Kurds in Turkey - Knowledge (XXG)

733: 627:"Evacuations were unlawful and violent. Security forces would surround a village using helicopters, armored vehicles, troops, and village guards, and burn stored produce, agricultural equipment, crops, orchards, forests, and livestock. They set fire to houses, often giving the inhabitants no opportunity to retrieve their possessions. During the course of such operations, security forces frequently abused and humiliated villagers, stole their property and cash, and ill-treated or tortured them before herding them onto the roads and away from their former homes. The operations were marked by scores of "disappearances" and extrajudicial executions. By the mid-1990s, more than 3,000 villages had been virtually wiped from the map, and, according to official figures, 378,335 Kurdish villagers had been displaced and left homeless." 2647:, 2017 estimate. "The territory, which the Kurds call Northern Kurdistan (Kurdistana Bakur), has 14.2 million inhabitants in 2016. According to several surveys, 86% of them are Kurds... So in 2016 there are about 12.2 million Kurds still living in Kurdistan in Turkey. We know that there are also strong Kurdish communities in the big Turkish metropolises like Istanbul, Izmir, Ankara, Adana and Mersin. The numerical importance of this "diaspora" is estimated according to sources at 7 to 10 million... Assuming an average estimate of 8 million Kurds in the Turkish part of Turkey, thus arrives at the figure of 20 million Kurds in Turkey." 414: 1412: 717: 368: 904: 402: 267:, food embargoes were placed on Kurdish villages and towns. There were many instances of Kurds being forcibly expelled from their villages by Turkish security forces. Many villages were reportedly set on fire or destroyed. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, political parties that represented Kurdish interests were banned. In 2013, a ceasefire effectively ended the violence until June 2015, when hostilities renewed between the PKK and the Turkish government over 1142: 49: 823: 1749:(ECRI) reports that (as of April 2010): "The public use by officials of the Kurdish language lays them open to prosecution, and public defence by individuals of Kurdish or minority interests also frequently leads to prosecutions under the Criminal Code." From the 1994 briefing at the International Human Rights Law Group: "the problem in Turkey is the Constitution is against the Kurds and the apartheid constitution is very similar to it." 1082: 6749: 1738:(ECHR) has condemned Turkey for thousands of human rights abuses. The judgments are related to executions of Kurdish civilians, torturing, forced displacements, destroyed villages, arbitrary arrests, murdered and disappeared Kurdish journalists. To cite a recent case, in 2018 and 2020, the ECHR ruled that the arrest and ongoing imprisonment of Selahattin Demirtaş was contrary to five articles in the 6289: 1533: 6582: 6761: 809: 6421: 1524:), compared to c. 3% of the Turks in the same region. Tribal affiliation was highest (73%) among the people who declared that they were Alevis. 18.5% of those who were a member of a tribe stated that their tribe was an important factor for their political decisions. Around 10% of the surveyed tribal members claimed it was economically important to be in a tribe. 1806: 534:, a policy targeting the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases, with disastrous consequences for the local population. The aim or the law was to spread the population with non-Turkish culture in to different areas than their origin, and to settle people who were willing to adhere to the Turkish culture in the formerly non-Turkish areas. The 620:, as well as to the cities of western Turkey and even to western Europe. The causes of the depopulation included the Turkish state's military operations against Kurdish population, some PKK atrocities against Kurdish clans they could not control and the poverty of the southeast. In the 1990s, hope for an end to the conflict emerged, as the 4228: 1453:, 6.4% spoke Turkish, and 1.4% spoke Zaza as their mother language. Around 2% of the surveyed people who identified as Zaza, but not Kurd expressed that their mother tongue was Kurdish. 3.1% of the Turks and 4.6% of Arabs also stated that they spoke Kurdish. Concerning Alevi people, c. 70% spoke Zaza, 20% Kurdish and 10% Turkish. 5247: 1721: 1502:

was higher compared to Turkish population of the region. Only around 11% of Alevis declared that there were someone with headscarf in their household. 4.3% of both Kurd and Zaza groups were members of a specific religious sect, which was roughly double the rate of regional Turkish and Alevi population.

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The largest tribes of the Kurds of Central Anatolia are the Bazaini or Shaikh Bazaini, Judikan, Saifkan, Chelebi, Janbeki, Jehanbegli, Khallikan, Mutikan, Hajibani, Barakati, Badeli, Ukhchizhemi, Rashvan, Sherdi, Urukchi, Milan, Zirikan, Atmanikan, and Tirikan. Formerly, some of the Janbegli, Rashvan

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regularly show similar patterns. On the other hand, people who are Alevis show the least amount of religiosity and lowest observance rates, both regionally and nationally. 96 to 97 percent of the surveyed Kurd and Zaza groups in Eastern Turkey had someone in their household who wears headscarf, which

871:(HDP), which holds 58 out of 600 seats in the Parliament, a multi-ethnic society and friendly Turkish-Kurdish relations. Critics have accused the party of mainly representing the interests of the Kurdish minority in south-eastern Turkey, where the party polls the highest. The Turkish Government under 1386:

in 2000 puts the number at 12,600,000 people, or 15.7% of the population. One Western source estimates that up to 25% of the Turkish population is Kurdish (approximately 18-19 million people). Kurdish nationalists put the figure at 20,000,000 to 25,000,000. All of the above figures are for the

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or the teaching of the Kurdish language was equated of supporting terrorist activities by the PKK. By 2017, measures taken to curtail efforts to promote Kurdish culture within Turkey had included changing street names that honored Kurdish figures, removing statues of Kurdish heroes, and closing down

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were officially prohibited in public and private life. Many people who spoke, published, or sang in Kurdish were arrested and imprisoned. In Turkey, it is illegal to use Kurdish as a language of instruction in both public and private schools. The Kurdish language is only allowed as a subject in some

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Around 75% of the Kurds stated that they either had "very good" or "good" proficiency in their respective mother languages. 55% of those who had "very good" or "good" proficiency in their mother language stated that their children were also proficient. Around 75% of the Kurds and 2% of the Zazas

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claims the closest figure should be above 17.8%, taking into account political context and the potential biases in responses recorded in surveys and censuses. The population growth rate of Kurds in the 1970s was given as 3.27%. According to two studies (2006 and 2008) study by KONDA, people who

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Since the 1980s, Kurdish movements have included both peaceful political activities for basic civil rights for Kurds in Turkey as well as armed rebellion and guerrilla warfare, including military attacks aimed mainly at Turkish military bases, demanding first a separate Kurdish state and later

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17.3% of the surveyed people who identify as Kurdish answered the question "Which form of polity do Kurdish people want?" as "an independent Kurdish state". Around 25% of the non-Kurdish participants gave the same answer to the question. Roughly 33% of the Kurdish participants answered "more

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in majority-Kurdish Diyarbakir. The show, written by a Kurdish screenwriter, professed to be the first in the popular genre to portray the Kurds in a positive light. The show was set to debut in early 2012, but suffered numerous delays, some say because of the controversial subject.

1424:. In some Kurdish dominated provinces women give birth to 7.1 children on average. Women in Kurdish dominated provinces of eastern Turkey also have an illiteracy rate about three times higher than men, which correlates with higher birth rates. In 2000 66% of 15-year-old girls from 1003:

12.3% of those surveyed find the government policies concerning Kurdish issues "definitely successful", while those who said "definitely unsuccessful" were 11.7 percent. 31.5 percent of the respondents stated that the "main element connecting the Kurds and the Turks" was

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and/or speaks Kurmanji or Zazaki as a mother tongue correspond to 13.4% of the population. Based on higher birth rates among Kurdish people, and using 2000 Census results, KONDA suggested that this figure rises to 15.7% when children are included, at the end of 2007.

