41:
57:
723:
104:
518:. The stelae were carved on upright flagstone-like slabs measuring between 0.7 m to 3.10 m in height. The stones contain only one cut surface, upon which human figures have been chiseled. The theme of each stele reveals the fore view of an upper human body. Eleven of the stelae depict naked warriors with daggers, spears, and axes-masculine symbols of war. They always hold a drinking vessel made of skin in both hands. Two stelae contain female figures without arms. The earliest of these stelae are in the style of bas relief while the latest ones are in a linear style. They date from the 15th to the 11th century BC and may represent the rulers of the kingdom of
370:
85:
703:: "From the Tsaidam salt lakes to the Kül-tegin monument leads a three-kilometer chain of balbals. To our time survived 169 balbals, apparently there were more. Some balbals are given a crude likeness with men, indicated are hands, a hint of a belt. Along the moat toward the east runs a second chain of balbals, which gave I. Lisi a cause to suggest that they circled the fence wall of the monument. However, it is likely that it is another chain belonging to another deceased buried earlier".
538:) country, he reported that Cumans installed these statues on tombs of their deceased. These statues are also mentioned in the 17th-century "Large Drawing Book", as markers for borders and roads, or orientation points. In the 18th century information about some kurgan stelae was collected by Pallas, Falk, Guldenshtedt, Zuev, Lepekhin, and in the first half of the 19th century by Klaprot, Duboa-de-Montpere and Spassky (
565:
1731:(Gumilev L.N. Statuettes...)." "We can note that fight against steppe was more successful, as from 486 balbals we investigated, 329 were conical, and 157 flat." "Sudden raids on the steppe pastures were more successfully than endless struggle with moutaineers, who knew each tree in the forest and each rock in the gorges. Maybe this is a reason why the flat-headed balbals, as a rule, are more massive than conical"
651:
483:
659:
286:
1533:
1644:
747:, etc. Their height is from 3.5 m to 0.7 m, but more often 1.5–2 m. Some of them are simple stone columns, with a rough image of a human face, on others the head (with the narrowed neck) is clearly depicted; in most cases not only the head is depicted, but also body, arms, and frequently both legs, and
707:
684:
states: "To the east from the tombs are standing chains of balbals, crudely sculpted stones implanted in the ground. Number of balbals at the tombs I investigated varies from 0 to 51, but most often there are 3–4 balbals per tomb". Similar numbers are also given by L. R. Kyzlasov. They are memorials
782:
Other obelisks show figures completely naked and usually only their head is covered, and legs are shod. Kurgan statues are sitting (frequently females), and standing (mostly males); in both cases the legs are not depicted. If the legs are depicted, they are either barefoot, or more often shoed, in
1641:
308:
of the Crimea and adjacent steppe region. Those in
Ukraine number around three hundred, most of them very crude stone slabs with a simple schematic protruding head and a few features such as eyes or breasts carved into the stone. Some twenty specimens, known as
1391:
734:
are found still standing on kurgans, others were found buried in the slopes. Not always can be stated if they were contemporary with the kurgans on which they stand, existed earlier, or were carved later and lifted onto the kurgan. Kurgan obelisks are of
882:
is not always depicted clearly. The vast majority of women join hands on the navel or at the bottom of the stomach, and hold a vessel, frequently cylindrical, like a cup or a glass. Sometimes it is so blurred that it can be taken for a folded
803:). Others have stripes on the shoulders, many have two stripes (seldom three, or one wide across), plates (apparently, metal) on the breast attached to a belt or, more often, to two belts. On the belt sometimes is possible to distinguish a
490:
Bronze Age anthropomorphic funerary stelae have been found in Saudi Arabia. There are similarities to the Kurgan type in the handling of the slab-like body with incised detail, though the treatment of the head is rather more realistic.
1101:
1220:, Современное состояние вопроса о «каменных бабах» или «балбалах» ("the current state of the question of the 'stone babas' or 'balbals'"), Notes of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities, vol. 33, Odessa (1915).
40:
692:
that every balbal represented a certain person, such distinction cannot be by chance. Likely here is marked an important ethnographic attribute, a headdress. The steppe-dwellers up until present wear a conic
795:
with ornaments. Many female kurgan obelisks (and some male) are naked above the belt, but below a belt and dress are visible, sometimes two dresses, one longer underneath, and another on the top, as a semi-'
604:, etc. These are only a small part of examples dispersed in various regions of Eastern Europe, of which multitudes were already destroyed and used as construction material for buildings, fences, etc.
56:
1476:: "a vertically anchored stone near a memorial structure, symbolizing a killed enemy" (Kyzlasov, 1966, 207, 208) (cited after Shipova E.N., 'Dictionary of Turkisms In Russian', p. 55).
1837:
260:) revered kurgan obelisks in their country as images of their ancestors, and that when a bowl was held by the statue, it was to deposit a part of the ashes after the
3595:
3336:
2932:
1766:
685:
to the feats of the deceased, every balbal represents an enemy killed by him. Many tombs have no balbals. Apparently, there are buried ashes of women and children.
