province of Kurdistan
6995:Kingdom of Kurdistan
6933:People's Labor Party
6435:Kurdish United Front
5843:annexation of Taiwan
5534:at Wikimedia Commons
5425:Taylor & Francis
4474:www.duvarenglish.com
4421:"Bloomberg Business"
3715:Matt'eos Urhayec'i,
3134:in Olivier Roy, ed.
2357:, Tharthar, Ceyhan,
2019:Quercus ithaburensis
1629: Controlled by
1620: Controlled by
1550:deny their existence
1128:, written by Prince
1061:(951–1174) (in east
1046:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk
658:History of the Kurds
316:Kingdom of Kurdistan
30:For other uses, see
7112:Kurdish irredentism
7010:Republic of Mahabad
6990:Kurdish nationalism
5382:on 18 January 2013.
5247:"Exxon's Kurdistan"
5235:on 9 November 2013.
5223:"westernzagros.com"
5077:The Huffington Post
4448:www.kurdistan24.net
4150:Bartkus, Viva Ona,
4045:on 21 January 2013.
3464:Rawlinson, George,
2978:, December 25, 2018
2853:Library of Congress
2849:"The Kurdish lands"
2792:Mountains of Ararat
2262:collared pratincole
2206:long-eared hedgehog
2202:Persian fallow deer
2099:Cercis siliquastrum
2047:Juniperus oxycedrus
2031:Platanus orientalis
2023:Quercus macranthera
2007:Quercus calliprinos
1924:continental climate
1441:, and included the
1333:Battle of Chaldiran
1207:Empire of Trebizond
1198:, written in 1200.
1174:historical text by
1085:), in the east the
706:Alexander the Great
419:administrative unit
409:. The 19th-century
328:Republic of Mahabad
292:Kurdish nationalist
7102:Historical regions
7005:Republic of Ararat
7000:Kurdistansky Uyezd
6794:Free Women's Units
6491:Fayli Kurd Brigade
5727:Western Azerbaijan
5661:Dominican Republic
5337:on 9 November 2013
5305:on 12 October 2007
4753:The New York Times
4744:The New York Times
4530:Middle East Report
4431:on 29 August 2014.
4230:, 17 February 2008
3950:. Akakurdistan.com
3744:A.S. Mat'evosyan,
3617:Parole de l'Orient
3427:1 May 2008 at the
3309:"Kurds, Kurdistān"
2884:"Kurds, Kurdistān"
2772:Armenian highlands
2686:city of Piranshahr
2592:. You can help by
2472:In November 2011,
2242:spotted flycatcher
2117:and would feature
2087:Crataegus azarolus
2083:Crataegus monogyna
2075:Populus euphratica
2059:Fraxinus excelsior
2015:Quercus infectoria
1903:
1820:
1645:
1585:summary executions
1539:Republic of Ararat
1526:
1503:Northern Kurdistan
1423:
1250:
1242:1803 map from the
1236:
1228:Colonial Secretary
1217:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1152:in the north, and
1051:
1041:Mahmud al-Kashgari
1033:
983:Michael the Syrian
977:sources appear in
943:land of the Kurds.
339:Kurdistan Province
324:Republic of Ararat
320:Kurdistansky Uyezd
268:Southern Kurdistan
260:Northern Kurdistan
7033:
7032:
6971:
6970:
6829:Political parties
6783:Kurdish Hizbollah
6756:
6755:
6712:Political parties
6665:
6664:
6645:Political parties
6631:
6630:
6500:Political parties
6443:
6442:
6423:Political parties
6354:
6353:
6339:Political parties
6289:
6288:
6256:Related concepts:
5528:Media related to
5474:978-1-909382-20-6
5465:Gomidas Institute
5434:978-1-317-42368-3
5155:. 11 October 2018
5079:. 7 October 2013.
4880:978-0-7486-8611-7
4855:978-1-108-01335-2
4729:978-0-230-11552-1
4663:. 26 January 2017
4626:. 20 August 2013.
4378:978-0-8131-0896-4
4332:978-1-136-58798-6
4305:978-3-8258-4744-9
4253:978-1-107-05460-8
4220:Toumani, Meline.
4207:978-1-4724-2562-1
4177:978-0-275-96590-7
4123:Joost Jongerden,
3922:978-88-88906-82-9
3837:978-0-7914-5993-5
3812:978-0-7914-5993-5
3776:978-605-4567-52-2
3720:Ժամանակագրություն
3648:Maria T. O'Shea,
3605:, 1989, page 337.