1008:, 24% stated that they shared a common history, and the rate of those who said "democratic society" was 4.5 percent. To the question "How do you evaluate the dismissal of some provincial and district mayorships and the appointment of trustees by proxy after the 604:

was set up and armed by the Turkish state around 1984 to combat the PKK. The militia comprises local Kurds and it has around 58,000 members. Some of the village guards are fiercely loyal to the Turkish state, leading to infighting among Kurdish militants.

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early in June 2010. The air attack was reported 4 days later in a news article released immediately after the attack. The tense condition has continued on the border since 2007, with both sides responding to each other's every offensive move.

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Turkish government statistics show that Kurdish women in Turkey give birth to about four children, more than double the rate for the rest of the Turkish population. The Kurdish population is growing, while the rest of the country has birth rates

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In addition to the Turkmen tribes, after ca. 1800, a number of Kurdish tribes such as the Cihanbeyli, Resvan and Sihbizin began to move out of the eastern and southeastern provinces into central Anatolia, considerably increasing the number

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attack on Kurdish activists), Turkey bombed alleged PKK bases in Iraq, following the PKK's unilateral decision to end the cease-fire (after many months of increasing tensions) and its suspected killing of two policeman in the town of

1133:), one of the first films in Kurdish. Arıç rejected musical stardom at the cost of debasing his language and culture. As a result of singing in Kurdish, he was imprisoned, and then obliged to flee to Syria and eventually to Germany. 573:, DPT) was established under the Prime Ministry to solve the problem of Kurdish separatism and underdevelopment. In 1961, the DPT prepared a report titled "The principles of the state's development plan for the east and southeast" ( 5892:"Implementation of the Helsinki Accords Criminalizing Parliamentary Speech in Turkey. Briefing by the International Human Rights Law Group." May 1994. Before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, Washington DC. 1756:

received a jail sentence. This prompted one member of the U.S. House of Representative, Elizabeth Furse, to accuse Turkey of being a racist state and continuing to deny the Kurds a voice in the state". Abbas Manafy from

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for the Kurds. According to a state-sponsored Turkish opinion poll, 59% of self-identified Kurds in Turkey think that Kurds in Turkey do not seek a separate state (while 71.3% of self-identified Turks think they do).

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as their mother language. A study published in 2015 that demographically analysed the Kurdish inhabited regions of Turkey (excluding diaspora) concluded that c. 92% people belonging to Kurdish ethnic identity spoke

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announced that they would obey, stating that the year of 2013 is the year of solution either through war or through peace. On 25 April 2013, the PKK announced that it would be withdrawing all its forces within

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Following Turkey's electoral board decision to bar prominent Kurdish candidates who had allegedly outstanding warrants or were part of ongoing investigations for PKK-links from standing in upcoming elections,

1116:Şivan Perwer is a composer, vocalist and tembûr player. He concentrates mainly on political and nationalistic music—of which he is considered the founder in Kurdish music—as well as classical and folk music. 1484:, which contrasted the local Turkish and Arab population, both of whom were overwhelmingly Hanafi. 3.1% of the Kurds and 14.8% of Zazas were Alevi, compared to 5.4 percent of Turks and 1.1 percent of Arabs. 1761:

claims "The Kurdish deprivation of their own culture, language, and tradition is incompatible with democratic norms. It reflects an apartheid system that victimizes minorities like Armenians, Kurds, and

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prohibited the use of Kurdish in public places, and a law was issued which enabled the expropriation of the Kurdish landowners and the delivery of the land to Turkish speaking people. Through the

1457:(58.4% for Zazaki) declared that they spoke Kurdish at home. Turkish was spoken by 22.4% and 38.3% at home, respectively. Turkish (70%) was the dominant household language for Alevi population. 207:. According to various estimates, they compose between 15% and 20% of the population of Turkey. There are Kurds living in various provinces of Turkey, but they are primarily concentrated in the 1487:

Kurds and Zazas in Eastern Turkey are found to be more religious compared to both general population of Turkey and the Turkish population in the same region. Religious observance rates such as

581:), shortened to "Eastern Report". It proposed to defuse separatism by encouraging ethnic mixing through migration (to and from the Southeast). This was not unlike the policies pursued by the 1404:

Since the immigration to the big cities in the west of Turkey, interethnic marriage has become more common. A 2013 study estimates that there are 2,708,000 marriages between Turks and Kurds/

769:(which the group denied carrying out). Violence soon spread throughout the country. Many Kurdish businesses were destroyed by mobs. The headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish rights 387:

tribes migrated into central Anatolia from the east and southeast. The total Kurdish population in Turkey was estimated at 1.5 million in the 1880s, many of whom were nomadic or pastoral.

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and had the "ulterior purpose of stifling pluralism and limiting freedom of political debate" and ordered Turkey to pay him 25,000 Euros in compensation. Turkey refused to release him.

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of partial Kurdish ancestry, was critical of the report. From the establishment of the Inspectorate Generals until 1965, South East Turkey, was a forbidden area for foreigners.

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operations against Kurdish rebels in Turkish Kurdistan have killed hundreds of civilians, displaced hundreds of thousands, and caused massive destruction in residential areas.

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Due to the clashes between Turkish Army and the PKK the countryside in the southeast was depopulated, with Kurdish civilians moving to local defensible centers such as

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The majority of Kurds live in Turkey. Estimations on the Kurdish population in Turkey varies considerably according to sources. A professor of political science,

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also recognized the Kurds as a nation at the time and stated that provinces in which the Kurds lived shall be granted autonomy. After the establishment of the

6726: 6278: 3994: 683:. On 21 March 2013, after months of negotiations with the Turkish Government, Abdullah Ocalan's letter to people was read both in Turkish and Kurdish during 4461: 4135: 2918: 2749: 621: 268: 2738:

Sandra Mackey , "The reckoning: Iraq and the legacy of Saddam", W.W. Norton and Company, 2002. Excerpt from pg 350: "As much as 25% of Turkey is Kurdish."

655:(DTP) on the 11 December 2009. In 2010, after clashes between the PKK and the government forces in eastern and southeastern Turkey, several locations in 5894: 4243: 3541: 3763: 1715: 242:. The words "Kurds" or "Kurdistan" were banned in any language by the Turkish government, though "Kurdish" was allowed in census reports. Following 5236:"Kürt Seçmenlerin Oy Verme Dinamikleri: Kuzeydoğu-Ortadoğu ve Güneydoğu Anadolu Alt Bölgelerinde Seçmenin Siyasal Tercihlerinin Sosyolojik Analizi" 5133: 4292: 2596: 6791: 5264:

Houston, Christopher (2005). "Creating a Diaspora within a Country: Kurds in Turkey". In Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.).

4827: 4678: 1062: 816: 647:(MHP) over concerns over the ethnic and national unity of the state. It ended in December 2009, following an attack on Turkish soldiers by the 4149: 396: 6192: 6171: 6150: 6129: 6106: 6085: 6064: 6043: 6019: 5998: 5977: 5947: 5707: 5327: 5285: 5050: 5016: 4918: 4810: 4665: 4552: 3900: 3679: 3639: 3611: 3488: 3408: 3377: 3350: 3323: 3296: 3263: 3191: 3147: 3093: 2995: 2902: 2835: 2810: 2239: 956: 940: 908: 868: 812: 770: 738: 652: 640: 272: 4079: 524: 6563: 6548: 5625: 1628:

provinces) since about 16th century. They number between 50,000 and 100,000 people. The core of the Kurds of Central Anatolia is formed by

803: 787: 562: 535: 5850: 4006: 3741: 2758: 4862: 4487: 3700:"Genocide in Kurdistan? The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38) and the Chemical War Against the Iraqi Kurds (1988)" 3699: 3255:

The Intimate Life of an Ottoman Statesman, Melek Ahmed Pasha (1588-1662): As Portrayed in Evliya Celebi's Book of Travels (Seyahat-name)

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During the violent suppressions of numerous Kurdish rebellions since the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, such as the

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wrote that Kurdish sources tend to exaggerate numbers, while the states that Kurds live in often undercount the Kurdish population.