1524:
Richard
Harrison and Volker Heyd, The Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: the example of ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland),
316:
The simple, early type of anthropomorphic stelae are also found in the Alpine region of Italy, southern France and
Portugal. Examples have also been found in
3551:
3060:
1049:
Harrison, R. and Heyd, V., The
Transformation of Europe in the Third Millennium BC: the example of ‘Le Petit-Chasseur I + III’ (Sion, Valais, Switzerland),
722:
3383:
2834:
1713:
40 out of a total of 137 anthropomorphic stelae described by Ol'chovskij and
Evdokimov (1994:67,69 table 14) include the depiction of a drinking horn.
835:. On the neck the men wear a metal band, women wear a necklace of beads or scales, sometimes even 2 or 3 are visible, some have a wide tape or a
891:
in the left hand, and a sword in the right; and another has hands simply joined, without a bowl, one female figurine holds a ring, some hold a
244:
Anthropomorphic stelae were probably memorials to the honoured dead. They are found in the context of burials and funeral sanctuaries from the
103:
3752:
3747:
1238:
1111:
1074:
3717:
1830:
510:
Thirteen stone stelae, of a type similar to those of the
Eurasian steppes, were found in 1998 in their original location at the centre of
1558:
Igor
Manzura The Proto-Bronze Ace cemetery at Durakukak: a look from the east, in Lolita Nikolova, John Fritz and Jude Higgins (eds.),
799:' or a short furcoat, with appliques and inserts (the ornaments of inserts consist of geometrical lines, double spirals, etc., or even
3702:
1812:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Kurgan stelae.
1545:
369:
3707:
2961:
1867:
1456:
3055:
912:
1103:
Ancient statue-menhirs in
Chemurchek and surrounding territories 2012 (Древнейшие статуи Чемурчека и окружающих территорий 2012)
699:, and the Altaians wear flat round hats. The same forms of headdresses are recorded for the 8th century. Another observation of
3580:
2971:
2009:
1823:
1809:
498:
on the steppe and are presumed to derive from steppe types. A fragment of one was found in the earliest layer of deposition at
431:, where they persisted for a few centuries longer. These peoples left carefully crafted stone stelae, with all features cut in
84:
1261:
Hartman, "Becherstatuen in
Ostpreussen und die Literatur der Becherstatuen", in ‘‘Archiv für Anthropologie" (vol. 21, 1892).
412:
of the early 1st millennium BC left a small number (about ten are known) of distinctive stone stelae. Another four or five "
1231:"Evolution of social organization of Timber-grave society in late cultural stage (example of Novopokrovka 2 kurgan burial)"
607:
In the 1850s
Piskarev, summing all information about kurgan obelisks available in literature, counted 649 items, mostly in
173:
Spanning more than three millennia, they are clearly the product of various cultures. The earliest are associated with the
3712:
3193:
2723:
1983:
974:
3188:
2728:
2201:
1528:, vol. 82, no. 2 (2007), pp. 129–214; John Robb, People of stone: stelae, personhood and society in prehistoric Europe,
3727:
2154:
163:), in kurgan cemeteries, or in a double line extending from a kurgan. The stelae are also described as "obelisks" or "
2051:
1587:
3456:
3257:
550:
assembled all available at that time data about kurgan obelisks, and illustrated them with drawings of 44 statues.
751:, and dress. On more crude statues is impossible to discern sex, but mostly it is expressed clearly: men are with
178:
3168:
3077:
1804:
1335:
1295:
209:
3451:
2543:
2088:
328:
267:
When used architecturally, stelae could act as a system of stone fences, frequently surrounded by a moat, with
3737:
3568:
3478:
2650:
2417:
2236:
2169:
1901:
1315:
589:
3656:
3530:
3136:
3027:
3015:
2711:
2452:
2291:
1928:
1862:
1846:
1457:
The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
450:(c. 10th century), a post measuring about 3 meters, with four faces under a single pointed hat (c.f.
2598:
3742:
3395:
3331:
3205:
2898:
2824:
2593:
2531:
2407:
2355:
2348:
1894:
1417:
611:
1392:"The Great Migration of the Chemurchek People from France to the Altai in the Early 3rd Millenium BCE"
688:
Balbals have two clearly distinct forms: conic and flat, with shaved top. Considering the evidence of
3612:
3607:
3590:
3585:
3563:
3353:
3067:
2920:
2812:
2716:
2509:
2194:
2164:
1993:
1936:
1473:
908:
843:, ending with a 4-corner cloth. On the hands, wrists and shoulders (especially for nude figures) are
253:
182:
3732:
3651:
3262:
3121:
2954:
2487:
2360:
2241:
2216:
1347:
689:
336:
324:
755:(sometimes with beard, one bearded kurgan obelisk is in the courtyard of the Historical Museum in
553:
Later in the 19th century, data about these statues was gathered by A.I. Kelsiev, and in Siberia,
467:
3602:
3505:
3407:
3220:
2615:
2402:
2132:
2098:
1413:
1326:
1286:
1217:
531:
374:
280:
1625:"Collection of the National Museum of Mongolia: The Oldest Kurgan Stelae discovered in Mongolia"
677:
in their upraised right hand. Many also show a sword or dagger suspended on the warrior's belt.
