1236:, 1875, page 188-189, "The first one is called Ahab of Zirhala; and Professor Oppert, who discovered the name, reads Ahab the Israelite; but some ingenious remarks have been made on the name Zirhala by the Rev. D. H. Haigh, who has pointed out that Zir is not the usual reading of the first character, and that the name should be Suhala; and he suggests that the geographical name Samhala, or Savhala, a kingdom near Damascus, is intended in this place, and not the kingdom of Israel. The hypothesis of the Rev. D. H. Haigh may be correct; certainly he is right as to the usual phonetic value of the first character of this geographical name; but on the other hand, we find it certainly used sometimes for the syllable zir. Even if the view of the Rev. D. H. Haigh has to be given up, and if the reading, Ahab the Israelite, has to be accepted, it would be possible that this was not the Ahab of Scripture. The time when this battle took place, BC 854, was, according to the chronology here suggested, during the reign of Jehoahaz, king of Israel, BC 857 to 840; and at this time part of the territory of Israel had been conquered, and was held by the kingdom of Damascus: it is quite possible that the part of the country under the dominion of Damascus a ruler named Ahab may have reigned, and that he may have assisted Ben-hadad with his forces against the Assyrians. It does not seem likely that the Biblical Ahab, who was the foe of the king of Damascus, sent any troops to his aid, at least, such a circumstance is never hinted at in the Bible, and is contrary to the description of his conduct and reign. Under these circumstances I have given up the identification of the Ahab who assisted Ben-hadad at the battle of Qarqar, B.C. 854, with the Ahab, king of Israel, who died, I believe, forty-five years earlier, in BC 899."
489:, the fourteenth day, I departed from Nineveh, crossed the Tigris, and drew near to the cities of Giammu, (near) the Balih(?) River. At the fearfulness of my sovereignty, the terror of my frightful weapons, they became afraid; with their own weapons his nobles killed Giammu. Into Kitlala and Til-sha-mâr-ahi, I entered. I had my gods brought into his palaces. In his palaces I spread a banquet. His treasury I opened. I saw his wealth. His goods, his property, I carried off and brought to my city Assur. From Kitlala I departed. To Kâr-Shalmaneser I drew near. In (goat)-skin boats I crossed the Euphrates the second time, at its flood. The tribute of the kings on that side of the Euphrates,---of Sangara of Carchemish, of Kundashpi of Kumuhu (Commagene), of Arame son of Gûzi, of Lalli the Milidean, of Haiani son of Gahari, of Kalparoda of Hattina, of Kalparuda of Gurgum, - silver, gold, lead, copper, vessels of copper, at Ina-Assur-uttir-asbat, on that side of the Euphrates, on the river Sagur, which the people of Hatti call Pitru, there I received (it). From the Euphrates I departed, I drew near to Halman (Aleppo). They were afraid to fight with (me), they seized my feet. Silver, gold, as their tribute I received. I offered sacrifices before the god Adad of Halman. From Halman I departed. To the cities of Irhulêni, the Hamathite, I drew near. The cities of Adennu, Bargâ, Arganâ, his royal cities, I captured. His spoil, his property, the goods of his palaces, I brought out. I set fire to his palaces. From Argana I departed. To Karkar I drew near.
375:(4) the disk and crescent of the god Sin as the new and the full moon. On his collar the king wears as amulets (1) the fork, the symbol of the weather-god, Adad; (2) a segment of a circle, of uncertain meaning; (3) an eight-pointed star in a disk, here probably the symbol of Shamash, the sun-god; (4) a winged disk, again of the god Ashur. The gesture of the right hand has been much discussed and variously interpreted, either as the end of the action of throwing a kiss as an act of worship, or as resulting from cracking the fingers with the thumb, as a ritual act which is attributed to the Assyrians by later Greek writers, or as being simply a gesture of authority suitable to the king, with no reference to a particular religious significance. It seems fairly clear that the gesture is described in the phrase 'uban damiqti taraṣu', 'to stretch out a favourable finger', a blessing which corresponds to the reverse action, in which the index finger is not stretched out. There is a cuneiform inscription written across the face and base and around the sides of the stela.
409:
1334:, p. 11: "No clear evidence then occurs for several centuries until the time of Shalmaneser III (9th century) who refers to 'Ahab of Israel'. This identification has been widely accepted, but it has recently been challenged. The arguments against the identification with the biblical Ahab are well presented and understandable, but is it reasonable that in the mid-9th century there was an 'Ahab' in Syria from a country whose name was very similar to 'Israel', yet he had no connection with the Ahab of the Bible? It is always possible, but common sense says it is not likely. W. Gugler, Jehu und seine Revolution, Kampen 1996, 67-80. Gugler cites A.S. van der Woude, Zacharia (PredOT), Nijkerk 1984, 167, as the originator of the thesis, that the Achab from the monolith-inscription should be construed as a king from Northwestern Syria."
397:
254:
966:
reference to either Judah or Israel appears until the ninth century. The pharaoh
Sheshonq I (biblical Shishak; see SHESHONQ I–VI) mentions neither entity by name in the inscription recording his campaign in the southern Levant during the late tenth century. In the ninth century, Israelite kings, and possibly a Judaean king, are mentioned in several sources: the Aramaean stele from Tel Dan, inscriptions of SHALMANESER III of Assyria, and the stela of Mesha of Moab. From the early eighth century onward, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah are both mentioned somewhat regularly in Assyrian and subsequently Babylonian sources, and from this point on there is relatively good agreement between the biblical accounts on the one hand and the archaeological evidence and extra-biblical texts on the other.