3603:978-1-904597-76-6
3050:Hence the terms:
2777:Assyrian homeland
2755:by David McDowall
2737:Western Kurdistan
2610:
2609:
2430:near the city of
2166:Syrian brown bear
2091:Prunus cerasifera
2043:Juniperus excelsa
1958:receiving annual
1872:Turkish Kurdistan
1840:(Wan) in Turkey,
1822:According to the
1548:In an attempt to
1531:Koçgiri rebellion
1232:Winston Churchill
1116:Kurdistan in the
955:land of the Kurds
937:, and settled in
900:land of the Kurds
600:, peopled by the
545:, to the east of
468:Turkish Kurdistan
388:
326:(1927–1930), and
284:Western Kurdistan
276:Eastern Kurdistan
251:mountain ranges.
241:national identity
217:Greater Kurdistan
200:
188:
172:
171:
116:Integrated parts
16:(Redirected from
7124:
7097:Cultural regions
7074:
7073:
7072:
7062:
7061:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7041:
7015:Kurdistan Region
6867:Free Cause Party
6767:
6676:
6642:
6486:Asayîşa Êzîdxanê
6454:
6365:
6336:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6293:
6240:Papua New Guinea
5562:
5555:
5548:
5539:
5527:
5489:Öcalan, Abdullah
5478:
5438:
5415:
5384:
5383:
5372:
5366:
5353:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5342:
5336:
5329:
5321:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5257:on 17 April 2012
5243:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5228:. Archived from
5227:
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5201:"Economy: Water"
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5181:. 11 August 2020
5171:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5145:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5069:
5063:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5023:
5017:
5008:
5002:
4999:
4993:
4990:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4961:
4955:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4895:Çerkes fıkraları
4891:
4885:
4884:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4826:. Archived from
4815:
4809:
4803:
4797:
4796:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4684:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4577:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4427:. Archived from
4417:
4411:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4392:Shaker, Nadeen.
4389:
4383:
4382:
4366:
4356:
4350:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4289:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4237:
4231:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4161:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4077:
4068:
4067:
4056:
4047:
4046:
4041:. Archived from
4031:
4025:
4024:
4012:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3944:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3861:
3855:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3798:
3792:
3785:
3779:
3768:
3762:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3672:
3666:
3661:I. Gershevitch,
3659:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3612:
3606:
3595:
3589:
3570:
3564:
3557:
3551:
3541:
3535:
3530:I. Gershevitch,
3528:
3522:
3512:
3506:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3437:
3431:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3277:
3271:
3264:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3101:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2879:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2802:Zagros Mountains
2728:
2713:
2697:
2681:
2669:
2653:
2637:
2605:
2602:
2584:
2577:
2491:
2490:
2451:
2450:
2443:Kurdistan Region
2387:Syrian civil war
2312:, Shaho, Gabar,
2264:, among others.
2190:goitered gazelle
1682:Syrian Civil War
1642:(ISIL, ISIS, IS)
1637:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1543:Dersim rebellion
1485:Kurdistan Region
1420:Treaty of Sèvres
1385:Treaty of Sèvres
1258:Strait of Hormuz
1176:Matteos Urhayeci
1073:rivers) and the
717:
701:
604:; the liwaʾs of
411:Kurdistan Eyalet
384:
343:Syrian Civil War
335:Kurdistan Region
278:), and northern
270:), northwestern
247:and the eastern
214:
213:
212:
206:
195:
193:
187:romanized:
186:
184:
134:
68:
58:
50:
49:
39:
21:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7122:
7121:
7082:
7081:
7080:
7070:
7068:
7058:
7056:
7044:
7036:
7034:
7029:
6967:
6843:Democracy Party
6823:
6752:
6707:
6661:
6627:
6495:
6439:
6418:
6350:
6325:
6320:
6290:
6285:
6249:
6223:
6139:
6121:Northern Europe
6116:
6090:Italian Grisons
6053:
6020:North Macedonia
5974:Southern Europe
5969:
5894:
5821:
5785:
5693:
5667:
5602:
5571:
5566:
5520:
5481:King, Diane E.
5475:
5458:
5449:Beşikçi, İsmail
5445:
5443:Further reading
5435:
5418:
5412:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5363:Wayback Machine
5354:
5350:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5308:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5245:
5244:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5204:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5158:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5137:
5127:
5125:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5050:
5046:
5036:
5034:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4945:
4941:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4804:
4800:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4763:
4761:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4730:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4643:The Independent
4636:
4635:
4631:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4553:
4549:
4539:
4537:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4494:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4405:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4306:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4149:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4122:
4118:
4109:
4105:
4096:
4092:
4087:. 28 June 2014.
4079:
4078:
4071:
4066:. 27 June 2014.