3697:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3573:
3230:
2442:
2427:
2412:
2392:
2283:
2262:
2073:
1916:
1771:
1234:
1107:
1070:
511:
294:
186:
174:
114:
73:
3757:
3692:
3639:
3546:
3289:
3131:
3072:
2792:
2748:
2548:
2370:
2221:
2181:
1877:
1306:
1226:
1059:
903:
Several Cuman kurgan stelae from the 9th to 13th centuries located at the Ukrainian site of
867:, they also are depicted for men. In some cases the male hat undoubtedly represents a small
534:
mentioned them for the first time in the 13th century, seeing them on kurgans in the Cuman (
495:
305:
217:
136:
63:
1767:"Ukrainian stone statues—likened to Easter Island's Moai—destroyed during Russian invasion"
3722:
3661:
3520:
3490:
3252:
3180:
3158:
3116:
3011:
2981:
2846:
2841:
2492:
2375:
1946:
1648:
1366:
1358:
1265:
1157:, Bulletin of International Association for Study of central Asian Cultures, Moscow, 1986.
836:
807:
in the middle or thongs hanging from it with sometimes attached bag, a round metal pocket
764:
522:, perhaps derived from a Eurasian steppe culture that had infiltrated into the Near East.
352:
148:
95:
1796:
1563:
954:
1353:
3629:
3556:
3378:
3343:
3274:
3163:
3035:
2743:
2328:
2318:
2120:
1684:
1676:
1247:
543:
535:
439:
356:
348:
202:
110:
1434:
The anthropomorphic stelae of the Ukraine: the early iconography of the Indo-Europeans
564:
446:
region where such anthropomorphic figures were found. The most famous of these is the
3686:
3515:
3500:
3446:
3321:
3309:
3225:
3148:
2976:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2625:
2536:
2465:
2206:
2149:
2127:
2036:
1968:
1963:
1941:
1701:
1652:
1469:
1421:
949:
930:
888:
674:
601:
572:
568:
558:
494:
The anthropomorphic stelae so far found in Anatolia appear to post-date those of the
455:
402:
364:
340:
310:
301:
164:
875:
is more diverse, like a hat with curved brims, ‘bashlyk’, Kyrgyz (Kazakh) hat, etc.
3434:
3390:
3371:
3326:
3198:
3126:
3050:
2872:
2807:
2802:
2758:
2385:
2267:
2231:
2211:
2063:
2041:
1953:
944:
824:
711:
627:
390:
360:
344:
225:
3483:
1094:"Stone obelisks of Azerbaijan (2nd half of 1st millennium BC – 1st millennium AD)"
650:
1190:
Robb, J., People of stone: stelae, personhood and society in prehistoric Europe,
3473:
3463:
3419:
3414:
3366:
3304:
3240:
3141:
2986:
2908:
2829:
2817:
2610:
2578:
2563:
2553:
2524:
2482:
2397:
2365:
2313:
2246:
2083:
1958:
1748:
1732:
760:
700:
681:
471:
447:
332:
249:
198:
423:
tribes began to dominate the Pontic steppe. They were in turn displaced by the
323:
The distribution of later stelae is limited in the west by the Odesa district,
3617:
3510:
3468:
3284:
3247:
3210:
2693:
2605:
2470:
2432:
2333:
2306:
2226:
2139:
2056:
2024:
1978:
1889:
1857:
1429:
935:
911:
in March and April 2022 when they occupied the area for six months during the
752:
715:
515:
514:, a city in the south eastern corner of Turkey, and are now on display in the
482:
413:
386:
382:
298:
245:
1602:
1589:
1258:(Proceedings of the 1st Moscow Archaeological Congress) (1869) with 2 tables)
575:, 5th to 4th century BC. Photographed before excavation, early 20th-century,
3525:
3424:
3316:
3294:
3279:
3094:
2877:
2862:
2787:
2770:
2688:
2573:
2504:
2499:
2422:
2301:
2189:
2115:
1882:
1872:
1177:, Coll. of Archeological Sources, SAI, Issue E 4-2, Moscow, "Science", 1974.
872:
740:
736:
639:
576:
554:
519:
424:
409:
398:
394:
268:
261:
194:
91:
17:
442:
stelae are again more primitive. There are some thirty sites of the middle
313:, are more complex, featuring ornaments, weapons, human or animal figures.
3299:
3235:
3040:
2780:
2775:
2683:
2558:
2380:
2343:
2323:
1815:
924:
848:
844:
840:
792:
776:
771:, etc.; women are with bared breasts, wearing peculiar headdresses, with
748:
731:
654:
Collection of drawings of Scythian stelae of the 6th to 5th centuries BC.
615:
451:
420:
317:
264:
of the deceased, and another part was laid under the base of the statue.
233:
190:
1642:
Roads of Arabia – Archaeology and History of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
285:
3361:
3267:
3153:
3111:
3087:
2867:
2673:
2583:
2437:
2338:
2296:
2159:
2078:
2031:
2019:
864:
800:
744:
695:
663:
635:
631:
623:
593:
561:, Ivanov, Adrianov and Yadrintsev, in Prussia by Lissauer and Gartman.
443:
257:
221:
213:
405:, in Sagai steppe in Mongolia (according to Potanin and Yadrintseva).
3429:
3106:
2966:
2944:
2797:
2733:
2678:
2068:
2046:
2014:
1988:
1624:
1425:
892:
868:
860:
852:
828:
820:
808:
804:
796:
772:
756:
726:
Stone stele found in Boyahmadli village of Ağdam region of Azerbaijan
670:
619:
608:
463:
432:
428:
320:
at Plachidol, Ezerovo, and Durankulak and at Hamangia-Baia, Romania.