1272:
nun allerdings unter den
Assyriologen Streit darüber, ob dieser Name wirklich mit hebr. ישראל und nicht vielmehr mit יזרעאל d. i. "Jezreel" zu identificiren sei, dieses deshalb, weil das erste Zeichen sonst den Lautwerth "sir" hat. Indess da das Adjectiv das Land-determinativ ("mat") vor sich hat, Jezreel aber kein "Land", denn vielmehr eine "Stadt" war, so wird schon deshalb die letztere Vermuthung aufzugeben sein. Dazu wird gerade bei zusammengesetzten, mit Zischlauten beginnenden Sylben ein so strenger Unterschied in den verschiedenen Zischlauten nicht gemacht, wie denn z. B. mit Bar-zi-pa in den Inschriften auch Bar-sip wechselt, obgleich sonst dem letzten Zeichen sip der andere "sip" fur gewohnlich nicht zukommt."
937:(see Bull Inscription and Black Obelisk). This lack of any further references leads some writers to assert that one should not equate the reference on the Monolith Inscription with Ahab of Israel. For example, W. Gugler supports A. S. van der Woude's thesis that tile inscription simply refers to an unknown northwest Syrian ruler. W. Gugler, Jehu und seine Revolution (Kampen: Kok Pharos, 1996), 70-77. Some earlier readings also suggested "Ahab of Jezreel" (see Cuneiform Inscriptions of Western Asia , 3:6). However, this no longer appears to be considered, and the mot recent studies do not mention it (e.g., Grayson, Assyrian Rulers, 11-24)."
949:, pp. 46, 62: "No other inscription from Palestine, or from Transjordan in the Iron Age, has so far provided any specific reference to Israel. ... The name of Israel was found in only a very limited number of inscriptions, one from Egypt, another separated by at least 250 years from the first, in Transjordan. A third reference is found in the stele from Tel Dan—if it is genuine, a question not yet settled. The Assyrian and Mesopotamian sources only once mentioned a king of Israel, Ahab, in a spurious rendering of the name."
335:
347:
510:, the Ammonite, - these twelve kings he brought to his support; to offer battle and fight, they came against me. (Trusting) in the exalted might which Assur, the lord, had given (me), in the mighty weapons, which Nergal, who goes before me, had presented (to me), I battled with them. From Karkar, as far as the city of Gilzau, I routed them. 14,000 of their warriors I slew with the sword. Like Adad, I rained destruction upon them. I scattered their corpses far and wide, (and) covered (
1098:, pages 117-126 in Workshop on Looking North: The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Northern Mesopotamian and Anatolian Regions during the Late Third and Early Second Millenium BC. 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (Rome, 5–10 May 2008), eds N. Laneri, P. Pfälzner and S. Valentini, 117-126, Wiesbaden 2012: Harrassowitz Verlag, Studien zur Urbanisierung Nordmesopotamiens Supplementa.
2641:
1018:
whatever their origin. In the mid—14th century, the Amarna letters mention no Israël, nor any of the biblical tribes, while the
Merneptah stele places someone called Israël in hill-country Palestine toward the end of the Late Bronze Age. The language and material culture of emergent Israël show strong local continuity, in contrast to the distinctly foreign character of early Philistine material culture.
498:, of Aram (? Damascus); 700 chariots, 700 cavalry, 10,000* soldiers of Irhulêni of Hamath, 2,000 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of Ahab, the Israelite, 500 soldiers of the Gueans, 1,000 soldiers of the Musreans, 10 chariots, 10,000 soldiers of the Irkanateans, 200 soldiers of Matinuba'il, the Arvadite, 200 soldiers of the Usanateans, 30 chariots, ,000 soldiers of Adunu-ba'il, the Shianean, 1,000 camels of
1252:, 1865, p.140, "La grande importance de ce texte réside dans la citation du roi célèbre par son impiété, et du nom d'Israël. On se souvient que le roi d'Assyrie cite juste sur l'obélisque, parmi ses tributaires, Jéhu, l'un des successeurs d'Achab, et contemporain de Hazaël qui paraît pour la première fois à la 18e campagne, tandis qu'à la 14e nous lisons encore le nom de son prédécesseur Benhadad."
226:; although this is the only reference to the term "Israel" in Assyrian and Babylonian records, which usually refer to the Northern Kingdom as the "House of Omri" in reference to its ruling dynasty—a fact brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation. It is also one of four known contemporary inscriptions containing the name of Israel, the others being the
637:, that is, Byblos. Other scholars have also pointed out that it would be more logical if Shalmaneser fought Byblos instead of Que, because it would make better geographic sense—since the other kings of the area are polities to the south and west of Assyria, it might be expected that another city-state in that area—Byblos—would fight at Qarqar, rather than Que, which is in
1275:
unter diesem Ahab, dem Sir'liten, der biblische Ahab von Israel gemeint ist. Dass aber Ahab im Bunde mit Damask erscheint; ist durchaus in
Uebereinstimmung mit dem biblischen Berichte; wonach Ahab nach der Schlacht bei Aphek mit Benhadad ein Bündniss schloss, selbstverständlich gegen den Erbfeind von Damaskus , gegen Assyrien."