4058:
4057:
4050:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4010:10.1.1.465.8736
3998:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3932:
3928:
3911:
3907:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3838:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3786:
3782:
3769:
3765:
3756:
3752:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3705:Wayback Machine
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3596:
3592:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3554:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3525:
3513:
3509:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3429:Wayback Machine
3421:
3417:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3265:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3192:Oriente Moderno
3185:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3112:
3102:
3095:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3058:(south, Iraq),
3043:
3042:
3038:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2926:. 12 April 2023
2918:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2881:
2880:
2867:
2857:
2855:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2828:"Kurdish lands"
2826:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2747:
2740:
2729:
2720:
2716:Countryside in
2714:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2682:
2673:
2670:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2615:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2590:needs expansion
2575:
2509:Talisman Energy
2488:
2486:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2326:
2324:Water resources
2302:Mount Abdulaziz
2270:
2254:griffon vulture
2230:Eurasian magpie
2226:common starling
2121:plants such as
2103:pistachio trees
2011:Quercus brantii
2003:Fagus sylvatica
1952:
1950:Flora and fauna
1920:
1888:
1809:
1721:
1714:
1694:
1688:Rojava conflict
1684:
1675:Financial Times
1652:The successful
1650:
1648:Iraqi Kurdistan
1643:
1635:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1612:August 27, 2019
1611:
1593:the US invasion
1583:, and numerous
1522:Abdullah Öcalan
1515:
1507:Main articles:
1505:
1377:
1337:Treaty of Zuhab
1212:Nuzhat al-Qulub
1017:
997:Main articles:
995:
963:Yaqut al-Hamawi
957:. According to
902:is found in an
853:Gozarto d'Qardu
772:Seleucid Empire
766:The Kingdom of
757:Cyrus the Great
725:
724:
723:
722:
721:
718:
710:
709:
702:
691:
667:Main articles:
665:
663:Ancient history
660:
654:
543:West Azerbaijan
534:and Çölamerik (
460:region of Sivas
363:
357:after the war.
233:Kurdish culture
221:cultural region
209:
208:
207:
165:
164:• Estimate
148:
117:
111:
75:
59:
52:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7130:
7128:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7084:
7083:
7079:
7078:
7066:
7054:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6959:
6953:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6833:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6780:
6773:
6771:
6764:
6758:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6750:
6744:
6739:
6733:
6727:
6722:
6715:
6713:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6694:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6648:
6646:
6639:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6592:
6590:Kurdistan List
6587:
6581:
6575:
6569:
6564:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6537:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6509:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6460:
6458:
6451:
6445:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6432:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6377:
6371:
6369:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6351:
6349:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6170:
6169:
6168:
6158:
6153:
6147:
6145:
6144:Western Europe
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6124:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6044:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5977:
5975:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5911:Czechoslovakia
5908:
5902:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5791:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5730:
5729:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5675:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5550:
5542:
5536:
5535:
5519:
5518:External links
5516:
5515:
5514:
5498:Reed, Fred A.
5496:
5486:
5479:
5473:
5456:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5433:
5416:
5411:978-0199574834
5410:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5367:
5348:
5316:
5290:
5268:
5238:
5214:
5192:
5166:
5135:
5108:
5082:
5064:
5044:
5018:
5003:
4994:
4982:
4956:
4939:
4924:
4921:. p. 175.
4909:
4900:
4886:
4879:
4861:
4854:
4837:
4810:
4808:, p. 168.
4798:
4771:
4735:
4728:
4722:. p. 62.
4706:
4674:
4648:
4629:
4611:
4592:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4569:
4547:
4515:
4504:. October 2021
4487:
4460:
4434:
4412:
4399:
4384:
4377:
4351:
4338:
4331:
4311:
4304:
4284:
4272:
4259:
4252:
4232:
4227:New York Times
4222:Minority Rules
4213:
4206:
4183:
4176:
4156:
4143:
4129:
4116:
4103:
4090:
4069:
4048:
4026:
4019:
3991:
3981:
3961:
3939:
3926:
3905:
3856:
3843:
3836:
3818:
3811:
3793:
3780:
3763:
3750:
3737:
3724:
3708:
3689:
3667:
3654:
3641:
3626:
3607:
3590:
3574:The Legend of
3572:J. T. Walker,
3565:
3552:
3536:
3523:
3507:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3457:
3432:
3415:
3400:
3385:
3378:
3355:
3340:
3333:
3315:(2 ed.).
3299:
3292:
3272:
3256:
3243:
3234:
3225:
3178:
3164:
3155:
3140:
3123:
3114:|journal=
3093:
3083:(1 ed.).
3070:
3066:(west, Syria).
3054:(east, Iran),
3036:
3030:M. T. O'Shea,
3023:
3013:
2995:
2980:
2962:
2937:
2911:
2900:
2890:(2 ed.).