229:
167:
160:
156:
1704:, Язычество древней Руси ("Paganism of Ancient Rus", 1987, fig. 7).
592:
has 30 specimens (in the halls and in the courtyard); others are in
658:
486:
A Hakkari stele: An armed warrior man wearing a cap (1500-1000 BCE)
347:(in some opinions even the Ryazan province), Ahtyr district in the
72:), dated to the mid 3rd millennium BC and associated with the late
3495:
3215:
3099:
2949:
2903:
2765:
2620:
2568:
2514:
2144:
2110:
1689:
The Heritage of Eastern Turkey: from earliest settlements to Islam
904:
884:
856:
812:
768:
721:
706:
705:
657:
649:
597:
563:
481:
459:
368:
284:
152:
851:, on the head (forehead) sometimes is an ornamental bandage or a
546:, in the 1869 ‘‘Works of the 1st Archeological Congress in Moscow
3441:
3402:
3082:
2882:
2738:
2668:
2588:
2460:
1973:
1560:
Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropological Theory and Education
879:
816:
784:
499:
416:" dating to the same time are known from the northern Caucasus.
3009:
2648:
1914:
1819:
871:(‘misyurka’), sometimes with crossing metal strips. The female
3045:
2753:
2519:
2477:
1445:
O. D. Forostyuk, Луганщина релігійна, Luhansk, Світлиця, 2004.
832:
27:
Anthropomorphic stone stelae within the perimeter of a tumulus
373:
The "Oldest Kurgan stelae in Mongolia", circa 2500-2000 BCE:
339:
in the Stavropol province and Kuban region; in the north by
1264:
Brockhaus-Efron Small Encyclopaedic Dictionary (1890–1916)
1026:, Works of State Historical Museum, Vol. 16, Moscow, 1945.
155:, images cut from stone, installed atop, within or around
1233:/16th Ural archeological conference, Ekaterinburg, 2007,
1340:
1300:
940:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
938: – Megaliths found largely in Siberia and Mongolia
847:(rings) and cuffs, in the ears, for women and men, are
1063:"Skulls from stone tiled kurgans (Central Kazakhstan)"
1320:
642:(5), etc.; but many statues remained unknown to him.
458:
argued for identification of the faces with the gods
1194:, vol. 16, no. 3 (September 2009), pp. 162–183.
397:, Tokmak district), then in upper courses of rivers
3539:
3352:
3179:
3026:
2891:
2855:
2704:
2661:
2451:
2282:
2255:
2180:
2097:
2002:
1927:
1511:J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams, "Kemi Oba Culture",
1498:J. P. Mallory and D. Q. Adams, "Kemi Oba Culture",
1165:"Scythian sculptures of the 7th – 3rd centuries BC"
1014:"Early Middle Age sculptures in Eastern Kazakhstan"
1487:Congres internationale d'Archeologie prehistorique
1106:(Naučn. izd ed.). Sankt-Peterburg: LDPrint.
1034:"Stone obelisks of Southern Siberia and Mongolia"
293:The earliest anthropomorphic stelae date to the
1532:, vol. 16, no. 3 (September 2009), pp. 162–183.
1412:Discovered in 1973 in Kernosovka (Kernosivka),
957: – Neolithic archaeological site in Turkey
67:
1831:
1004:"Stone statues in Central region of Mongolia"
557:and Mongolia by Potanin, Pettsold, Poyarkov,
141:
8:
1436:, Institute for the Study of Man, 1994, 54f.
331:, Kalisz province, Prussia; in the south by
1810:Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes
1530:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
1212:"The Anthropomorphic Stelae of the Ukraine"
1192:Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory
819:, sometimes also is shown (male statues) a
94:) from Hamangia-Baia, Romania exhibited at
3023:
3006:
2658:
2645:
2103:
1924:
1911:
1838:
1824:
1816:
208:Such stelae are found in large numbers in
1681:, Volume 53, Number 4, (July/August 2000)
1472:: "stone obelisk in honour of deceased."
1424:, kept in Yavornytsky Historical Museum,
1396:International Journal of Eurasian Studies
1155:"Early Middle Age sculptures of Kipchaks"
1053:, vol. 82, no. 2 (2007), pp. 129–214
147:meaning "ancestor" or "grandfather") are
90:Anthropomorphic stele of the early type (
1765:Kishkovsky, Sophia (21 September 2022).
1549:(2007), fig.13.11. (misprint "Yezevoro")
1515:, (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), pp. 544–546.
271:hearths, sometimes tiled on the inside.
1573:
1382:
1279:
1125:"Ancient obelisks in Altai. Deer slabs"
478:Anthropomorphic stelae of the Near East
1502:, (Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), pp. 327–8.
673:, commonly depict a warrior holding a
1513:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1500:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture
1365:
859:can not always be distinguished from
117:, dating from 2700–2150 BC
7:
1185:"Antiques of Black Klobuks (Oguzes)"
355:, Balash and Atkar districts in the
297:, and are associated with the early
427:from the 2nd century BC, except in
381:In the east they are spread in the
377:standing stone (Yagshiin khodoo 3).