876: 432: 2706: 2682: 5875: 5543: 4105: 6271: 6231: 4986: 2359: 948: 944: 6556: 4276: 4272:"Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation" 2531: 1758: 669: 582: 471:

denied the Kurds autonomy. The Kurdish people and their language were soon oppressed by the Turkish Government, as the Turkish

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Their numbers are estimated at 14,000,000 people by the CIA world factbook (18% of population). A report commissioned by the

488: 292:, which was of Kurdish origin, ruled a territory from Diyarbakir that included parts of Syria and Iraq from 984 to 1083. The 271:. Violence was widely reported against ordinary Kurdish citizens and the headquarters and branches of the pro-Kurdish rights 72: 558: 243: 4751: 6635: 2577: 2441: 2344: 2077: 1085: 753: 531: 6739: 5422: 5395: 5107: 2616:"The CIA World Factbook: Turkey (19% of a total population of 80.2 million (2017) gives a figure of about 15.25 million)" 1106: 1058: 777:

raised their concerns over the attacks on civilians and the blockade of Cizre. In 2008 and also in the indictment in the

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comprises a sizable minority of about 30%. 24.4% of the Kurds and 9.8% of Zazas declared that they were belonging to

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were also attacked. There are reports of civilians being killed in several Kurdish populated towns and villages. The

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33.4% of the Kurds and 21.2% of the Zaza from Eastern Turkey declared that they had tribal affiliations (Kurdish:

1421: 972: 928: 891:(at the time HDP party leaders) and several other members of Parliament of the HDP are imprisoned as part of the 484: 239: 2925: 2747: 1581: 1411: 1387:

number of people who identify as Kurds, not the number who speak a Kurdish language, but include both Kurds and

716: 6781: 6657: 6482: 4882:"The CIA World Factbook: Turkey (18% of a total population of 79.7 million gives a figure of about 14 million)" 2660: 1997: 960: 952: 1706:

tribe live. It is said that the new generation of Kurdish people in some settlements no longer speak Kurdish.

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Before the foundation of Turkey, the Kurds were recognized as an own Nation of themselves. The Turkish leader

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was created in January 1936 in the Dersim region and the Kurdish language and culture were forbidden. The

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Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries

4515: 4421: 2640: 1703: 1110: 856:(Deputy Prime Minister) are examples of ministers with Kurdish background who worked as ministers in the 384: 6647: 6410: 3166: 2950: 2454: 2037: 1033: 752:. Protesters were met with tear gas and water cannons; 37 people were killed in protests. Following the 691:. The letter called a cease-fire that included disarmament and withdrawal from Turkish soil and calling 456: 452: 223: 112: 5651: 4267: 3630:

Bozarslan, Hamit (17 April 2008). Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat; Kunt, I. Metin; Fleet, Kate (eds.).

1589: 1425: 1120: 916: 888: 761: 516: 4568: 401: 234:, massacres have periodically been committed against the Kurds, with one prominent incident being the 6640: 6610: 6507: 6209: 4963:"Kurdish political rights and its impact on the Middle East economy and Stability. By Hiwa Nezhadian" 4263: 2550: 2264: 2249: 2070: 1791: 1613: 1027: 996: 830: 601: 448: 4942:"Kurdish PKK chief Murat Karayilan says will spread to Turkish cities if we were attacked by Turkey" 4831: 4682: 1664: 1012:?" 26.5 percent of the participants answered the question as positive and 38.2 percent as negative. 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6615: 6442: 6385: 6353: 3066:"After Being Banned for Almost a Century, Turkey's Kurds Are Clamoring to Learn Their Own Language" 2601: 2555: 2524: 2274: 2244: 1987: 1927: 1123:(Feqiyê Teyra). He began with singing in Turkish, and made his directorial debut and also stars in 924: 912: 496: 320: 5006: 2851: 849: 826: 6620: 6420: 6395: 6292: 3974: 3921: 3916: 3462: 3454: 2828:

The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War

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The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War

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Two or the four primary dialects of Kurdish are used by the Central Anatolian Kurds. These are

987:(1975–92). Banned parties include HEP, ÖZDEP (1993), DEP (1994), HADEP (2003), and DTP (2009). 6652: 6537: 6532: 6492: 6400: 6188: 6167: 6146: 6125: 6102: 6081: 6060: 6039: 6015: 5994: 5973: 5943: 5703: 5555: 5524: 5456: 5414: 5371: 5347: 5323: 5281: 5198: 5046: 5012: 4914: 4858: 4806: 4661: 4548: 4300: 3896: 3873: 3675: 3635: 3607: 3579: 3521: 3496: 3484: 3446: 3404: 3373: 3346: 3319: 3292: 3259: 3253: 3187: 3143: 3116: 3089: 3044: 2991: 2987: 2898: 2831: 2806: 2545: 2405: 2397: 2369: 2364: 2354: 2304: 2299: 2279: 2057: 2012: 1914: 1870: 1860: 1657: 1617: 1585: 1481: 1450: 1174: 1125: 864: 845: 822: 791: 782: 774: 660: 380: 247: 216: 146: 122: 31: 5730: 5697: 3313: 3288: 3040: 1000:

democratic Turkey", meanwhile those who responded "autonomy" composed 24.5% of the surveyed.

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According to Ahmet Nezihî Turan the first Kurdish settlement in Central Anatolia was named

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and the political society has organized several campaigns to facilitate a reconciliation.

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that took place during these events. In 1937–38, approximately 10,000-15,000 Alevis and

356: 17: 5911:"Ankara's Decision to Sentence Leyla Zana: A Blatant Violation of Freedom of Expression" 3493:

Der verpasste Friede: Mission, Ethnie und Staat in den Ostprovinzen der Türkei 1839–1938

2714: 2690: 600:. From 1984 to 1999, the Turkish military was embroiled in a conflict with the PKK. The 6600: 6375: 6330: 5572:"EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: Turkey Ranks First in Violations in between 1959-2011" 5540: 3249: 3065: 3035:

The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East

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The Environment of Insecurity in Turkey and the Emigration of Turkish Kurds to Germany

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On 6 and 7 October 2014, riots erupted in various cities in Turkey for protesting the

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Patriarchy After Patriarchy: Gender Relations in Turkey and in the Balkans, 1500-2000

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blames the HDP of holding relations with the armed militia PKK and has dismissed and

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Iskalanmış barış: Doğu Vilayetleri'nde misyonerlik, etnik kimlik ve devlet 1839–1938

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and literature at Turkish universities from writing their dissertations in Kurdish.

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dismissed another 45 Mayors from the 65 Mayorships the party won. Since 2016 also

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Dr. Mikaili, "Devlet Kürtçe'ye Kapıları Açtı, Ya Biz Orta Anadolu Kürtleri ?"

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Yegen, Mesut (2009). "'Prospective-Turks' or 'Pseudo-Citizens:' Kurds in Turkey".

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Kurdish who have difficulty understanding the dialect spoken in Haymana where the

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through the implementation of emergency decrees and martial law. The areas around

6182: 6161: 6096: 6075: 6054: 6033: 6009: 5988: 5967: 5937: 5799: 5277: 5064:"Kürtlerin nüfusu 11 milyonda İstanbul"da 2 milyon Kürt yaşıyor - Dizi Haberleri" 4542: 4396: 4370: 4214: 3573: 3398: 3367: 3340: 3181: 3137: 3110: 3083: 2892: 1391:. Estimates based on native languages place the Kurdish population at 6% to 23%; 786:

television channels broadcasting in the Kurdish language. In July 2020, Turkey's

6288: 3831: 2181: 1668: 1466: 1166: 808: 679:, said that the government was conducting negotiations with jailed rebel leader 613: 406: 296:, also of Kurdish origin (but identifying first and foremost as Muslims), ruled 163: 3236:

The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland

1153:(1425–1495) as the first well-known poet who wrote in Kurdish. He was from the 527:

brought a new approach towards the Kurds and closed the General Inspectorates.

