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554:. To weaken the secular nobility, who threatened his power, Otto endowed Bruno and his successors in the bishop's seat with the prerogatives of secular princes. This was the beginning of the electoral state of Cologne. It was formed from the temporal possessions of the archbishopric and included in the end a strip of territory along the left Bank of the
1170:
630:
on the North Sea, and LĂĽbeck on the Baltic. The economic structures of medieval and early modern
Cologne were based on the city's major harbor, its location as a transport hub and its entrepreneurial merchants who built ties with merchants in other Hanseatic cities.
93:
500:(one of the three component titular kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two being Germany and Burgundy) and, as such, ranked second among all ecclesiastical and secular princes of the Empire, after the archbishop-elector of Mainz, and before that of Trier.
622:. It was a business alliance of trading cities and their guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe and flourished from the 1200 to 1500 and continued with lesser importance after that. The chief cities were Cologne on the Rhine River,
515:
was recognized after 1475, thus removing it from even the nominal secular authority of the elector. Cologne and Bonn were occupied by France in 1794. The right bank territories of the electorate were secularized in 1803 during the
527:, the area over which the archbishop exercised spiritual authority, which was larger. Even larger was the Ecclesiastical Province of Cologne, which included suffragan dioceses such as Liège and Münster (see map below).
958:
936:
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in 1582, attempted to secularize the archbishopric. His marriage the following
February, and his refusal to relinquish the territory resulted in the election of a competing archbishop and prince-elector,
671:
in
November–December 1583 ended with the destruction of Godesberg Castle and the slaughter of most of its inhabitants. After several more sieges, von Waldburg gave up his claim to the see and retired to
1248:
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951:
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611:. Political tensions arose from issues of taxation, public spending, regulation of business, and market supervision, as well as the limits of corporate autonomy.
1467:
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730:
1605:
1706:
589:(1288), the archbishop was captured by soldiers of the city and was forced to grant the city near-complete autonomy. Eventually, the archbishop moved to
1585:
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that followed, the pope funded
Italian and Spanish mercenaries and the Catholic Bavarians also sent an army to support Ernst, while the Protestant
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supported von
Waldburg. The war ruined most of the Electoral economy, and many villages and towns were besieged and destroyed. The
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185:
546:, and has been a bishop's see since Roman times. In 953, the archbishops of Cologne first gained noteworthy secular power, when
1639:
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239:
110:
777:. Cologne was, however, reestablished as the seat of a Catholic archbishop in 1824, and is an archdiocese to the present day.
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supervised the reintroduction of
Catholicism in the Electorate. From 1583 to 1761, the archbishopric was effectively a
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of the
Bavarian branch of the House of Wittelsbach. As the archbishop in this period usually also held the
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173:
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Map of the Lower Rhine around 1560 with the
Electorate of Cologne highlighted in red, including the
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By the end of the 12th century, the
Archbishop of Cologne was one of the seven electors of the
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of 1803 secularized the rest of the archbishopric, giving the Duchy of
Westphalia to the
737:
After 1795, the electorate's territories on the left bank of the Rhine were occupied by
614:
Long-distance trade in the Baltic grew, as the major trading towns came together in the
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to escape jurisdiction conflicts with the city government. In 1475, Cologne became a
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The Growth of the Medieval City: From Late Antiquity to the Early Fourteenth Century
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was the residence the Elector, and consequently the capital of the Electorate.
1379:
876:
673:
488:. There were only two other ecclesiastical prince-electors in the Empire: the
444:
The Electorate of Cologne (red) and neighboring states in the mid-18th century
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as well, technically from 1238 and permanently from 1263 until 1803. In the
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Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530)
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that existed from the 10th to the early 19th century. It consisted of the
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against the Jews was in 1349, when they were used as scapegoats for the
623:
535:
507:. Conflicts with the citizens of Cologne caused the elector to move to
504:
484:—of the archbishop of Cologne, and was ruled by him in his capacity as
266:
129:
17:
676:
with his wife. Ernst became archbishop–the first major success of the
738:
696:), he was one of the most important princes of northwestern Germany.
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During the 16th century, two Archbishops of Cologne converted to
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and were formally annexed in 1801. Cologne was part of the
581:. Besides being prince-elector, he was Arch-chancellor of
1782:
Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate
863:
Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne
27:
Ecclesiastical principality in the Holy Roman Empire
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839:(1997) pp 69–72, 133–42, 202–20, 244–45, 300–307
642:, resigned the archbishopric on converting, but
1757:1803 disestablishments in the Holy Roman Empire
523:The electorate should not be confused with the
1483:
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597:, independent from the archbishop. The first
496:. The archbishop-elector of Cologne was also
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1777:10th-century establishments in East Francia
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865:(1998) covers from 1000 to 1300.