1546:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
1163:Ol'khovskiy V.S., Evdokimov G.L.,
1135:"Ancient Türkic obelisks in Altai"
1024:"Stone obelisks of Northern Altai"
791:), sometimes with distinguishable
193:specimens are identified with the
25:
2962:Megalithic architectural elements
1665:The Horse, The Wheel and Language
1044:"Ancient Türkic obelisks in Tuva"
50:", southern France, 3100-2900 BC.
1167:. Moscow: MTO METEO Publ., 1994.
1145:"History of Tuva in Middle Ages"
984:"Stone obelisks of Upper Irtysh"
982:Arslanova F.Kh., Charikov A.A.,
913:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
304:Horizon, in particular with the
102:
83:
55:
39:
3581:Evolutionary origin of religion
1805:Balbals – Stone Sculptures
1653:Arabian Archaeology: Bronze Age
1254:("Overview of Stone Babas") in
1016:, Soviet Archeology No 4, 1974.
986:, Soviet Archeology No 3, 1974.
335:, Crimea; in the south-east by
1667:(2007), p. 339 and fig. 13.11.
1153:Novgorodova E., Pechersky A.,
1069:, Vol. 1, Pavlodar EKO, 2006,
1006:, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 1997.
1:
3194:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2724:British megalith architecture
680:Writing about Altai kurgans,
389:) steppe to the banks of the
3753:Outdoor sculptures in Turkey
3748:Outdoor sculptures in Russia
3189:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2729:Nordic megalith architecture
1722:Kyzlasov L.R. Tuva... p. 62.
1677:Veli Sevin, Mystery Stelae,
994:"Stone obelisks of Mongolia"
973:Catalogue of stone obelisks
887:. One male figurine holds a
363:in Buzuluk districts in the
252:. Ivanovovsky reported that
185:according to the mainstream
3718:Archaeology of Central Asia
1562:. RPRP 6-7 (2005), p. 5155.
1526:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
1341:
1321:
1301:
1202:"Stone obelisks of Jeti-su"
1084:"Grave statues in Darigang"
1051:Praehistorische Zeitschrift
759:), in a costume with metal
634:province, Siberia (12), in
590:Historical museum in Moscow
343:and Oboyan district of the
289:Megalithic stelae in Europe
3774:
3337:British Isles and Brittany
3258:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1256:Трудах I Моск. арх. съезда
1243:19th-century publications
971:Archeological Encyclopedia
278:
3703:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
3022:
3005:
2657:
2644:
2106:
1923:
1910:
1853:
1576:, p. 116, statue 54.
1489:, (Moscow, 1892), vol. 1.
1362:
1330:
1310:
1290:
662:Kurgan stele (baba) near
419:From the 7th century BC,
132:
74:Pit Grave (Yamna) culture
68:
3708:Archaeological artifacts
1390:Kovalev, Alexey (2011).
1175:"Kipchak stone obelisks"
1100:Kovalev, Alexey (2012).
669:Scythian balbals, later
275:History and distribution
181:(and therefore with the
3569:Evolutionary musicology
2972:Oldest extant buildings
2899:Archaeological features
2418:Prepared-core technique
975:Sati.archaeilogy.nsc.ru
823:or a straight sword, a
393:and to Turkestan (near
48:La Dame de Saint-Sernin
3531:Unchambered long cairn
3379:Mound Builders culture
2712:Neolithic architecture
1847:Prehistoric technology
1755:, Moscow, 1993, p. 329
1739:, Moscow, 1993, p. 261
727:
719:
666:
655:
580:
487:
378:
290:
142:
3206:List of Stone Age art
2408:Microblade technology
2356:Langdale axe industry
1954:Ard / plough
1418:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
725:
710:A Turkic balbal near
709:
661:
653:
567:
485:
372:
288:
179:Pontic–Caspian steppe
135:, most probably from
3713:Megalithic monuments
3613:Prehistoric medicine
3608:Prehistoric counting
3591:Prehistoric religion
3586:Paleolithic religion
3564:Behavioral modernity
2921:Causewayed enclosure
2813:Abri de la Madeleine
1937:Neolithic Revolution
1629:MONTSAME News Agency
1137:, Novosibirsk, 1984.
1127:, Novosibirsk, 1979.
718:, 6th-7th century CE
183:Proto-Indo-Europeans
3652:Prehistoric warfare
2398:Magdalenian culture
2361:Levallois technique
2292:Earliest toolmaking
1603:46.1218°N 91.5718°E
1599: /
1252:Сведения о К. бабах
1036:, MIA, 1952, No 24.
767:, sometimes with a
690:Orkhon inscriptions
502:, known as Troy I.
109:Stele #25 from the
3728:Outdoor sculptures
3603:Origin of language
3596:Spiritual drug use
3506:Rectangular dolmen
3408:Dartmoor kistvaens
3221:Carved stone balls
2933:Circular enclosure
2892:Other architecture
2835:Alp pile dwellings
2423:Solutrean industry
2334:Gravettian culture
1984:Secondary products
1691:(2006), pp. 68–71.
1647:2011-06-15 at the
1454:David W. Anthony,
1414:Novomoskovsk Raion
1086:, Leningrad, 1930.
907:were destroyed by
839:dropping from the
779:on the neck, etc.