238:. The Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" until 1991, and 5939:

The Kurdish Political Struggles in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey: A Critical Analysis

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The Kurdisch Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy

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Asemblee Parlementaire, Documents De Seance: Session Ordinaire D'octobre 2006

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The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy

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The Kurds And the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, And Iran

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Top Hat, Grey Wolf and Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic

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The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925

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Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia: rural socio-economy in the Bronze and Iron Ages

1652:(Atatürk) mentioned them as "Konya çöllerindeki Kürtler" (Kurds in the Konya 5826:"itemid":%5b"001-187961"%5d} "CASE OF SELAHATTİN DEMİRTAŞ v. TURKEY (No. 2)" 5523:

Peter Alford Andrews, Türkiye'de Etnik Gruplar, ANT Yayınları, Aralık 1992,

4730: 4244:"The Motion before Turkey's Constitutional Court to Ban the Pro-Kurdish HDP" 3917:"Still critical: Prospects in 2005 for Internally Displaced Kurds in Turkey" 3877: 2986:. Turkey: Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA) and 2488: 2483: 2176: 2141: 2131: 2101: 1851: 1057:

According to human rights organisations, since the beginning of the ongoing

440: 323:(or exile) of Kurds to Central Anatolia was carried out during the reign of 5320:

Kazak Refugees in Turkey: A Study of Cultural Persistence and Social Change

4623:

TURKEY: Kurdish teenager convicted as terrorist for attending demonstration

4544:

Nation-Building in Turkey and Morocco: Governing Kurdish and Berber Dissent

6074:

Lois Whitman; Helsinki Watch (Organization : U.S.) (1 January 1993).

5270:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

5088:

Kurdish Life in Contemporary Turkey: Migration, Gender and Ethnic Identity

4132:"KCK official says PKK not responsible for murders of 2 Turkish policemen" 3001: 479:, Kurds were classified as being of Turanian origin, having migrated from 4229:"Turkey should ensure immediate access to Cizre by independent observers" 3807: 3768: 2774: 2665: 2498: 2416: 2206: 2166: 2106: 2096: 1699: 1687: 1633: 1437: 675:

On the eve of the 2012 year (28 December), the prime minister of Turkey,

421: 372: 344: 5301: 3458: 1101:

on television and radio was banned in Turkey, affecting singers such as

639:, a short-lived peace process was started, but was not supported by the 579:

Devletin Doğu ve Güneydoğu'da uygulayacağı kalkınma programının esasları

5626:

The European Court of Human Rights: Case of Benzer and others v. Turkey

4057: 3946:"The Kurdish Peace Process in Turkey: Genesis, Evolution and Prospects" 3115:. Münster: New York, N.Y.: Lit ; St. Martin's press. p. 182. 2216: 2201: 2111: 1805: 1680: 1473: 324: 1205:

Historical Kurdish population according to census results (1927–1970)

6581: 5164: 4640:"Turkey's Campaign Against Kurdish Militants Takes Toll on Civilians" 4150:"Turkish jets target Kurds in Iraq, Islamic State militants in Syria" 2713:(in Turkish). Koza İpek Gazetecilik ve Yayıncılık A.Ş. Archived from 2689:(in Turkish). Koza İpek Gazetecilik ve Yayıncılık A.Ş. Archived from 2421: 2146: 1856: 1763: 1691: 1653: 1477: 1185:

In 2011, Kanal D, Turkey's largest television station, began filming

701: 684: 204: 4422:"Turkey replaces four more Kurdish mayors over alleged terror links" 3442: 5825: 4803:

Turkey's ever present past: Stories from Turkish Republican History

4656:

Yurdatapan, Şanar. 2004. "Turkey: Censorship past and present." In

4007:"YSK ruling throws Ankara into tumultuous search for exit strategy" 3893:

The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance

3709:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 141–170. 3167:"'Lynching Campaign' Targets Kurds in Turkey, HDP Offices Attacked" 3085:

The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance

6245: 6218: 3672:

Islam, Secularism and Nationalism in Modern Turkey: Who is a Turk?

2852:"Kurdish Language Policy in Turkey | Kurdish Academy Of Languages" 2461: 2221: 1886: 1815: 1676: 1492: 1469: 1410: 1405: 1397: 1388: 1140: 1080: 902: 834: 821: 550:

were killed and thousands went into exile. A key component of the

547: 400: 366: 196: 183: 5495:, Schriften des Geographische institut Kiel, VII, 3, Kiel, 1937. 5409:

Ayşe Yıldırım, Ç. Ceyhan Suvari, İlker M. İşoğlu, Tülin Bozkurt,

4215:"Turkey Kurds: Many dead in Cizre violence as MPs' march blocked" 1177:

were prohibited to be used and only in 2013, the ban was lifted.

4488:"Imprisoned Co-Mayors from Kurdish Region by Turkish Government" 2775:

Turkey - Linguistic and Ethnic Groups - U.S. Library of Congress

1876: 1866: 1173:. During decades, the letters X, Q, and W which are part of the 757: 741:

supporters celebrating election results in Istanbul, 8 June 2015

705: 6552: 6260: 5775:"European Court of Human Rights says Turkey must free Demirtas" 5134:"Bevölkerung: Die Kurden und das Geburtenproblem in der Türkei" 1720: 672:

erupted on April 19, 2011, resulting in at least one casualty.

5851:"Turkish court keeps Selahattin Demirtas in jail despite ECHR" 4486:(GABB), Union of Southeastern Anatolia Region Municipalities. 2977:"In your opinion, do the Kurds want to have a separate state?" 3864:(1). Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute: 47–63. 596:

During the 1970s, the separatist movement coalesced into the

5752:"Justice Comes from European Court for a Kurdish Journalist" 4326:"Turkey bans writing of university dissertations in Kurdish" 6201: 6163:

Activists in Office: Kurdish Politics and Protest in Turkey

6098:

The State and Kurds in Turkey: The Question of Assimilation

5493:

Forschungen in Inneranatolien II: Die Steppe als Lebensraum

5191:"Bevölkerungsentwicklung: Schafft auch die Türkei sich ab?" 4516:"Turkey detains five Kurdish mayors as crackdown continues" 3139:

Diasporas and Homeland Conflicts: A Comparative Perspective

554:

process was the policy of massive population resettlement.

530:

Referring to the main policy document in this context, the

523:

were under his rule until 1952, when the government of the

467:. The policy towards the Kurds changed most prominently in 6206: 4752:"Mem u Zîn – A Classic Kurdish Epic from the 17th-Century" 4293:"Amid Turkey's Purge, a Renewed Attack on Kurdish Culture" 2805:(1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 3. 6077:

The Kurds of Turkey: Killings, Disappearances and Torture

4984:

Ethnologue census of languages in Asian portion of Turkey

4172:"We really can't succeed against ISIL without Turkey: US" 3995:

Turkish air force bombs Kurdish rebels in Iraq: TV report

3234:

Mark Sykes, "The Kurdish Tribes of the Ottoman Empire",

3039:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. p. 1480:

school, meanwhile the vast majority of them were of the

4598:"Türkiye'deki Kürtler nasıl bir yönetim şekli istiyor?" 4249:

German Institute for International and Security Affairs

1097:

Between 1982 and 1991, the performance or recording of

4032:"One killed in Kurdish protests in Turkey: politician" 3856:

Radu, Michael (2001). "The Rise and Fall of the PKK".