1271:
p58-59 "Der Name "Israel" selber findet sich und zwar als Name für das "Reich Israel" nur einmal in den
Inschriften, nämlich auf dem neuentdeckten Stein Salmanassar's II, wo Ahab von Israel als Sir-'-lai d. i. als "der von Israel" bezeichnet wird (s. die Stelle in der Glosse zu 1 Kon. 16, 29). Es ist
382:
The stela depicting
Ashurnasirpal II is made of limestone with a round top. It is 193 centimetres (76 in) tall, 93 centimetres (37 in) wide, and 27 centimetres (11 in) deep. According to the British Museum, the stela "shows Ashurnasirpal II in an attitude of worship, raising his right
374:
The king, Shalmaneser III, stands before four divine emblems: (1) the winged disk, the symbol of the god Ashur, or, as some hold, of
Shamash; (2) the six-pointed star of Ishtar, goddess of the morning and evening star; (3) the crown of the sky-god Anu, in this instance with three horns, in profile;
1274:
p99-100 "Der
Umstand, dass hier Ahab, der Sir'lit, und Benhadad von Damaskus neben einander erscheinen, sowie dass dieser selbe König in der später redigirten Inschrift des Nimrudobelisk's des Jehu, Sohnes des Omri, sowie anderseits des Hazael von Damask gedenkt, lässt darüber keinen Zweifel, dass
1095:
612:
Summarizing scholarly works on this subject, Kelle suggests that the evidence "allows one to say that the inscription contains the first designation for the
Northern Kingdom. Moreover, the designation "Israel" seems to have represented an entity that included several vassal states." The latter may
1017:
The
Assyrian royal annals, along with the Mesha and Dan inscriptions, show a thriving northern state called Israël in the mid—9th century, and the continuity of settlement back to the early Iron Age suggests that the establishment of a sedentary identity should be associated with this population,
663:
Another major error in the text is the assertion that Assyria fought "twelve kings". Casual readers will note that the Monolith in fact lists eleven, but some scholars have attempted to explain that there really is a missing king, stemming from the description of "Ba'sa the man of Bit-Ruhubi, the
965:
The earliest certain mention of the ethnonym Israel occurs in a victory inscription of the Egyptian king MERENPTAH, his well-known "Israel Stela" (ca. 1210 BCE); recently, a possible earlier reference has been identified in a text from the reign of Rameses II (see RAMESES I–XI). Thereafter, no
608:
during the first half of the 9th century BCE. Due to the size of Ahab's army, which was presented as extraordinarily large for ancient times, the translation raised polemics among scholars. Nadav Na'aman proposed a scribal error in regard to the size of Ahab's army and suggested that the army
319:
I had the good fortune to discover a stone slab bearing the effigy of an Assyrian king, and covered on both sides with long inscriptions in the cuneiform character, to within 2 feet of its base, which had purposely been left bare to admit of its being sunk erect in the ground, as a trophy
514:., filled) the face of the desolate plain with their widespreading armies. With (my) weapons I made their blood to flow down the valleys(?) of the land. The plain was too small to let their bodies fall, the wide countryside was used up in burying them. With their bodies I spanned the
320:
commemorative of its capture by the king, and at the point probably where his legions effected their forced entry into the city. Some little way below it, on the slope of the mound, and nearly entirely concealed by debris, I exhumed another perfect relic of the same description.
552:
were "The Land of Omri" or Samaria. This fact has been brought up by some scholars who dispute the proposed translation. According to Shigeo Yamada, the designation of a state by two alternative names is not unusual in the inscription of Shalmaneser.
560:
had disputed whether the name was "Israel" or "Jezreel", because the first character is the phonetic "sir" and the place-determinative "mat". Schrader described the rationale for the reading "Israel", which became the scholarly consensus, as:
596:
The identification as Ahab of Israel has been challenged in more recent years by Werner Gugler and Adam van der Woude, who believe that "Achab from the monolith-inscription should be construed as a king from Northwestern Syria".
72:
929:, p. 642: "The question of the identity of a-ha-ab-bu involves the fact that the other Assyrian inscriptions for 853-852 do not mention this person as a leader or participant in the coalition. They mention only
2524:
1434:
1214:
1142:
1593:
577:, leaves no doubt that this Ahab Sir'lit is the biblical Ahab of Israel. That Ahab appears in cahoots with Damascus is quite in keeping with the biblical accounts, which Ahab concluded after the
367:
The stela depicting Shalmaneser III is made of limestone with a round top. It is 221 centimetres (87 in) tall, 87 centimetres (34 in) wide, and 23 centimetres (9.1 in) deep.