728:
720:
667:
656:
622:province (44), in
581:
579:territory, Siberia
532:William of Rubruck
530:European traveler
488:
379:
375:Chemurchek culture
291:
281:Prehistoric Europe
69:Керносівський ідол
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3625:Prehistoric music
3574:music archaeology
3231:Cup and ring mark
3056:Clothing/textiles
3001:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2443:Yubetsu technique
2428:Striking platform
2393:Lithic technology
2278:
2277:
2263:Game drive system
2182:Projectile points
2074:Mortar and pestle
1772:The Art Newspaper
1351:
1339:
1319:
1299:
1239:978-5-903594-04-7
1218:Veselovsky, N. I.
1113:978-5-905585-03-6
1082:Kazakevich V.A.,
1075:978-9965-635-21-2
895:(drinking horn).
540:Siberian obelisks
353:Voronezh province
295:4th millennium BC
187:Kurgan hypothesis
175:Pit Grave culture
115:Sion, Switzerland
16:(Redirected from
3765:
3640:Divje Babe flute
3547:Archaeoastronomy
3290:Petrosomatoglyph
3024:
3007:
2856:Water management
2659:
2646:
2549:Denticulate tool
2371:Lithic reduction
2104:
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1840:
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1608:46.1218; 91.5718
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1571:
1565:
1556:
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1387:
1370:
1369:
1367:[bɑlbɑl]
1364:
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1344:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1284:
1225:
1210:Telegin D. Ya.,
1209:
1199:
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1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1117:
1092:Khalilov M.Dj.,
1091:
1090:(in Azerbaijani)
1081:
1058:
1041:
1032:Evtükhova L.A.,
1031:
1022:Evtükhova L.A.,
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
969:
941:
878:The type of the
496:Kemi Oba culture
359:to the banks of
357:Saratov province
349:Kharkiv province
325:Podolsk province
306:Kemi Oba culture
145:
134:
106:
92:Neolithic period
87:
71:
70:
64:Kernosivsky idol
59:
43:
21:
3773:
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3768:
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3766:
3764:
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3683:
3682:
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3668:
3535:
3521:Stone box grave
3491:Megalithic tomb
3396:Cotswold-Severn
3348:
3253:Guardian stones
3181:Prehistoric art
3175:
3018:
2993:
2982:Timber trackway
2887:
2851:
2847:Wattle and daub
2700:
2679:Standing stones
2653:
2632:
2447:
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2251:
2176:
2093:
2003:Food processing
1998:
1947:New World crops
1919:
1906:
1849:
1844:
1799:
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1788:
1787:
1777:
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1764:
1763:
1759:
1753:"Ancient Türks"
1747:
1743:
1737:"Ancient Türks"
1730:
1726:
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1717:
1712:
1708:
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1658:
1649:Wayback Machine
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1543:D. W. Anthony,
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1497:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1474:Leonid Kyzlasov
1468:
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1411:
1407:
1402:: Figure 31-10.
1389:
1388:
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1379:
1374:
1373:
1357:
1325:
1305:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1223:
1207:
1204:, Moscow, 1966.
1197:
1187:, Moscow, 1972.
1183:Pletneva S.A.,
1180:
1173:Pletneva S.A.,
1170:
1160:
1150:
1147:, Moscow, 1969.
1143:Kyzlasov L.R.,
1140:
1130:
1120:
1114:
1099:
1096:, Moscow, 1988.
1089:
1079:
1056:
1046:, Moscow, 1961.
1039:
1029:
1019:
1012:Charikov A.A.,
1009:
999:
989:
979:
967:
964:
939:
921:
901:
827:, a ‘kolchan’ (
648:
586:
528:
508:
480:
365:Samara province
283:
277:
248:through to the
242:
210:Southern Russia
149:anthropomorphic
122:
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15:
12:
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3738:Bronze Age art
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3630:Alligator drum
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3557:lunar calendar
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3540:Other cultural
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3275:Megalithic art
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3226:Cave paintings
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2329:Fire hardening
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2319:Clovis culture
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2121:throwing stick
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1791:External links
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1706:
1693:
1685:Antonio Sagona
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1322:kamennyye baby
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1248:Aleksey Uvarov
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1148:
1138:
1133:Kubarev V.D.,
1128:
1123:Kubarev V.D.,
1118:
1112:
1097:
1087:
1077:
1054:
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1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
1000:(in Mongolian)
997:
996:, Seoul, 1994.
987:
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920:
917:
909:Russian forces
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831:), a hook, an
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630:land (37), in
585:
582:
544:Aleksey Uvarov
527:
524:
507:
506:Hakkari Stelae
504:
479:
476:
345:Kursk province
341:Minsk province
311:statue menhirs
276:
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241:
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203:Turkic peoples
201:examples with
111:Petit Chasseur
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96:Histria Museum
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3516:Simple dolmen
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3501:Passage grave
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3362:Burial mounds
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3322:Statue menhir
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3310:Stone carving
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3149:Sewing needle
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3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:Timber circle
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:Tor enclosure
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:fulacht fiadh
2912:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:spear-thrower
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2128:Bow and arrow
2126:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Grinding slab
2035:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Domestication
1967:
1965:
1964:Digging stick
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Founder crops
1940:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:New Stone Age
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1797:Каменные бабы
1795:
1794:
1790:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1702:B. A. Rybakov
1700:redrawn from
1697:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:D.W. Anthony,
1660:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:Ivanovovsky,
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:Ukrainian SSR
1419:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1311:каменные бабы
1308:
1303:
1297:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1060:Ismagulov, O.