3734:"Alevi-CHP rift continues to grow after Öymen remarks" 487:

and Kurds were called Mountain Turks. From 1927 on, a

6737: 5266:

Creating a Diaspora within a Country: Kurds in Turkey

4705:"1997 human rights watch international film festival" 3372:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. 3161: 3159: 4681:. Creative Work Fund. 2 October 2005. Archived from 4106:"Anatomy of Protests against the invasion of Kobani" 3186:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 226. 1415:

Percentage of Kurdish population in Turkey by region

215:

of the country within the region viewed by Kurds as

6714: 6666: 6593: 6525: 6428: 6306: 6299: 1436:The majority of people who identify as Kurds speak 177: 156: 140: 102: 62: 6117: 5106:. KONDA. July 2010. pp. 19–20. Archived from 5011:. New York: Edwin Mellen Press. pp. 117–118. 3542:"the Dersim rebellion, the last Kurdish rebellion" 3280: 3032: 1747:European Commission Against Racism and Intolerance 1119:Another important Kurdish musician from Turkey is 5090:, Anna Grabolle Celiker, p. 160, I.B.Tauris, 2013 4777:"Letters Q, W, And X Were Once Illegal in Turkey" 3925:. Vol. 17, no. 2. March 2005. p. 3 3021:have targeted also Kurdish and Turkish civilians. 5661:. Human rights handbooks, No. 6. pp. 11, 13 3345:. Ofis Ticaret Matbaacilik Limited. p. 54. 1465:Most of the Kurdish people living in Turkey are 53:Kurdish-majority regions of Turkey according to 4080:"Kurdish Group to Pull Armed Units from Turkey" 863:There are also political parties that supports 5302:"Kurd | History, Culture, & Language" 4857:(in Turkish). Civiyazilari. pp. 102–113. 4345:"Erdogan claims HDP not Kurds' representative" 3803:"Kürtlerle Karadenizliler yer değiştirsinler!" 3707:Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions 3693: 3691: 1727:; Kurdish politician who was awarded the 1995 307:("Kurds"), founded in Yaban Âbâd (present-day 6564: 6272: 5917:. Vol. 144, no. 141. 9 October 1998 5800:"Turkey ordered to release opposition leader" 2525: 1065:and some 40,000 people have been killed. The 635:In 2009, under the lead of Interior Minister 8: 6246:"The Ethnic Identity of the Kurds in Turkey" 5368:İç Anadolu Kürtleri-Konya, Ankara, Kırlşehir 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 4660:, edited by Marie Korpe. London: Zed Books. 4369:Zeynep GÜRCANLI- Aysel ALP (22 April 2015). 2789:, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 90–91. 840:Kurdish politicians participate in Turkey's 420:fleeing to Turkey in April 1991, during the 41: 5942:. University Press of America. p. 99. 5699:The Kurds: A Nation on the Way to Statehood 5436:Müslüm Yücel, "Tuz Gölü Kürtleri", I-VIII, 5184: 5182: 3634:. Cambridge University Press. p. 340. 2897:. Cambridge University Press. p. 134. 269:Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War 6571: 6557: 6549: 6303: 6279: 6265: 6257: 6181:Stavroula Chrisdoulaki (1 December 2010). 5731:"Police arrest and assistance of a lawyer" 5411:Artakalanlar: Anadolu'dan etnik manzaralar 2655: 2653: 2532: 2518: 1773: 1203: 1086:Kurdish man jumping the fire during Newroz 47: 40: 3520:. University of Texas Press. p. 91. 3342:The History of the Kingdom of Van, Urartu 3222:, Kızılcahamam Belediye Yayınları, 1999. 3077: 3075: 2984:Public Perception of the Kurdish Question 6797:Kurdish people by country of citizenship 6120:The Kurds in Turkey: A Political Dilemma 5696:Abdulla, Jamal Jalal (7 February 2012). 5272:. Boston, MA: Springer US. p. 405. 4658:Shoot the Singer! Music Censorship Today 2919:"COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES" 2734: 2732: 1719: 1716:Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey 1531: 923:Parties in Turkey with high emphasis on 807: 412: 6744: 6145:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 5993:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 4231:. Council of Europe. 11 September 2015. 2589: 1776: 1052:Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) 5685:. Human Rights Watch. 2002. p. 7. 4907:Gunter, Michael M. (4 November 2010). 4876: 4874: 3287:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 3206: 1698:. Generally, their mother language is 1063:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey 995:According to a 2020 poll conducted by 817:November 2015 Turkish general election 779:Peoples' Democratic Party closure case 27:Ethnic group in the Republic of Turkey 5773:Kucukgocmen, Ali (22 December 2020). 5101:"Kürt Meselesi̇ni̇ Yeni̇den Düşünmek" 4855:Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar 4592: 4590: 4445: 4443: 4401:HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI 4375:HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI 4060:(in Turkish). Ntvmsnbc. December 2012 3625: 3623: 3597: 3595: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3511: 3509: 3424: 3422: 3420: 2894:Nation Building in Turkey and Morocco 2240:Kurdish rebellions during World War I 1440:, meanwhile a minority of them speak 589:. The Minister of Labor of the time, 7: 5189:Martens, Michael (20 October 2010). 4569:"Kürtler bağımsız devlet istiyor mu" 3975:"Kurdish War: The Ceasefire Is Over" 3169:. Armenian Weekly. 9 September 2015. 1660:(Yalman) dated January 16/17, 1923. 1169:who wrote the Kurdish national epic 1061:in 1978, there have been over 4,000 804:Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey 103:Regions with significant populations 6160:Nicole F. Watts (8 November 2010). 5876:"ECRI report on Turkey (4th cycle)" 5631:(Report). 24 March 2014. p. 57 3832:"Local guards divide Turkish Kurds" 3705:. In Andreopoulos, George J (ed.). 3318:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 18–. 2826:Jongerden, Joost (1 January 2007). 2802:Contemporary Turkish foreign policy 1740:European Convention on Human Rights 985:Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan 951:(illegal). Defunct parties include 653:ban of the Democratic Society Party 622:PKK has declared several ceasefires 443:in Turkey, there have been several 315:near Ankara) in 1463. According to 6166:. University of Washington Press. 6139:Henri J. Barkey (1 January 2000). 5990:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 5604:The European Court of Human Rights 5253:from the original on 24 June 2021. 5132:Kálnoky, Boris (8 November 2012). 4910:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 4291:Kingsley, Patrick (29 June 2017). 3801:; Akar, Rıdvan (22 January 2008). 3740:. 24 November 2009. Archived from 3403:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 98. 3183:Historical Dictionary of the Kurds 3142:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 63. 2683:"MGK'nın sır raporu ortaya çıktı!" 1671:were the Kurds of Inner Anatolia. 1384:National Security Council (Turkey) 1200:Demographics of the Kurdish people 351:had 60,000 warriors. Their chief, 25: 4371:"HDP seçim bildirgesini açıkladı" 3891:Gunes, Cengiz (11 January 2013). 3830:Beattie, Meriel (4 August 2006). 2765:UNICEF Children in the Population 881:municipal elections in March 2019 877:arrested dozens of elected Mayors 397:Deportations of Kurds (1916–1934) 359:in the Lake Van region, in 1643. 6759: 6747: 6580: 6419: 6287: 5370:, Komkar Yayınları, Köln, 1992, 3602:Jongerden, Joost (28 May 2007). 3578:. New York: Hurst. p. 121. 3315:Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710 3279:Daniel Farson (1 January 1985). 3017:Some Kurdish movements, such as 2661:"Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!" 1804: 1568:who have immigrated and been in 1536:Map of Kurds of Central Anatolia 949:Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan 945:Kurdistan Democratic Party/North 731: 715: 379:After ca. 1800, the Cihanbeyli, 300:in the 12th and 13th centuries. 5322:, Academiae Ubsaliensis, 1989, 4395:Cansu Çamlibel (14 July 2014). 