408:
2718:
1319:
621:
There are a number of issues surrounding the written words contained in the Monolith, mostly surrounding the text of the Battle of Qarqar. For example, the scribe lists one city as
600:
According to the inscription, Ahab committed a force of 10,000 foot soldiers and 2,000 chariots to an Assyrian-led war coalition. The size of Ahab's contribution indicates that the
1513:
2529:
253:
2340:
396:
1168:
2442:
727:
Kelle, Brad (2002), "What's in a Name? Neo-Assyrian Designations for the Northern Kingdom and Their Implications for Israelite History and Biblical Interpretation",
1838:
383:
hand to symbols of the gods" and its inscription "describes the campaign of 879 when Assyrians attacked the lands of the upper Tigris, in the Diyabakir region."
2662:
2519:
2150:
1753:
1533:
545:("Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament"). The first full translation of the Shalmaneser III Monolith was provided by James Alexander Craig in 1887.
652:
for "march". Tadmor says that the actual Musri people had been conquered by the Assyrians in the 11th century BC, and thus believes that this reference to
2733:
1528:
704:
2223:
2045:
2683:
2581:
2050:
1711:
1661:
1382:
2604:
2065:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2545:
1193:
293:. The location was also known as Kerh or Kerh-i Dicle and is now known as Üçtepe (in Kurdish: Kerx/Kerkh or Kerxa Kîkan), in the district of
518:) as with a bridge(?). In that battle I took from them their chariots, their cavalry, their horses, broken to the yoke. (*Possibly 20,000).
2723:
2233:
2025:
1681:
1621:
2688:
872:
2713:
2698:
1608:
850:
813:
278:
274:
548:
Schrader wrote that the name "Israel" ("Sir-ila-a-a") was unique among Assyrian inscriptions, as the usual Assyrian terms for the
2218:
1933:
1205:
Daniel David Luckenbill Ancient Records of Assyria and Babylonia (Chicago, 1926) Entire book is available online and to download
689:
570:
305:
245:
According to the inscription Ahab committed a force of 2,000 chariots and 10,000 foot soldiers to the coalition against Assyria.
2703:
2460:
2208:
760:"Travels in Kurdistan, with Notices of the Sources of the Eastern and Western Tigris, and Ancient Ruins in Their Neighbourhood"
494:
611. Karkar, his royal city, I destroyed, I devastated, I burned with fire. 1,200 chariots, I,200 cavalry, 20,000 soldiers, of
917:, p56, quote "The single case where "Israel" is mentioned is Shalmaneser's account of his battle with the coalition at Qarqar"
2693:
2678:
2495:
1405:
1127:
1636:
2576:
1181:
218:
at the end. This description contains the name "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" which is generally accepted to be a reference to
2060:
1676:
1543:
1538:
1375:
1233:
586:
359:
2534:
2248:
1803:
1732:
1716:
1415:
1043:
Assyrian Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography edited by Ada Cohen, Steven E. Kangas P:126
601:
470:
223:
2609:
1578:
549:
32:
2596:
2284:
714:
2708:
2502:
2474:
1883:
1651:
2453:
961:"Maeir, A. M. 2013. Israel and Judah. Pp. 3523–27 in The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. New York: Blackwell"
1343:
Reliefs from the Palace of Ashurnasirpal II: A Cultural Biography edited by Ada Cohen, Steven E. Kangas P:127
192:
130:
2644:
2350:
2295:
2278:
2013:
2008:
1666:
1631:
1368:
1029:
2728:
2330:
2258:
2003:
1998:
1721:
1245:
1229:
792:
298:
290:
200:
2305:
2163:
2140:
2075:
1893:
1497:
1474:
972:
805:
The crisis of Israelite religion: transformation of religious tradition in exilic and post-exilic times
334:
346:
2488:
2410:
2360:
2268:
1706:
1464:
677:
379:
The inscription "describes the military campaigns of his (Shalmaneser III's) reign down to 853 BC."
2481:
2380:
2158:
2030:
1958:
1878:
1823:
1523:
1503:
1213:. This is the English translation cited by the British Museum webpage on the Shalmaneser III stela
286:
188:
883:
The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship edited by Frederick E. Greenspahn, NYU Press, 2008
2571:
2432:
2427:
2320:
2310:
2103:
2055:
1993:
1978:
1918:
1908:
1853:
1813:
1798:
1738:
1616:
1469:
1107:
Karlheinz Kessler, Untersuchungen zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens, 1980, pp117-120
1069:
1008:
755:
744:
590:
184:
1479:
665:
2416:
2405:
2238:
2130:
2080:
1963:
1888:
1868:
1858:
1783:
1671:
1626:
1588:
1491:
1485:
1410:
1189:
1123:
900:
846:
809:
770:
649:
538:
421:
The inscription on the Shalmaneser III Stela deals with campaigns Shalmaneser made in western
312:. This identification was challenged by Karlheinz Kessler in 1980, who proposed ancient Tidu.
106:
1285:
The Monolith Inscription of Salmaneser II, (July 1, 1887), James A. Craig, Hebraica Volume: 3
914:
884:
828:
803:
2395:
2243:
2198:
2098:
2093:
2070:
2020:
1938:
1863:
1773:
1768:
1558:
1117:
736:
438:
215:
176:
527:
The identification of "A-ha-ab-bu Sir-ila-a-a" with "Ahab of Israel" was first proposed by
2300:
2273:
2253:
2125:
2108:
1983:
1923:
1913:
1873:
1833:
1778:
1763:
1691:
1646:
1553:
1186:
From Babel to Babylon: Essays on Biblical History And Literature in Honor of Brian Peckham
985:
781:
578:
503:
227:
211:
180:
77:
776:
Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament (Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament)
1155:
1031:
The Ancient Arabs: Nomads on the Borders of the Fertile Crescent, 9th–5th Centuries B.C.