1055:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1035:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1008:
1005:
998:
995:
988:
985:
978:
976:
972:
966:
965:
961:
956:
953:
951:
950:Statue menhir
948:
946:
943:
937:
934:
932:
931:Dol hareubang
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:
916:
914:
910:
906:
898:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
855:. The female
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
780:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
724:
717:
713:
708:
704:
702:
698:
697:
691:
686:
683:
678:
676:
675:drinking horn
672:
665:
660:
652:
645:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:(43), in the
625:
621:
617:
613:
610:
609:Ekaterinoslav
605:
603:
602:Novocherkassk
599:
595:
591:
583:
578:
574:
573:Tagar culture
570:
569:Salbyk kurgan
566:
562:
560:
559:Vasily Radlov
556:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
501:
497:
492:
484:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Boris Rybakov
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
371:
367:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
303:
300:
296:
287:
282:
274:
272:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
144:
138:
130:
126:
125:Kurgan stelae
116:
112:
105:
97:
93:
86:
75:
65:
58:
49:
42:
33:Kurgan stelae
19:
3743:Scythian art
3457:wedge-shaped
3442:Funeral pyre
3435:Great dolmen
3391:Chamber tomb
3372:Round barrow
3327:Stone circle
3199:Blombos Cave
3127:Grooved ware
3051:Chalcolithic
2955:Thornborough
2873:Flush toilet
2808:Blombos Cave
2803:Rock shelter
2759:Quiggly hole
2651:Architecture
2626:illustration
2268:Buffalo jump
2089:Storage pits
2052:Aşıklı Höyük
2042:Ground stone
1878:Subdivisions
1800:(in Russian)
1778:21 September
1776:. Retrieved
1770:
1760:
1752:
1749:Gumilev L.N.
1744:
1736:
1733:Gumilev L.N.
1727:
1718:
1709:
1696:
1688:
1678:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1581:
1574:Kovalev 2012
1569:
1559:
1554:
1544:
1539:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1441:
1433:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1342:baby kamiani
1331:Баби кам'яні
1282:
1255:
1251:
1230:
1224:(in Russian)
1211:
1208:(in Russian)
1201:
1200:Sher A.Ya.,
1198:(in Russian)
1191:
1184:
1181:(in Russian)
1174:
1171:(in Russian)
1164:
1161:(in Russian)
1154:
1151:(in Russian)
1144:
1141:(in Russian)
1134:
1131:(in Russian)
1124:
1121:(in Russian)
1102:
1093:
1083:
1080:(in Russian)
1066:
1062:
1057:(in Russian)
1050:
1043:
1042:Grach A.D.,
1040:(in Russian)
1033:
1030:(in Russian)
1023:
1020:(in Russian)
1013:
1010:(in Russian)
1003:
993:
983:
980:(in Russian)
970:
968:(in Russian)
962:Bibliography
955:Göbekli Tepe
945:Scythian art
902:
877:
788:
783:high or low
781:
761:breastplates
730:Some kurgan
729:
712:Burana Tower
694:
687:
682:L.N. Gumilev
679:
668:
628:Don Cossacks
606:
587:
552:
547:
539:
529:
509:
493:
489:
437:
418:
407:
391:Irtysh River
380:
361:Samara River
322:
315:
292:
266:
243:
226:Central Asia
207:
172:
140:
131:(Ukrainian:
128:
124:
123:
47:
18:Kurgan stele
3479:unchambered
3474:Long barrow
3464:Grave goods
3420:Court cairn
3415:Clava cairn
3367:Bowl barrow
3305:Rock cupule
3248:Golden hats
3241:Hill figure
3142:Unstan ware
3122:Cord-marked
2987:Sweet Track
2909:Burnt mound
2830:Stilt house
2818:Sibudu Cave
2611:Tally stick
2579:Quern-stone
2564:Hammerstone
2554:Fire plough
2525:Pesse canoe
2483:Bannerstone
2453:Other tools
2366:Lithic core
2314:Aurignacian
2202:Bare Island
2084:Quern-stone
1679:Archaeology
1606: /
1352:'stone
1302:khün chuluu
1266:Cultinfo.ru
1227:Yudin, A.I.
990:(in Korean)
899:Destruction
701:Lev Gumilev
448:Zbruch Idol
433:deep relief
414:deer stones
333:Kacha River
269:sacrificial
250:Middle Ages
220:, southern
3733:Cimmerians
3687:Categories
3618:trepanning
3511:Ring cairn
3469:Jar burial
3452:transepted
3384:U.S. sites
3285:Petroglyph
3211:Bird stone
3169:wine press
2842:Stone roof
2825:Roundhouse
2717:long house
2694:Stonehenge
2662:Ceremonial
2606:Stone tool
2433:Tool stone
2403:Metallurgy
2307:Mousterian
2284:Toolmaking
2222:Cumberland
2195:Transverse
2165:Schöningen
2057:Qesem cave
2025:Earth oven
1979:Irrigation
1890:Technology
1858:Prehistory
1594:91°34′18″E
1591:46°07′18″N
1430:JP Mallory
1377:References
936:Deer stone
927:(9000 BCE)
753:moustaches
716:Kyrgyzstan
646:Appearance
614:(428), in
516:Van Museum
425:Sarmatians
410:Cimmerians
337:Kuma River
299:Bronze Age
279:See also:
256:Torgouts (
254:Tarbagatai
246:Eneolithic
3662:symbolism
3526:Tor cairn
3484:Grønsalen
3425:Cremation
3317:Sculpture
3295:Pictogram
3280:Petroform
3100:amber use
3068:Cosmetics
2878:Reservoir
2863:Check dam
2793:Pueblitos
2788:Pit-house
2771:Longhouse
2705:Dwellings
2574:Microlith
2505:Bow drill
2500:Bone tool
2493:prismatic
2302:Acheulean
2217:Cresswell
2190:Arrowhead
2116:Boomerang
2032:Granaries
1994:Terracing
1873:Stone Age
1470:W.Radloff
1336:romanized
1327:Ukrainian
1316:romanized
1296:romanized
1291:хүн чулуу
1287:Mongolian
1002:Bayar D.