2865:
2840:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2756:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2706:
2702:city of Batman
2699:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2664:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2587:
2585:
2574:
2571:
2439:
2436:
2325:
2322:
2310:Jabal al-Akrad
2306:Kurd Mountains
2269:
2266:
2234:European robin
2194:Eurasian otter
2147:chenopodiaceae
2143:white wormwood
2051:Prunus cerasus
1999:Abies cilicica
1951:
1948:
1919:
1916:
1887:
1884:
1808:
1805:
1761:Turkish people
1757:Syrian Turkmen
1713:
1710:
1683:
1680:
1649:
1646:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1601:Ismail Besikci
1554:Mountain Turks
1504:
1501:
1479:established a
1452:The historian
1376:
1375:Modern history
1373:
994:
991:
908:late antiquity
896:
895:
888:
881:
871:
864:
849:
843:
815:T. A. Sinclair
796:Roman Republic
719:
712:
711:
703:
696:
695:
694:
693:
692:
664:
661:
656:Main article:
653:
650:
547:Lake Rida'iyya
415:Ottoman Empire
362:
359:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
136:
135:
113:
112:
110:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
83:
81:
80:Main languages
77:
76:
69:
61:
60:
45:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7129:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7077:
7067:
7065:
7055:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7039:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6974:
6963:
6960:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6826:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6804:
6801:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6759:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6704:
6703:Kurdish Front
6701:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6683:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6657:Razkari Party
6655:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6421:
6415:
6414:Sipay Rizgari
6412:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6401:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:Komalah (CPI)
6378:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6312:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6297:
6294:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6269:Reunification
6266:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6226:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6190:Pan-Germanism
6188:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6119:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6014:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5794:
5792:
5790:Southern Asia
5788:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5672:South America
5670:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5636:United States
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:North America
5605:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5563:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5549:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5512:0-88922-426-9
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5381:
5377:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5349:
5333:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5231:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5180:
5176:
5170:
5167:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5123:
5119:
5112:
5109:
5097:
5093:
5086:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5061:0-19-508075-0
5058:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5033:on 9 May 2010
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4935:
4928:
4925:
4920:
4913:
4910:
4904:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4802:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4572:ITNsource.com
4570:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4519:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4491:
4488:
4475:
4471:
4464:
4461:
4449:
4445:
4438:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4425:Bloomberg.com
4422:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4395:
4388:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4364:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4255:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:G. Chaliand,
4107:
4104:
4100:
4097:M.M. Gunter,
4094:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4020:0-415-30278-1
4016:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:9780415613460
3978:
3974:
3973:
3965:
3962:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3804:
3797:
3794:
3790:
3787:G. Asatrian,
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:G. Asatrian,
3754:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:G. Asatrian,
3728:
3725:
3721:
3717:(in Armenian)
3712:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3586:0-520-24578-4
3583:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3498:Mark Marciak
3495:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3379:9781108474696
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3336:
3334:9789004161214
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3293:9781107181236
3289:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:(9/10): 445.
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3151:Mitchell 2010
3147:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3107:
3100:
3096:
3094:9780199546091
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3014:9789004161900
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2903:
2901:9789004161214
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2588:This section
2586:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2418:, as well as
2417:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:Little Khabur
2348:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2198:striped hyena
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:golden jackal
2175:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2111:Sorbus graeca
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2079:Populus nigra
2076:
2072:
2068:
2067:Olea europaea
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:precipitation
1957:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1852:(Kirmanşan),
1851:
1848:in Iraq, and
1847:
1844:(Hewlêr) and
1843:
1839:
1836:(Bedlîs) and
1835:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1801:Kurdification
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:has issued a
1699:
1693:
1689:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:Hüseyin Çelik
1663:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:guerrilla war
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1524:pictured 1997
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:Kemal Atatürk
1390:
1386:
1382:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Evliya Çelebi
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:, written by
1214:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1160:in the east.