4277:Genocide Studies and Prevention 4058:"Yes, we negotiate with Öcalan" 3895:. Routledge. pp. 133–135. 3723:, I.B.Tauris, Mayıs 2004, s.209 3698:Bruinessen, Martin van (1994). 3674:. Routledge. pp. 108–110. 3632:The Cambridge History of Turkey 1759:New Mexico Highlands University 1667:, the original breeders of the 583:Committee of Union and Progress 5830:European Court of Human Rights 5754:. Kurdish Human Rights Project 5738:European Court of Human Rights 5659:European Court of Human Rights 5576:Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi 5455:, Kaynak Yayınları, Cilt: 14, 5346:, Evrensel Basım Yayım, 2004, 5246:(in Turkish). pp. 36–52. 5195:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 5041:, A.R. Ghassemlou, M. Pallis, 4913:. Scarecrow Press. p. 3. 4547:. Cambridge University Press. 4451:"The Trustee Regime in Turkey" 4397:"Otoriter lidere alternatifim" 4343:Khalidi, Ari (5 August 2017). 3788:, Emre Yayınları, 2006, p. 18. 3670:Cagaptay, Soner (2 May 2006). 2597:How many Kurds live in Turkey? 1736:European Court of Human Rights 844:, as well as smaller parties. 829:, minister of Finance, at the 1: 6792:History of the Kurdish people 6038:. Syracuse University Press. 5477:Sultan-Dagh und Akschehir-Ova 5234:Yeğen, Mesut (January 2015). 5160:"Turkey's Kurdish Arithmetic" 4830:. The Caravan. Archived from 4575:(in Turkish). 12 January 2021 3870:10.1016/S0030-4387(00)00057-0 3721:A modern history of the Kurds 3258:. SUNY Press. pp. 150–. 2578:A Modern History of the Kurds 2078:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings 1157:region. Other well known are 1099:songs in the Kurdish language 927:or minority politics include 879:since the 2016 and since the 790:banned students studying the 469:1924, as the new constitution 240:denied the existence of Kurds 6727:Provinces by life expectancy 5936:A. Manafy (1 January 2005). 5278:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_40 5045:, 256 pp., Zed Books, 1992, 4197:"The hatred never went away" 3786:Çinli Hoca'nın torunu Ecevit 1636:) who live in the provinces 1396:self-identify as Kurdish or 1187:Ayrılık Olmasaydı: ben-u sen 1022:Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 933:Communist Party of Kurdistan 842:mainstream political parties 781:the demand for education in 6184:The Kurdish Issue in Turkey 5702:. AuthorHouse. p. 36. 4242:Can, Osman (17 June 2021). 4034:. France 24. Archived from 3339:Altan Çilingiroğlu (1988). 3180:Gunter, Michael M. (2018). 2705:Atar, Tolga (7 June 2008). 2681:Atar, Tolga (6 June 2008). 965:Freedom and Democracy Party 788:Council of Higher Education 563:State Planning Organization 542:is often confused with the 536:Fourth Inspectorate General 375:carpet, early 19th century. 6813: 6116:Michael M. Gunter (1990). 5987:Michael M. Gunter (2018). 5966:Michael M. Gunter (2009). 5606:(Report). Strasbourg. 2015 5440:gazetesi, 2000, İstanbul. 5043:A People Without A Country 4801:Silverman, Reuben (2015). 3220:Yaninâbâd Tarihini Ararken 3088:. Routledge. p. 130. 2645:Kurdish Institute of Paris 2285:Kurdish Republic of Lachin 2270:Kurdish Republic of Ararat 1713: 1509: 1197: 1019: 969:Kurdistan Islamic Movement 937:Islamic Party of Kurdistan 801: 651:on the 7 December and the 645:Nationalist Movement Party 493:First Inspectorate General 405:Kurdish mother and child, 394: 95:Kurdish Institute of Paris 29: 6417: 6307:Traditional Kurdish areas 6142:Turkey's Kurdish Question 5453:Atatürk'ün Bütün Eserleri 4731:"Institut Kurde de Paris" 4458:Peoples' Democratic Party 4217:. BBC. 10 September 2015. 3764:"Kürt kökenli olabilirim" 2669:(in Turkish). 6 June 2008 1675:and Milan tribes were of 1550:Kurdên Anatolyayê/Anatolê 1542:Kurds of Central Anatolia 1428:could not read or write. 973:Peace and Democracy Party 957:Democratic People's Party 941:Peoples' Democratic Party 929:Rights and Freedoms Party 919:had been arrested in 2016 869:Peoples' Democratic Party 858:61st government of Turkey 771:Peoples' Democratic Party 571:Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı 485:Kurdish nation was denied 483:5000 years ago. Hence, a 347:region, who according to 273:Peoples' Democratic Party 244:the military coup of 1980 182: 161: 145: 107: 67: 46: 18:Kurds of Central Anatolia 6658:Demographics of Istanbul 6212:10 February 2008 at the 5554:, Sayı: 45, Bahar 2010, 3655:Andreopoulos, George J. 3109:Ibrahim, Ferhad (2000). 2787:The Dynamic of Secession 2752:10 November 2013 at the 1656:) in the interview with 1067:conflict resumed in 2015 1059:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 1010:31 March local elections 977:People's Democracy Party 961:Democratic Society Party 693:an end to armed struggle 670:violent Kurdish protests 649:Kurdistan Workers' Party 641:Republican Peoples Party 598:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 532:1934 law on resettlement 265:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 6722:Provinces by population 6244:Martin van Bruinessen. 6053:Ferhad Ibrahim (2000). 5969:The A to Z of the Kurds 5306:Encyclopedia Britannica 4084:The Wall Street Journal 3019:Kurdistan Freedom Hawks 2799:Çelik, Yasemin (1999). 1422:below replacement level 815:Party's results at the 275:were attacked by mobs. 6587:Demographics of Turkey 6101:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6080:. Human Rights Watch. 6059:. LIT Verlag Münster. 5650:Aisling Reidy (2003). 4805:. Libra. p. 140. 3572:Poulton, Hugh (1997). 3516:Olson, Robert (1989). 3312:David Nicolle (2010). 3082:Gunes, Cengiz (2013). 3031:Olson, Robert (1996). 2641:The Kurdish Population 2568:List of Kurdish people 2563:Human rights in Turkey 1731: 1537: 1489:fasting during Ramadan 1416: 1213:Total Kurdish speakers 1149:Some sources consider 1146: 1089: 920: 837: 819: 578: 570: 477:Turkish History Thesis 453:Beyitüssebab rebellion 424: 410: 376: 339:or "Pinyanişi" was an 6008:Hakan Ozoglu (2012). 5546:12 March 2011 at the 5344:Orta Anadolu Kürtleri 4884:. CIA. Archived from 4828:"Days of Their Lives" 4781:www.amusingplanet.com 4541:Aslan, Senem (2014). 4264:Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove 3944:Yeğen, Mesut (2015). 3606:. BRILL. p. 53. 3283:A Traveller in Turkey 3238:, Vol. XXXVIII, 1908. 3136:Baser, Bahar (2015). 2891:Aslan, Senem (2014). 2830:. BRILL. p. 53. 2761:11 April 2020 at the 1734:Since the 1970s, the 1723: 1558:Orta Anadolu Kürtleri 1535: 1493:praying 5 times a day 1414: 1198:Further information: 1144: 1084: 1034:Sheikh Said rebellion 906: 893:2016 purges in Turkey 825: 811: 722:Kurds protesting the 659:were attacked by the 457:Sheikh Said Rebellion 416: 404: 395:Further information: 370: 224:Sheikh Said Rebellion 178:Related ethnic groups 6224:14 June 2006 at the 6095:Metin Heper (2007). 5915:Congressional Record 5897:24 June 2012 at the 4853:Fuat Dündar (2000). 4495:Initiative Kurdistan 4203:. 12 September 2015. 3218:Ahmet Nezili Turan, 2990:. 2009. p. 63. 2551:Minorities in Turkey 2385:Kurdish philosophers 2265:Kingdom of Kurdistan 2091:Karduchian dynasties 1679:origin and followed 1069:. In December 2015, 997:Kadir Has University 981:People's Labor Party 979:(HADEP; 1994–2003), 873:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 831:World Economic Forum 677:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 602:village guard system 473:Constitution of 1924 6228:(Kurdish / Turkish) 5972:. Scarecrow Press. 4646:. 30 December 2015. 4349:www.kurdistan24.net 4176:Hurriyet Daily News 4011:Hurriyet Daily News 3744:on 25 November 2009 3548:on 29 November 2014 3479:Hans-Lukas Kieser, 3431:Middle East Journal 3397:Karl Kaser (2008). 2785:Bartkus, Viva Ona, 2602:Hurriyet Daily News 2556:Armenians in Turkey 2275:Republic of Mahabad 2245:Simko Shikak revolt 1562:İç Anadolu Kürtleri 1206: 925:Kurdish nationalism 913:Selahattin Demirtas 885:Selahattin Demirtaş 726:, 29 September 2014 355:, strengthened the 331:Early modern period 321:population transfer 149: • 43: 6293:Kurdish population 6124:. Westview Press. 