2658:
2591:
2539:
2390:
2385:
2370:
2325:
2263:
2193:
2183:
2085:
1948:
1848:
1828:
1726:
1641:
1598:
1568:
1391:
1119:
Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction : Collected Essays
699:
204:
141:
2672:
2355:
2290:
2228:
2213:
2168:
2118:
2040:
2035:
1973:
1968:
1903:
1898:
1808:
1788:
1583:
1573:
1459:
1454:
1249:
709:
528:
515:
269:... situated at the eastern end of an elevated platform ... on the right bank of the
231:
541:
dealt with parts of the inscription on the Shalmaneser III Monolith in 1872, in his
2586:
2566:
2422:
2113:
1988:
1953:
1943:
1818:
1793:
1686:
915:
Israel in Transition 2: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIA, edited by Lester L. Grabbe
788:
557:
442:
1206:
999:
FLEMING, DANIEL E. (1998-01-01). "Mari and the Possibilities of Biblical Memory".
476:
The English translation of the end of the Shalmaneser III monolith is as follows:
1210:
840:
664:
Ammonite". One scholar suggests that the two entities be split into "Bit-Ruhubi"
2365:
2203:
2178:
2173:
1843:
1743:
1656:
1563:
1548:
1449:
422:
235:
2400:
2375:
2188:
2135:
1928:
1696:
434:
266:
17:
1310:, p. 609: " Jesreel als seiner Residenz" ("or Jezreel as his residence")
47:
34:
1701:
1444:
1266:
930:
774:
759:
566:
495:
458:
430:
88:
1284:
1082:
569:
appear next to each other, and that in an inscription of this same king 's
835:, G.F. Callenbach, Prediking van het Oude Testament, 325 pages, 9026607407
414:
Kurkh stele of Shalmaneser III, cuneiform inscription on the back and side
261:
The location of the discovery at the town called "Kurkh" was described as
934:
896:
585:
The identification was challenged by other contemporary scholars such as
462:
450:
1012:
895:
Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives By Jonathan Michael Golden,
794:
Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (History of Babylonia and Assyria)
748:
657:
638:
626:
499:
309:
162:
2467:
605:
574:
507:
454:
446:
294:
270:
196:
165:
740:
629:. However, H. Tadmor believes that this is actually a mistake, with
1267:
Eberhard Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 1872
960:
183:. The Monoliths were discovered in 1861 by a British archaeologist
694:
673:
669:
581:
an alliance with Benhadad against their hereditary enemy Assyria."
426:
252:
239:
71:
1360:
238:. This description is also the oldest document that mentions the
1096:"Üçtepe and Diyarbakır Area During the Early-Middle Bronze Ages"
466:
219:
1364:
187:, who was the British Consul-General stationed in the Ottoman
573:
appears Jehu, son of Omri, and commemorates the descendant
1184:
in Joyce Rilett Wood, John E. Harvey, Mark Leuchter, eds.
175:& 879 BC that contain a description of the reigns of
1320:
Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament
556:
Schrader also noted that whilst Assyriologists such as
277:
with the former, which receives also the waters of the
273:, and close to the angle formed by the junction of the
802:
Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette (1999),
437:. At the end of the Monolith comes the account of the
1053:
1051:
1049:
449:. This alliance, comprising eleven kings, was led by
203:
of Turkey. Both stelae were donated by Taylor to the
910:
908:
2559:
2512:
2441:
2339:
2149:
1752:
1607:
1512:
1433:
1424:
1398:
764:
Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
370:The British Museum describes the image as follows:
147:
137:
126:
112:
102:
94:
84:
64:
644:Another issue with regard to spelling is the term
1594:Amun in the form of a ram protecting King Taharqa
485:610. In the year of Dâian-Assur, in the month of
445:fought against Shalmaneser at the Syrian city of
2719:Middle Eastern sculptures in the British Museum
1001:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale
402:Kurkh stele of Shalmaneser III, frontal aspect
1376:
1331:
429:, fighting extensively with the countries of
191:, at a site called Kurkh, which is now known
8:
1246:Histoire des Empires de Chaldée et d'Assyrie
609:consisted of 200 instead of 2,000 chariots.
533:Histoire des Empires de Chaldée et d'Assyrie
465:, describing also a large force led by King
1262:
1260:
1258:
2657:This article is about an item held in the
1529:Colossal quartzite statue of Amenhotep III
1430:
1383:
1369:
1361:
1137:
1135:
705:List of artifacts significant to the Bible
543:Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament
61:
2224:Kition Necropolis Phoenician inscriptions
1712:Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art
1662:Dhaneswar Khera Buddha image inscription
1225:
1223:
660:", although some scholars dispute this.
625:, which some scholars believe refers to
2066:Sarcophagus of Seianti Hanunia Tlesnasa
865:
842:The Israelites in History and Tradition
214:monolith contains a description of the
2620:Royal Commission on the British Museum
1307:
1057:
981:
970:
946:
565:"the fact that here Ahab Sir'lit, and
315:Taylor described his find as follows:
2546:A History of the World in 100 Objects
1352:
1295:
926:
7:
2525:Conservation and Scientific Research
613:have included Moab, Edom and Judah.