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1109:and north of
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Transcaucasia
1060:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1039:The map from
1037:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
969:and south of
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
929:a village in
928:
924:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
893:
889:
886:
883:Nephercerta (
882:
879:
875:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
828:
827:
824:
822:
821:
816:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
794:state of the
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
716:
707:
700:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:Gutian people
670:
662:
659:
651:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
584:
583:Qasr-e Shirin
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
431:
429:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
377:
372:
368:
360:
358:
356:
355:federal Syria
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
318:(1921–1924),
317:
314:(1918–1919),
313:
312:Kurdish state
309:
305:
300:
297:
293:
289:
288:Transcaucasia
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
211:
205:
198:
192:
180:
176:
168:25-30 million
167:
158:
150:
141:
133:
129:
125:
121:
114:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
82:
78:
73:
67:
62:
56:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6979:
6265:Partitionism
6259:
6258:
6255:
5812:Pashtunistan
5738:
5698:Western Asia
5631:Saint Martin
5598:South Africa
5530:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5482:
5460:
5452:
5420:
5401:
5380:the original
5370:
5351:
5339:. Retrieved
5332:the original
5319:
5307:. Retrieved
5303:the original
5293:
5281:. Retrieved
5271:
5259:. Retrieved
5255:the original
5250:
5241:
5230:the original
5217:
5205:. Retrieved
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5179:Syria Direct
5178:
5169:
5157:. Retrieved
5152:
5126:. Retrieved
5121:
5111:
5099:. Retrieved
5095:
5085:
5076:
5067:
5052:
5047:
5035:. Retrieved
5031:the original
5021:
5011:
5006:
4997:
4973:. Retrieved
4969:
4959:
4950:
4942:
4933:
4927:
4918:
4912:
4903:
4894:
4889:
4870:
4864:
4845:
4840:
4831:
4828:the original
4813:
4801:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4762:. Retrieved
4751:
4738:
4715:
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4691:
4667:26 September
4665:. Retrieved
4660:
4651:
4642:
4632:
4623:
4614:
4606:The Guardian
4605:
4595:
4581:
4550:
4538:. Retrieved
4528:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4499:
4490:
4478:. Retrieved
4476:(in Turkish)
4473:
4463:
4451:. Retrieved
4447:
4437:
4429:the original
4424:
4415:
4402:
4387:
4362:
4354:
4346:
4341:
4321:
4314:
4294:
4287:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4242:
4235:
4225:
4216:
4196:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4146:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4098:
4093:
4084:
4064:aucegypt.edu
4063:
4043:the original
4038:
4029:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3971:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3942:
3934:
3933:C. Dahlman,
3929:
3924:, pp. 45–61.
3913:
3908:
3875:
3869:
3859:
3851:
3846:
3827:
3821:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3783:
3766:
3758:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3670:
3662:
3657:
3649:
3644:
3635:
3629:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3593:
3573:
3568:
3560:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3531:
3526:
3515:
3510:
3499:
3494:
3485:
3476:
3465:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3444:
3435:
3418:
3409:
3403:
3394:
3388:
3368:
3349:
3343:
3312:
3302:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3251:
3246:
3237:
3228:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3167:
3158:
3135:
3126:
3098:
3079:
3073:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3026:
3018:
3004:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2973:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2949:
2940:
2928:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2905:
2887:
2856:. Retrieved
2852:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2822:
2750:
2718:Sulaymaniyah
2618:
2598:
2594:adding to it
2589:
2568:
2529:
2525:Marathon Oil
2513:Genel Energy
2492:
2483:
2471:
2457:
2452:
2441:
2432:Sulaymaniyah
2420:Zarivar Lake
2404:
2400:
2399:
2379:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2271:
2258:little crake
2250:saker falcon
2246:namaqua dove
2163:
2071:Ficus carica
2035:Pinus brutia
1996:
1956:cold climate
1953:
1921:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1891:
1889:
1870:
1846:Sulaymaniyah
1823:
1821:
1773:Central Asia
1769:Turkmenistan
1722:
1695:
1673:
1651:
1622:Syrian Kurds
1589:
1562:
1547:
1527:
1489:
1470:
1462:
1451:
1435:Persian Gulf
1424:
1378:
1322:
1262:Persian Gulf
1251:
1243:
1210:
1205:is found in
1202:
1200:
1187:
1167:
1162:
1125:
1115:
1087:Hasanwayhids
1065:between the
1052:
1044:
1007:Hasanwayhids
987:Bar Hebraeus
959:Al-Muqaddasi
954:
951:Khabur River
942:
938:
926:
899:
897:
884:
856:
852:
848:(Diyarbakır)
825:
818:
814:
812:
804:Tigranocerta
765:
726:
647:
626:
614:Sulaymaniyah
587:
540:
502:, Karaköse (
433:
425:
423:
404:
400:
398:
389:
374:
370:
364:
332:
301:
296:nation state
262:), northern
253:
227:wherein the
216:
174:
173:
147:• Total
36:
6905:(KDP/Bakur)
6277:Revisionism
6219:Switzerland
6214:Netherlands
5875:Philippines
5774:Pan-Turkism
5569:Irredentism
5398:"Kurdistan"
5341:31 December
5283:31 December
5261:31 December
5207:14 December
5149:"The Water"
4806:Triana 2017
3682:10 December
3576:Mar Qardagh
3505:pp. 220-221
2946:"Kurdistan"
2930:24 December
2782:Irredentism
2644:, Kurdistan
2620:Azhdar Show
2397:in Turkey.