992:Bayar D.
873:headdress
845:bracelets
777:necklaces
749:headdress
741:limestone
737:sandstone
640:Stavropol
618:(54), in
577:Minusinsk
555:Turkestan
548:(vol. 2),
542:). Count
526:Recording
520:Hubushkia
395:Issyk Kul
262:cremation
195:Scythians
3698:Kipchaks
3300:Rock art
3263:painting
3236:Geoglyph
3061:timeline
3041:Beadwork
2781:Mehrgarh
2776:Mudbrick
2684:megalith
2559:Fire-saw
2381:debitage
2376:analysis
2344:Hand axe
2324:Cupstone
1902:Glossary
1863:Timeline
1645:Archived
1067:"Nomads"
925:Urfa Man
919:See also
865:bandages
849:earrings
841:necklace
793:trousers
789:bashmaks
732:obelisks
638:(5), in
616:Taganrog
612:province
452:Svetovid
421:Scythian
318:Bulgaria
234:Mongolia
199:medieval
191:Iron Age
3758:Kurgans
3693:Scythia
3657:Symbols
3268:pigment
3154:Weaving
3117:Cardium
3112:Pottery
3107:Mirrors
3095:Jewelry
3036:Baskets
3016:culture
2868:Cistern
2674:Pyramid
2616:Weapons
2594:Scraper
2584:Racloir
2544:Cleaver
2532:Chopper
2438:Uniface
2349:Grooves
2339:Hafting
2297:Oldowan
2256:Systems
2207:Cascade
2170:woomera
2160:harpoon
2133:history
2099:Hunting
2079:Pottery
2020:Cooking
1929:Farming
1895:history
1868:Outline
1460:(2007).
1350:
1338::
1318::
1307:Russian
1298::
1214:, 1994.
861:ribbons
801:cuirass
773:girdles
745:granite
696:malahai
664:Luhansk
636:Poltava
632:Yenisei
624:Kharkiv
594:Kharkiv
584:Numbers
536:Kipchak
512:Hakkâri
444:Dniestr
403:Yenisei
329:Galicia
258:Kalmyks
240:Purpose
222:Siberia
218:Prussia
214:Ukraine
189:). The
177:of the
168:menhirs
157:kurgans
129:Balbals
3723:Steles
3635:flutes
3430:Dolmen
3354:Burial
3164:winery
3137:Linear
2967:Midden
2945:Cursus
2938:Goseck
2798:Pueblo
2749:Dugout
2734:Burdei
2413:Mining
2237:Lamoka
2232:Folsom
2212:Clovis
2069:Metate
2047:Hearth
2015:Basket
1989:Sickle
1426:Dnipro
1363:балбал
1359:Kyrgyz
1246:Count
1237:
1110:
1073:
893:rhyton
869:helmet
857:braids
853:diadem
829:quiver
821:dagger
809:mirror
805:buckle
797:kaftan
757:Moscow
620:Crimea
464:Makosh
440:Slavic
438:Early
429:Crimea
387:Kazakh
383:Kyrgyz
230:Turkey
165:statue
161:tumuli
159:(i.e.
153:stelae
151:stone
143:balbal
137:Turkic
133:балбал
3552:sites
3496:Mummy
3216:Cairn
3132:Jōmon
3083:shoes
3078:Hides
2950:Henge
2904:Broch
2766:Jacal
2621:Wheel
2569:Knife
2515:Canoe
2510:Burin
2488:Blade
2386:flake
2247:Plano
2155:baton
2145:Spear
2111:Arrow
2064:Manos
1917:Tools
1356:'
1354:babas
1274:Notes
905:Izium
885:scarf
813:knife
785:boots
769:sword
765:belts
671:Cuman
598:Odesa
472:Veles
460:Perun
302:Yamna
139:word
3645:gudi
3403:Cist
3332:list
3159:Wine
3088:Ötzi
3073:Glue
3046:Beds
3014:and
3012:Arts
2883:Well
2739:Cave
2669:Kiva
2599:side
2589:Rope
2537:tool
2471:bone
2461:Adze
2227:Eden
2140:Nets
2010:Fire
1974:Goad
1959:Celt
1780:2022
1348:lit.
1235:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1071:ISBN
889:bowl
880:face
837:belt
817:comb
763:and
588:The
500:Troy
470:and
468:Lado
408:The
401:and
232:and
197:and
62:The
2754:Hut
2689:row
2520:Oar
2478:Axe
2466:Awl
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