358:First published transcriptions, by
604:was a major military power in the
304:Kurkh was initially identified by
25:
2734:Findings in Turkey outside Turkey
2535:Portable Antiquities and Treasure
1182:"Jezebel - the 'Corrosive' Queen"
1169:The Kurkh Stela: Ashurnasirpal II
387:Shalmaneser III Stela inscription
2640:
2639:
2582:Films shot at the British Museum
2219:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
1934:Herculean Sarcophagus of Genzano
1622:Aphsad inscription of Ādityasena
1143:The Kurkh Stela: Shalmaneser III
690:Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
633:being an incorrect spelling for
407:
395:
345:
333:
70:
2684:1861 archaeological discoveries
845:. Westminster John Knox Press.
257:Kurkh stele of Ashurnasirpal II
2496:The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
1534:Colossal head of Amenhotep III
729:Journal of Biblical Literature
502:, the Arabian, ,000 soldiers
1:
2046:Priene dedicatory inscription
281:, on the left bank opposite,
169:
116:
2234:Complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir
2209:Tell al-'Ubaid Copper Lintel
1677:Jade terrapin from Allahabad
1544:Gebelein predynastic mummies
1539:El-Amra clay model of cattle
1070:A list of villages in Bismil
839:Lemche, Niels Peter (1998).
797:, Berlin, Grote, p. 609
360:George Smith (assyriologist)
2724:Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
2249:Babylonian Map of the World
1804:Barber Cup and Crawford Cup
1733:The Great Wave off Kanagawa
1717:Seated Buddha from Gandhara
1637:Amitābha Buddha from Hancui
825:, Kampen, 1996, pages 67–80
617:Scribal errors and disputes
2750:
2661:. The object reference is
1579:Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
1122:, Eisenbrauns, 2005. p. 2
1085:Site accessed July 5, 2014
550:Northern Kingdom of Israel
2689:Battles involving Assyria
2635:
2285:Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
2061:Sant'Angelo Muxaro Patera
1332:Becking & Korpel 1999
873:British Museum Collection
823:Jehu und seine Revolution
715:Stela of Ashurnasirpal II
480:Year 6 (Col. ll, 78-I02)
69:
2714:Ancient Near East steles
2699:Ancient Israel and Judah
2592:Repatriation controversy
2269:Flood tablet (Gilgamesh)
2051:Priene edict inscription
1884:Choiseul-Gouffier Apollo
1652:Mogao Christian painting
1156:Stela of Shalmaneser III
1072:Site accessed: 8.12.2020
2577:Dingwall Beloe Lectures
2279:Library of Ashurbanipal
1667:Hephthalite silver bowl
1632:Ambika Statue from Dhar
1209:. Quoted text begins
1188:, T&T Clark, 2006,
441:, where an alliance of
308:as the ancient city of
151:ME 118883 and ME 118884
2704:Wars of ancient Israel
2530:Libraries and Archives
2331:Phoenician metal bowls
2259:Cylinders of Nabonidus
1722:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
980:Cite journal requires
668:, a state in southern
583:
520:
491:
482:
377:
322:
283:
258:
76:The Monolith stele of
2694:Akkadian inscriptions
2679:9th-century BC steles
2306:Babylonian Chronicles
2164:Assyrian lion weights
2141:Xanten Horse-Phalerae
2076:Stony Stratford Hoard
1994:Papyri of Oxyrhynchus
1894:Dionysus Sardanapalus
1839:Bronze head of Hypnos
1475:Double-headed serpent
1230:Assyrian Eponym Canon
1171:Accessed July 5, 2014
1158:Accessed July 5, 2014
1145:Accessed July 5, 2014
567:Ben-hadad of Damascus
563:
492:
483:
478:
372:
317:
297:, in the province of
263:
256:
199:, in the province of
195:, in the district of
2489:The Disasters of War
2411:Sutton Hoo purse-lid
2361:Holy Thorn Reliquary
1707:Mathura lion capital
1465:Bronze Head from Ife
1180:Huffmon, Herbert B.
285:then in the Ottoman
265:about 14 miles from
2572:British Museum Acts
2482:The Ancient of Days
2381:Mildenhall Treasure
2159:Ain Sakhri figurine
2090:Townley collection
2031:Petelia Gold Tablet
1959:Macmillan aryballos
1879:Chatuzange Treasure
1824:Boscoreale Treasure
1524:Battlefield Palette
1504:Yaxchilan Lintel 24
756:Taylor, John George
287:Eyalet of Kurdistan
189:Eyalet of Kurdistan
44: /
2454:Dürer's Rhinoceros
2433:Lampsacus Treasure
2428:Vindolanda Tablets
2321:Antiochus cylinder
2311:Ur Box inscription
2056:San Sosti Axe-Head
1979:Minoan Bull-leaper
1919:Farnese Diadumenos
1909:Esquiline Treasure
1854:Campo Iemini Venus
1814:Beaurains Treasure
1799:Asclepius of Milos
1739:Vishnu Nicolo Seal
1682:Kakiemon elephants
1617:Admonitions Scroll
1470:Codex Kingsborough
1416:Round Reading Room
1081:Ancient Locations
829:A.S. van der Woude
771:Schrader, Eberhard
591:Daniel Henry Haigh
575:Hazael of Damascus
259:
185:John George Taylor
107:Akkadian cuneiform
2653:
2652:
2555:
2554:
2417:Swimming Reindeer
2406:Sutton Hoo helmet
2239:Tablet of Shamash
2131:Vaison Diadumenos
2081:Strangford Apollo
1889:Demeter of Knidos
1869:Chaourse Treasure
1859:Carthage Treasure
1784:Arcisate Treasure
1672:Huixian Bronze Hu
1627:Amaravati Marbles
1589:Sphinx of Taharqo
1492:Kayung totem pole
1486:Throne of Weapons
1269:Quotes in German:
1194:978-0-567-02892-1
1154:British Museum.