2395:Atatürk dam
2330:Middle East
2238:water pipit
2222:hooded crow
1992:olive trees
1936:dry summers
1797:Circassians
1745:Azerbaijani
1631:Iraqi Kurds
1569:martial law
1454:Jordi Tejel
1357:Sulaymanyah
1341:Ahmet Cevad
1245:Cedid Atlas
1118:Middle Ages
918:. When the
912:Middle East
857:Jazirat Ibn
107:Zaza–Gorani
7086:Categories
6869:(HÜDA PAR)
6796:(YJA-STAR)
6721:(KNC-ENKS)
6281:Rump state
6273:Revanchism
6200:Lebensraum
6049:Yugoslavia
5817:Tamil Nadu
5797:Bangladesh
5722:Azerbaijan
5583:Mauritania
5463:. London:
5185:5 November
5159:5 November
4824:Al-Monitor
4787:(2): 202.
4508:7 February
4480:7 February
3878:(3): 461.
3623:: 127–141.
3266:A.D. Lee,
2858:6 November
2833:6 November
2815:References
2807:Mount Judi
2656:Canyon in
2613:Television
2601:March 2023
2497:ExxonMobil
2479:West-Qurna
2459:Al-Hasakah
2428:Lake Dukan
2407:Lake Urmia
2391:Lake Assad
2373:, and the
2367:Little Zab
2282:Mount Judi
2155:palm trees
2123:palm trees
2055:Salix alba
1850:Kermanshah
1830:Diyarbakır
1739:(Syriac),
1686:See also:
1403:states of
1369:Diyarbakir
1254:Sharafnama
1126:Sharafnama
1107:Diyarbakır
1093:) and the
1083:Azerbaijan
1059:Shaddadids
1029:Ibn Hawqal
999:Shaddadids
967:Mount Judi
914:, such as
890:Artemita (
885:Miyafarkin
808:Diyarbakır
745:Lake Urmia
735:, Mannai (
579:Kermanshah
512:Diyarbakır
396:for land.
290:. Certain
157:Population
7117:West Asia
7092:Kurdistan
7076:Kurdistan
7064:Geography
6980:Kurdistan
6947:(HAK-PAR)
6820:(YPS-Jin)
6749:(TEV-DEM)
6464:Peshmerga
6235:Australia
5850:Indonesia
5739:Kurdistan
5679:Argentina
5646:Greenland
5531:Kurdistan
5279:. Reuters
4947:Kurdistan
4793:0066-8281
4720:Routledge
4540:9 January
4453:4 October
4396:. Muftah.
4039:ekurd.net
4005:CiteSeerX
3900:144455272
3892:0026-3206
3778:); p. 169
3559:J. Bell,
3441:"Mahabad"
3212:0030-5472
3116:ignored (
3106:cite book
3080:Kurdistan
2548:limestone
2371:Great Zab
2347:Euphrates
2268:Mountains
2174:gray wolf
2170:wild boar
2159:date palm
2131:date palm
2095:rose hips
1940:semi-arid
1932:livestock
1807:Geography
1789:Ossetians
1749:Christian
1575:(PKK). A
1477:Coalition
1302:Shahrizor
1203:Kurdistan
1188:Kurdistan
1168:Kurdistan
1103:Marwanids
1091:Khuzistan
1031:, 977 CE.
866:Basenia (
741:Armenians
737:Mannaeans
689:Armenians
677:Mannaeans
634:Euphrates
630:Kurd Dagh
528:Şanlıurfa
401:Curdistan
386:translit.
383:: ـستان,
237:languages
225:West Asia
191:Kurdistan
175:Kurdistan
43:Kurdistan
6166:Wallonia
6080:Dalmatia
5998:Bulgaria
5960:Slovenia
5880:Thailand
5870:Mongolia
5865:Malaysia
5833:Cambodia
5689:Colombia
5359:Archived
5037:7 August
4970:BBC News
4758:Archived
4746:(2015).
3701:Archived
3502:, 2017.
3468:, 1871.
3425:Archived
3220:25816505
3087:. 2014.
3052:rojhalat
2797:Thamanin
2745:See also
2658:Rawanduz
2642:Hawraman
2517:Hunt Oil
2422:west of
2216:and the
2135:fraxinus
1980:platanus
1976:conifers
1856:(Sine),
1854:Sanandaj
1832:(Amed),
1781:Ingushes
1777:Chechens
1741:Armenian
1737:Assyrian
1698:Al-Nusra
1473:Gulf War
1401:mandated
1294:Imaddiya
1219:in 1340.