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767:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
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538:was the ancient Roman city of
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762:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
513:Free Imperial City of Cologne
211:• Bishopric established
605:, and therefore burnt in an
460:), sometimes referred to as
1787:Former monarchies of Europe
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618:, under the leadership of
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284:Electoral Rhenish Circle
254:Arch-chancellor of Italy
1501:(1609–1635) within the
1459:Unencircled territories
824:Liber Chronicarum Mundi
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1731:Catholicism portal
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518:German mediatization
482:temporal possessions
297:German mediatization
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1410:Circles est. 1500:
1289:(1512–1806) of the
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678:Counter-Reformation
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587:Battle of Worringen
564:Duchy of Westphalia
542:in the province of
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490:Electorate of Mainz
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852:(1931) pp. 146–79
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813:, Nov 28, 2009.
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994:
993:
988:
976:
962:
957:
955:
950:
948:
943:
942:
939:
935:
932:
928:51.000; 6.833
903:
901:
896:
888:
877:
872:
864:
858:
855:
851:
845:
842:
838:
832:
829:
826:
825:
819:
816:
812:
808:
802:
799:
792:
788:
780:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:
740:
732:
726:
721:
718:
711:
706:
704:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
645:
641:
638:. The first,
637:
636:Protestantism
632:
629:
625:
621:
617:
612:
610:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
530:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
510:
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491:
487:
483:
479:
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471:
467:
463:
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455:
451:
442:
436:
432:
411:
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405:
397:
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383:
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369:
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355:
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326:
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314:
313:
309:
305:
301:
298:
288:
285:
275:
272:
268:
258:
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245:
241:
231:
228:
227:archbishopric
218:
214:
201:
198:
194:
190:
187:
184:
175:
172:
158:
156:
148:
144:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
125:
121:
118:
117:
112:
109:
105:
101:
95:
90:
84:
78:
66:
58:
53:
47:
40:
31:
19:
1679:
1448:
1313:
1149:
1111:
1053:
1044:(until 1803)
1039:
1030:(until 1803)
1016:(until 1803)
1001:
904:
892:
862:
857:
849:
844:
836:
831:
822:
818:
810:
801:
760:
752:
743:
736:
698:
633:
613:
606:
576:
548:Bishop Bruno
534:
522:
502:
461:
449:
447:
321:Succeeded by
320:
315:
114:
83:Coat of arms
1445:Upper Saxon
1299:Electorates
1233:(1803–1806)
1219:(1803–1806)
1205:(1803–1806)
1202:WĂĽrttemberg
1191:(1805–1806)
1177:(1803–1805)
1164:(1803–1806)
1101:Brandenburg
926: /
753:département
744:département
665:Netherlands
661:Cologne War
657:Wittelsbach
603:Black Death
380:Wied-Runkel
316:Preceded by
242:archbishop
200:Middle Ages
138:(1597–1794)
1746:Categories
1558:Bishoprics
1441:Burgundian
1428:Franconian
1380:Gelnhausen
1338:Palatinate
1160:Regensburg
1075:Palatinate
674:Strasbourg
608:auto-da-fé
562:, and the
468:), was an
146:Government
132:(953–1288)
1620:StraĂźburg
1590:Eichstätt
1580:Constance
1530:Ellwangen
1002:Spiritual
648:Calvinism
478:Hochstift
464:(German:
1640:WĂĽrzburg
1570:Augsburg
1518:Abbacies
1437:Austrian
1412:Bavarian
1395:Rheineck
1188:WĂĽrzburg
1174:Salzburg
975:Electors
558:east of
492:and the
55:953–1803
1711:Bavaria
1699:Duchies
1680:Cologne
1649:Bamberg
1540:Kempten
1416:Swabian
1375:Koblenz
1314:Cologne
1136:Hanover
1122:Bavaria
1064:Bohemia
1054:Secular
1040:Cologne
773:to the
682:Jesuits
624:Hamburg
536:Cologne
531:History
505:Cologne
472:of the
466:Kurköln
295:•
267:Cologne
265:•
252:•
240:Bruno I
238:•
130:Cologne
123:Capital
18:Kurköln
1610:Speyer
1600:Passau
1508:
1140:(1692)
1126:(1623)
1090:Saxony
1078:
914:6°50′E
911:51°0′N
759:. The
739:France
628:Bremen
620:LĂĽbeck
599:pogrom
560:JĂĽlich
511:. The
454:German
159:
107:Status
46:German
42:
1690:Trier
1670:Mainz
1630:Worms
1350:Trier
1326:Mainz
1230:Hesse
1216:Baden
1026:Trier
1012:Mainz
793:Notes
583:Italy
556:Rhine
480:—the
269:made
1642:and
769:and
749:Roer
717:Bonn
701:Bonn
626:and
591:Bonn
572:Mark
570:and
568:Berg
509:Bonn
448:The
302:1803
289:1512
276:1288
259:1031
136:Bonn
70:Flag
755:of
747:of
246:953
232:953
1748::
1454:·
1447:,
1443:,
1439:,
1430:,
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
809:.
574:.
520:.
456::
1491:e
1484:t
1477:v
1272:e
1265:t
1258:v
960:e
953:t
946:v
789:.
452:(
48:)
44:(
20:)
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