602:Kingdom of Israel
539:Eberhard Schrader
155:
154:
16:(Redirected from
2741:
2643:
2642:
2520:Coins and Medals
2396:Seax of Beagnoth
2244:Statue of Idrimi
2199:Ram in a Thicket
2071:Satala Aphrodite
2021:Paramythia Hoard
1864:Caubiac Treasure
1774:Apollo of Cyrene
1769:Aineta aryballos
1559:MacGregor plaque
1431:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1264:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1227:
1218:
1203:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1167:British Museum.
1165:
1159:
1152:
1146:
1141:British Museum.
1139:
1130:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1020:
996:
990:
989:
983:
978:
976:
968:
956:
950:
944:
938:
924:
918:
912:
903:
893:
887:
881:
875:
870:
856:
821:Gugler, Werner,
818:
798:
779:
766:
751:
523:"Ahab of Israel"
439:Battle of Qarqar
411:
399:
349:
340:Ashurnasirpal II
337:
216:Battle of Qarqar
177:Ashurnasirpal II
174:
171:
138:Present location
121:
118:
98:2.2m & 1.93m
74:
62:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
48:37.825°N 40.54°E
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2709:Assyrian stelas
2669:
2668:
2667:
2654:
2649:
2631:
2551:
2508:
2444:
2437:
2342:
2335:
2316:Kurkh Monoliths
2301:Lachish reliefs
2274:Jar of Xerxes I
2254:Rassam cylinder
2145:
2126:Uerdingen Hoard
1984:Nereid Monument
1924:Guilford Puteal
1914:Euphorbos plate
1874:Chatsworth Head
1834:Braganza Brooch
1779:Archangel ivory
1764:Aegina Treasure
1755:
1748:
1692:Kanishka casket
1647:Buddhapad Hoard
1603:
1554:Hunters Palette
1515:
1508:
1480:Hoa Hakananai'a
1436:
1435:Africa, Oceania
1426:
1420:
1394:
1389:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1298:, p. 642a.
1294:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1256:
1244:
1240:
1228:
1221:
1204:
1200:
1179:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1153:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1116:Nadav Na'aman,
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1094:Aynur Özfırat.
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1028:
1024:
998:
997:
993:
979:
969:
958:
957:
953:
945:
941:
925:
921:
913:
906:
894:
890:
882:
878:
871:
867:
863:
853:
838:
816:
801:
787:
782:editio princeps
769:
754:
741:10.2307/3268575
726:
723:
686:
619:
579:Battle of Aphek
525:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
412:
404:
403:
400:
389:
365:
364:
363:
362:
355:
354:
353:
352:Shalmaneser III
350:
342:
341:
338:
327:
306:Henry Rawlinson
251:
228:Merneptah Stele
212:Shalmaneser III
181:Shalmaneser III
172:
159:Kurkh Monoliths
119:
80:
78:Shalmaneser III
65:Kurkh Monoliths
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
27:Assyrian stelae
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2747:
2745:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2659:British Museum
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2542:
2540:Rondanini Faun
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2503:Triumphal Arch
2499:
2492:
2485:
2478:
2475:Isabella Brant
2471:
2464:
2457:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Royal Gold Cup
2388:
2386:Ringlemere Cup
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Lewis chessmen
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2326:Nimrud ivories
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Cyrus Cylinder
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2194:Standard of Ur
2191:
2186:
2184:Blau Monuments
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2088:
2086:Tomb of Payava
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:Mâcon Treasure
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Lion of Knidos
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1849:Bursa Treasure
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1829:Boy with Thorn
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1729:
1727:Statue of Tara
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1642:Bimaran casket
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1599:Younger Memnon
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Papyrus of Ani
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1411:King's Library
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1392:British Museum
1390:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1336:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1277:
1254:
1238:
1219:
1198:
1173:
1160:
1147:
1131:
1109:
1100:
1087:
1074:
1062:
1045:
1036:
1022:
991:
982:|journal=
951:
939:
919:
904:
888:
876:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
851:
836:
826:
819:
814:
799:
785:
767:
752:
735:(4): 639–666,
722:
719:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
700:Books of Kings
697:
692:
685:
682:
676:", a state in
618:
615:
571:Nimrud obelisk
524:
521:
413:
406:
405:
401:
394:
393:
392:
391:
390:
388:
385:
357:
356:
351:
344:
343:
339:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
326:
323:
250:
247:
205:British Museum
153:
152:
149:
148:Identification
145:
144:
142:British Museum
139:
135:
134:
128:
124:
123:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
75:
67:
66:
26:
24:
18:Kurkh Monolith
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2746:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Aram-Damascus
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2646:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:Franks Casket
2354:
2352:
2351:Boxwood altar
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:Oxus Treasure
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Burney Relief
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:White Obelisk
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Balawat Gates
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:Portland Vase
2039:
2037:
2036:Piranesi Vase
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:Pericles bust
2024:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1969:Mainz Gladius
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Elgin Marbles
1902:
1900:
1899:Elgin Amphora
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:Bassae Frieze
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1789:Armento Rider
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Rosetta Stone
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Prudhoe Lions
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1514:Ancient Egypt
1511:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1460:Briggs Enigma
1458:
1456:
1455:Benin Bronzes
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1281:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Julius Oppert
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
974:
967:
962:
959:Maeir, Aren.