5806:. 20 November 2018 5740:. 2015. p. 1. 5597:Annual Report 2014 5113:on 22 January 2016 4989:2011-10-18 at the 4888:on 10 January 2021 4685:on 5 February 2009 4679:"Chingiz Sadykhov" 4644:The New York Times 4428:. 16 November 2019 4297:The New York Times 4268:Fernandes, Desmond 3922:Human Rights Watch 3772:, August 4, 2004. 3366:Jak Yakar (2000). 3252:(1 January 1991). 2955:GlobalSecurity.org 2951:"Kurdistan-Turkey" 2881:, 17 February 2008 2717:on 6 February 2009 2693:on 17 October 2008 2622:on 10 January 2021 2235:Kurdistansky Uyezd 1881:Southern Kurdistan 1861:Northern Kurdistan 1732: 1538: 1417: 1367:data published by 1204: 1159:Sharafkhan Bidlisi 1147: 1090: 1016:Kurdish rebellions 967:(ÖZDEP; 1992–93), 921: 838: 820: 762:2015 Suruç bombing 445:Kurdish rebellions 435:, which ended the 433:Republic of Turkey 425: 411: 377: 257:self-determination 84:CIA World Factbook 55:The World Factbook 6787:Turkish Kurdistan 6735: 6734: 6546: 6545: 6344: 6343: 6194:978-3-640-76659-8 6173:978-0-295-99050-7 6152:978-0-585-17773-1 6131:978-0-8133-8120-6 6108:978-0-333-64628-1 6087:978-1-56432-096-4 6066:978-3-8258-4744-9 6045:978-0-8156-3084-5 6021:978-0-7914-8556-9 6000:978-1-5381-1050-8 5979:978-0-8108-6334-7 5949:978-0-7618-3003-0 5855:www.aljazeera.com 5709:978-1-4678-7972-9 5682:World Report 2002 5328:978-91-554-2438-1 5318:Ingvar Svanberg, 5287:978-0-387-29904-4 5051:978-1-85649-194-5 5018:978-0-7734-5739-3 4920:978-0-8108-7507-4 4826:Krajeski, Jenna. 4812:978-605-9022-47-7 4711:on 7 October 2008 4666:978-1-84277-505-9 4627:Los Angeles Times 4554:978-1-316-19490-4 4112:. 18 October 2014 3953:www.files.ethz.ch 3902:978-1-136-58798-6 3681:978-1-134-17448-5 3641:978-0-521-62096-3 3613:978-90-474-2011-8 3495:, Chronos, 2000, 3489:978-975-05-0300-9 3410:978-3-8258-1119-8 3379:978-965-266-011-4 3352:978-975-95515-0-6 3325:978-1-84603-503-6 3298:978-0-7102-0281-9 3265:978-0-7914-0640-3 3193:978-1-5381-1050-8 3149:978-1-4724-2562-1 3095:978-1-136-58798-6 3007:on 2 October 2011 2997:978-605-4023-06-6 2904:978-1-107-05460-8 2871:Toumani, Meline. 2837:978-90-04-15557-2 2812:978-0-275-96590-7 2599:by Tarhan Erdem, 2580:by David McDowall 2546:Kurds of Khorasan 2542: 2541: 2406:Kurdish languages 2305:Turkish Kurdistan 2300:Iranian Kurdistan 2280:Al-Anfal campaign 2250:Koçgiri Rebellion 1891:Western Kurdistan 1871:Eastern Kurdistan 1630:Tuz Gölü Kürtleri 1451:Kurdish languages 1373: 1372: 1369:major newspapers 1126:Klamek ji bo Beko 1107:Mahsun Kırmızıgül 1028:Koçkiri Rebellion 899:Political parties 865:minority politics 846:Mehmet Mehdi Eker 775:Council of Europe 661:Turkish Air Force 489:General Inspector 449:Koçkiri Rebellion 447:since the 1920s: 353:Sarı Süleyman Bey 298:parts of Anatolia 248:Kurdish languages 217:Turkish Kurdistan 193: 192: 68:13.0–14.2 million 32:Turkish Kurdistan 16:(Redirected from 6804: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6743: 6668:Census in Turkey 6585: 6584: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6423: 6304: 6291: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6258: 6253: 6219:Kurdên Kirşehîrê 6198: 6177: 6156: 6135: 6123: 6112: 6091: 6070: 6049: 6025: 6004: 5983: 5954: 5953: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5907: 5901: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5847: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5601: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5582: 5568: 5562: 5538: 5532: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5491:Hermann Wenzel, 5489: 5483: 5482: 5475:Hermann Wenzel, 5473: 5467: 5466: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5364: 5358: 5357: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5316: 5310: 5309: 5298: 5292: 5291: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5241: 5231: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5060: 5054: 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5003:Sirkeci, Ibrahim 4999: 4993: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4959: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4878: 4869: 4868: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4834:on 11 April 2012 4823: 4817: 4816: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4773: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4727: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4707:. Archived from 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4636: 4630: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4594: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4466: 4460:. Archived from 4455: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4146: 4140: 4139: 4138:on 29 July 2015. 4134:. Archived from 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4076: 4070: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4038:on 25 March 2013 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4003: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3913: 3907: 3906: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3795: 3789: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3730: 3724: 3719:David McDowall, 3717: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3686: 3685: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3627: 3618: 3617: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3569: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3544:. Archived from 3538: 3532: 3531: 3513: 3504: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3426: 3415: 3414: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3286: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3154: 3153: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3064:Shaker, Nadeen. 3061: 3055: 3054: 3038: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3000:. Archived from 2981: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2930: 2924:. Archived from 2923: 2915: 2909: 2908: 2888: 2882: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2783: 2777: 2772: 2766: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2707:"Sır rapor şoku" 2702: 2700: 2698: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2657: 2648: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2618:. Archived from 2612: 2606: 2605:, April 26, 2013 2594: 2534: 2527: 2520: 2408: 2360:Historical sites 2310:Syrian Kurdistan 2294:Kurdistan Region 2260:Dersim Rebellion 2255:Ararat rebellion 2092: 1808: 1798: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1570:Central Anatolia 1528:Central Anatolia 1361: 1343: 1325: 1307: 1289: 1271: 1253: 1229: 1207: 1175:Kurdish alphabet 1111:İbrahim Tatlıses 1071:Turkish military 1046:Dersim Rebellion 1040:Ararat rebellion 983:(HEP; 1990–93), 963:(DTP; 2005–09), 955:(DEP; 1993–94), 792:Kurdish language 783:Kurdish language 754:July 2015 crisis 735: 719: 687:celebrations in 544:Dersim Rebellion 525:Democratic Party 465:Ararat rebellion 461:Dersim Rebellion 290:Marwanid dynasty 232:Dersim Rebellion 228:Ararat rebellion 199:are the largest 98: 97:, 2017 estimate) 87: 76: 63:Total population 51: 44: 21: 6812: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6782:Kurds in Turkey 6772: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6758: 6748: 6746: 6738: 6736: 6731: 6710: 6662: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6547: 6542: 6521: 6424: 6415: 6340: 6295: 6285: 6243: 6240: 6226:Wayback Machine 6214:Wayback Machine 6195: 6187:. GRIN Verlag. 