1192:colophon
1172:Armenian
1154:Mukriyan
1146:Garmiyan
1122:emirates
1095:Annazids
1075:Rawadids
1011:Annazids
1003:Rawadids
939:Tamanon,
920:Sasanian
904:Assyrian
784:Parthian
780:Anatolia
776:Lake Van
768:Corduene
761:Darius I
733:Hurrians
681:Corduene
669:Hurrians
638:Jarablus
618:Khanaqin
575:Hawraman
571:Sanandaj
508:Adıyaman
506:), then
472:Erzincan
452:Kağızman
406:Corduene
330:(1946).
183:کوردستان
48:کوردستان
7038:Portals
6923:(HADEP)
6875:(ÖZDEP)
6851:(DEHAP)
6808:(YDG-H)
6738:(KDP-S)
6637:Lebanon
6387:(KDP-I)
6331:Armenia
6228:Oceania
6209:Ireland
6178:Austria
6173:Germany
6156:Celtics
6151:Belgium
6133:Karelia
6128:Finland
6075:Corsica
6042:Galicia
6003:Croatia
5981:Albania
5965:Ukraine
5953:Ukraine
5931:Romania
5921:Moldova
5916:Hungary
5906:Belarus
5890:Vietnam
5717:Assyria
5710:Artsakh
5705:Armenia
5593:Somalia
5588:Morocco
5390:Sources
4764:3 March
4699:15 June
4661:Reuters
4533:(295).
2955:29 July
2627:Gallery
2505:Chevron
2424:Marivan
2298:Shingal
2276:by the
2186:red fox
2127:tamarix
1946:zones.
1918:Climate
1862:Mahabad
1765:Turkmen
1733:Turkish
1656:by the
1494:by the
1439:Bushehr
1425:At the
1389:Armenia
1345:Erzurum
1329:Ottoman
1325:Safavid
1314:Baghdad
1310:Ardalan
1286:Hakkari
1278:Erzurum
1266:Malatya
1260:in the
1196:Gospels
1184:Siverek
1165:toponym
1158:Ardalan
1142:Badinan
1023:Map of
931:Assyria
923:Marzban
916:Abdisho
874:Moxoene
868:Bayazid
846:Sophene
753:Persian
749:Mahabad
739:), and
685:Assyria
652:History
622:Mandali
602:Yazidis
598:Shekhan
563:Mahabad
559:Shahpur
536:Hakkarî
488:Tunceli
484:Malatya
476:Erzurum
456:Tuzluca
444:Erzurum
440:Divriği
436:Trotter
394:Persian
381:Persian
199:
179:Kurdish
102:Turkish
97:Persian
92:Kurdish
74:, 1992)
55:Kurdish
7020:Rojava
6964:(PPKK)
6956:Xoybûn
6881:(ÖZEP)
6762:Turkey
6732:(HNKS)
6623:Shursh
6602:(KSDP)
6574:(PÇDK)
6524:Gorran
6520:(DPAK)
6514:(YNDK)
6405:(PJAK)
6375:Komala
6161:France
6110:Ticino
6085:Istria
6030:Kosovo
6025:Serbia
6013:Enosis
6008:Greece
5948:Crimea
5943:Russia
5926:Poland
5769:Cyprus
5764:Turkey
5754:Israel
5734:Cyprus
5651:Mexico
5641:Canada
5626:Mexico
5614:Canada
5576:Africa
5510:
5471:
5431:
5408:
5309:13 May
5128:24 May
5101:24 May
5059:
4975:13 May
4877:
4852:
4791:
4726:
4554:See *
4501:Bianet
4375:
4329:
4302:
4270:, 2005
4266:Kurd,
4250:
4204:
4174:
4017:
4007:
3979:
3954:13 May
3920:
3898:
3890:
3834:
3809:
3774:
3601:
3584:
3521:pp. 82
3450:13 May
3376:
3331:
3290:
3218:
3210:
3091:
3064:rojava
3056:bashur
3011:
2898:
2558:, and
2556:marble
2552:cement
2536:copper
2523:, and
2463:Jazira
2426:, and
2375:Diyala
2369:, the
2359:Araxes
2355:Khabur
2343:Tigris
2337:Rivers
2316:, and
2314:Hamrin
2294:Qandil
2290:Zagros
2286:Ararat
2274:sacred
2214:mangar
2210:onager
2184:, the
2176:, the
2151:steppe
2149:. The
2115:steppe
1988:poplar
1984:willow
1964:shrubs
1944:desert
1834:Bitlis
1817:Persia
1712:People
1636:
1627:
1618:
1537:, the
1475:, the
1447:Zagros
1381:Allies
1361:Kirkuk
1270:Marash
1150:Badlis
1111:Jazira
1099:Hulwan
1079:Tabriz
1071:Araxes
1013:, and
979:Zuqnin
975:Syriac
935:pagans
927:Hazza,
840:Şırnak
836:Bitlis
792:vassal
687:, and
642:Jazira
606:Kirkuk
594:Sinjar
532:Mardin
520:Bitlis
496:Bingöl
492:Elazığ
464:Kangal
367:Seljuk
349:in an