6180: 6174: 6159: 6153: 6138: 6132: 6115: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6073: 6067: 6052: 6046: 6028: 6022: 6007: 6001: 5986: 5980: 5965: 5962: 5960:Further reading 5957: 5950: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5920: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5899:Wayback Machine 5890: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5849: 5848: 5844: 5834: 5832: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5695: 5694: 5690: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5648: 5644: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5580: 5578: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5548:Wayback Machine 5539: 5535: 5522: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5464: 5463:, pp. 273–274. 5451: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5413:, E Yayınları, 5408: 5404: 5398: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5365: 5361: 5355: 5341: 5337: 5331: 5317: 5313: 5300: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5217: 5207: 5205: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5170: 5168: 5157: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5037: 5033: 5023: 5021: 5019: 5001: 5000: 4996: 4991:Wayback Machine 4982: 4978: 4968: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4872: 4865: 4864:97 5-80 86-77-4 4852: 4851: 4847: 4837: 4835: 4825: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4758: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4655: 4651: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4629:. 10 July 2010. 4620: 4616: 4606: 4604: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4522:. 23 March 2020 4514: 4513: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4467:on 23 June 2020 4464: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4441: 4431: 4429: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4405: 4403: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4363: 4353: 4351: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4332:. 31 July 2020. 4324: 4323: 4319: 4309: 4307: 4299:. p. A10. 4290: 4289: 4285: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4241: 4240: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4143: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4115: 4113: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4086:. 25 April 2013 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3958: 3956: 3948: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3915: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3732: 3731: 3727: 3718: 3714: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3629: 3628: 3621: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3571: 3570: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3507: 3478: 3474: 3443:10.3751/63.4.14 3428: 3427: 3418: 3411: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3380: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3311: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3248:Evliya Çelebi; 3247: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3165: 3164: 3157: 3150: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3051: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3010: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2960: 2958: 2957:. 22 March 2007 2949: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2931:on 4 March 2016 2928: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2813: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2769: 2763:Wayback Machine 2754:Wayback Machine 2746: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2704: 2696: 2694: 2680: 2672: 2670: 2659: 2658: 2651: 2639: 2635: 2625: 2623: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2538: 2509: 2508: 2457: 2447: 2446: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2389: 2330:Kurdish culture 2325: 2315: 2314: 2290:Iraqi Kurdistan 2230: 2137:Mir Jafar Dasni 2127: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2073: 2063: 2062: 1838: 1828: 1827: 1818: 1799: 1796:Kurdish culture 1792:Kurdish history 1790: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1718: 1712: 1530: 1514: 1508: 1463: 1434: 1426:Şırnak Province 1393:Ibrahim Sirkeci 1368: 1359: 1350: 1341: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1287: 1278: 1269: 1260: 1251: 1239: 1227: 1202: 1196: 1183: 1139: 1131:A Song for Beko 1121:Nizamettin Arıç 1095: 1079: 1024: 1018: 993: 953:Democracy Party 917:Figen Yüksekdağ 901: 889:Figen Yüksekdağ 848:(Agriculture), 806: 800: 750:Siege of Kobani 746: 745: 744: 743: 742: 736: 728: 727: 724:Siege of Kobanî 720: 657:Iraqi Kurdistan 633: 540:Dersim massacre 491:ruled over the 399: 393: 365: 341:Ottoman-Kurdish 333: 319:, the earliest 294:Ayyubid dynasty 286: 281: 201:ethnic minority 188:Iranian peoples 116: 93: 91: 89: 86:, 2016 estimate 82: 80: 78: 75:, 2013 estimate 71: 69: 58: 42:Kurds in Turkey 39: 34: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6810: 6808: 6800: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6774: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6756: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6718: 6716: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6601:Turkish people 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518:United Kingdom 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6437: 6432: 6430: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6310: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6261: 6255: 6254: 6239: 6238:External links 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6216: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6178: 6172: 6157: 6151: 6136: 6130: 6113: 6107: 6092: 6086: 6071: 6065: 6050: 6044: 6026: 6020: 6014:. SUNY Press. 6005: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5955: 5948: 5928: 5902: 5884: 5867: 5842: 5817: 5791: 5765: 5743: 5722: 5708: 5688: 5672: 5642: 5617: 5588: 5563: 5533: 5516: 5500: 5484: 5479:, Kiel, 1932. 5468: 5445: 5429: 5402: 5390:Rohat Alakom, 5383: 5359: 5342:Rohat Alakom, 5335: 5311: 5293: 5286: 5256: 5215: 5178: 5158:Berman, Ilan. 5150: 5124: 5092: 5080: 5055: 5031: 5017: 4994: 4976: 4954: 4933: 4919: 4899: 4870: 4863: 4845: 4818: 4811: 4793: 4768: 4743: 4722: 4696: 4670: 4649: 4631: 4614: 4586: 4560: 4553: 4533: 4507: 4478: 4439: 4413: 4387: 4361: 4335: 4317: 4283: 4255: 4234: 4220: 4206: 4188: 4163: 4141: 4123: 4097: 4071: 4049: 4023: 3998: 3987: 3966: 3955:. pp. 6–7 3936: 3908: 3901: 3883: 3848: 3822: 3790: 3784:Mahmut Çetin, 3777: 3755: 3725: 3712: 3687: 3680: 3662: 3647: 3640: 3619: 3612: 3591: 3584: 3559: 3533: 3526: 3505: 3472: 3437:(4): 598–599. 3416: 3409: 3389: 3378: 3358: 3351: 3331: 3324: 3304: 3297: 3271: 3264: 3250:Robert Dankoff 3240: 3227: 3211: 3199: 3192: 3172: 3155: 3148: 3128: 3121: 3101: 3094: 3071: 3056: 3049: 3023: 2996: 2968: 2942: 2910: 2903: 2883: 2878:New York Times 2873:Minority Rules 2864: 2843: 2836: 2818: 2811: 2791: 2778: 2767: 2740: 2728: 2649: 2633: 2607: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2559: 2558: 2548: 2540: 2539: 2537: 2536: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2504:Zoroastrianism 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2093: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2053:United 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1803: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1775: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1748: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1663:According to 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1650:Mustafa Kemal 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1572:(present day 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1349:L1: 2,370,233 1348: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1331:L1: 1,847,674 1330: 1327: 1322: 1319: 1318: 1313:L1: 1,679,265 1312: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1295:L1: 1,854,569 1294: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1277:L1: 1,476,562 1276: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1259:L1: 1,480,246 1258: 1255: 1250: 1247: 1246: 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