304:Seljuk
256:Turkey
249:Taurus
245:Zagros
239:, and
215:), or
124:Turkey
87:Arabic
51:
6985:Kurds
6958:(CSK)
6941:(PŞK)
6935:(HEP)
6929:(DEM)
6917:(HDP)
6911:(BDP)
6899:(PİK)
6893:(HİK)
6887:(KCK)
6863:(DBP)
6857:(DTP)
6845:(DEP)
6839:(KKP)
6814:(YPS)
6802:(TAK)
6790:(HPG)
6779:(PKK)
6699:(YPJ)
6693:(YPG)
6671:Syria
6614:(PUK)
6608:(KZP)
6580:(KIU)
6563:(KDP)
6542:(IMK)
6536:(IGK)
6477:(YBŞ)
6471:(HPŞ)
6399:(PAK)
6393:(KDP)
6245:Samoa
6105:Savoy
6095:Malta
6070:Corfu
6065:Italy
6058:Italy
6037:Spain
5885:Timor
5860:Korea
5855:Japan
5838:China
5807:Nepal
5802:India
5781:Yemen
5759:Syria
5684:Chile
5335:(PDF)
5328:(PDF)
5251:Zawya
5233:(PDF)
5226:(PDF)
4560:fatwa
3896:S2CID
3544:Kurds
3317:BRILL
3216:JSTOR
3060:bakur
2975:Rudaw
2892:BRILL
2733:Efrîn
2573:Media
2564:Erbil
2501:Total
2474:Exxon
2412:Urmia
2401:Lakes
2363:Murat
2318:Nisir
2278:Kurds
2119:xeric
1928:grain
1842:Erbil
1793:Ahlat
1785:Varto
1753:Iraqi
1702:fatwā
1437:near
1431:Adana
1409:Syria
1365:Mosul
1318:Basra
1306:Harir
1298:Mosul
1290:Cizre
1138:Soran
1134:Baban
1025:Jibal
971:Cizre
947:Erbil
861:Cizre
832:Siirt
788:Roman
610:Arbil
590:Duhok
555:Kotur
538:)...
516:Siirt
392:) is
376:-stan
280:Syria
229:Kurds
140:Area
132:Syria
7052:Asia
6586:(NG)
6449:Iraq
6360:Iran
6100:Nice
5749:Iraq
5744:Iran
5656:Cuba
5508:ISBN
5469:ISBN
5429:ISBN
5406:ISBN
5343:2012
5311:2011
5285:2012
5263:2012
5209:2017
5187:2022
5161:2022
5130:2019
5103:2019
5057:ISBN
5039:2010
4977:2011
4875:ISBN
4850:ISBN
4789:ISSN
4766:2017
4724:ISBN
4701:2023
4669:2017
4542:2021
4510:2022
4482:2022
4455:2020
4373:ISBN
4327:ISBN
4300:ISBN
4248:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4172:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3977:ISBN
3956:2011
3918:ISBN
3888:ISSN
3832:ISBN
3807:ISBN
3772:ISBN
3684:2017
3621:XVII
3599:ISBN
3582:ISBN
3452:2011
3374:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3208:ISSN
3118:help
3089:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2957:2010
2932:2023
2907:km2.
2896:ISBN
2860:2019
2835:2019
2767:Noah
2700:The
2684:The
2560:zinc
2544:iron
2540:gold
2532:coal
2345:and
2284:and
2260:and
2157:and
2145:and
2109:and
2107:pear
1972:oaks
1968:firs
1942:and
1930:and
1878:and
1860:and
1858:Ilam
1795:and
1779:and
1771:and
1755:and
1743:and
1729:Arab
1690:and
1511:and
1407:and
1405:Iraq
1367:and
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1327:and
1268:and
1182:and
1180:Amid
1156:and
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1069:and
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961:and
838:and
800:Rome
786:and
759:and
729:Guti
620:and
612:and
596:and
585:...
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522:and
504:Ağrı
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478:and
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448:Kars
390:stân
371:Kurd
272:Iran
264:Iraq
197:lit.
130:and
128:Iraq
122:and
120:Iran
5504:N.B
3880:doi
3321:doi
3200:doi
2972:by
2924:CNN
2765:or
2763:Nuh
2761:of
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2596:.
2554:),
2467:oil
2416:Van
2139:poa
1890:In
1838:Van
1791:in
1783:in
1767:of
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878:Muş
859:or
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