955:
952:
948:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
923:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
902:
898:
892:
889:
886:
880:
877:
874:
869:
866:
860:
854:
852:9780664227272
848:
844:
843:
837:
834:
830:
827:
824:
820:
817:
815:9789004114968
811:
807:
806:
800:
796:
795:
790:
789:Hommel, Fritz
786:
783:
778:
777:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
724:
720:
716:
713:
711:
710:Old Testament
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
616:
614:
610:
607:
603:
598:
594:
592:
588:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
562:
559:
554:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
534:
530:
529:Julius Oppert
522:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
490:
488:
481:
477:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
410:
398:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
368:
361:
348:
336:
324:
321:
316:
313:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
262:
255:
248:
246:
243:
241:
237:
233:
232:Tel Dan Stele
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173: 852 BC
167:
164:
160:
150:
146:
143:
140:
136:
132:
129:
125:
120: 852 BC
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
79:
73:
68:
63:
60:
57:
53:37.825; 40.54
19:
2656:
2587:Private Case
2567:Blythe House
2544:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2423:Hedwig glass
2415:
2315:
2296:Taylor Prism
2283:
1989:Oscan Tablet
1954:Lycurgus Cup
1944:Jennings Dog
1819:Blacas Cameo
1794:Arundel Head
1731:
1687:Kang Hou gui
1498:Tree of Life
1496:
1484:
1437:and Americas
1348:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1280:
1241:
1234:George Smith
1201:
1185:
1176:
1163:
1150:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1090:
1083:Tidu? Kurkh
1077:
1065:
1039:
1030:
1025:
1016:
1007:(1): 41–78.
1004:
1000:
994:
973:cite journal
964:
954:
942:
922:
891:
879:
868:
841:
832:
822:
804:
793:
775:
763:
732:
728:
721:Bibliography
678:Trans-Jordan
662:
653:
645:
643:
634:
630:
622:
620:
611:
599:
595:
587:George Smith
584:
564:
558:Fritz Hommel
555:
547:
542:
537:
532:
531:in his 1865
526:
511:
493:
486:
484:
479:
475:
443:twelve kings
420:
381:
378:
373:
369:
366:
318:
314:
303:
284:
264:
260:
244:
209:
193:Üçtepe Höyük
179:and his son
158:
156:
131:Üçtepe Höyük
122:& 879 BC
29:
2366:Hoxne Hoard
2204:Lyres of Ur
2179:Uruk Trough
2174:Blacas ewer
2151:Middle East
1844:Burgon vase
1744:Wardak Vase
1657:David Vases
1564:Min Palette
1549:Hornedjitef
1450:Aubin Codex
1427:and objects
1425:Departments
1406:Great Court
1308:Hommel 1885
1058:Taylor 1865
947:Lemche 1998
648:, which is
423:Mesopotamia
325:Description
301:of Turkey.
236:Mesha Stele
51: /
2673:Categories
2443:Prints and
2401:Sutton Hoo
2376:Lindow Man
2343:and Europe
2341:Prehistory
2189:Palmer Cup
2136:Warren Cup
2104:Discobolus
1974:Meroë Head
1929:Harpy Tomb
1697:Klang Bell
1353:Kelle 2002
1322:, p278-279
1296:Kelle 2002
1128:1575061082
927:Kelle 2002
861:References
666:Beth-Rehob
635:Gu-bal-a-a
496:Hadad-ezer
435:Carchemish
299:Diyarbakir
267:Diyarbakir
234:, and the
222:, king of
201:Diyarbakir
127:Discovered
39:40°32′24″E
36:37°49′30″N
2663:EA 118884
2605:Directors
1939:Isis Tomb
1702:Kulu Vase
1516:and Sudan
1445:Akan Drum
931:Adad-idri
808:, BRILL,
656:must be "
506:, son of
459:Hadadezer
431:Bit Adini
291:Al-Jazira
249:Discovery
207:in 1863.
89:Limestone
2645:Category
2625:Trustees
2597:Secretum
2461:Epifania
2445:Drawings
2099:Caryatid
2094:Antinous
1756:and Rome
1399:Building
1013:23282083
935:Irhuleni
899:, 2004,
897:ABC-CLIO
833:Zacharia
791:(1885),
773:(1872),
758:(1865),
684:See also
650:Akkadian
500:Gindibu'
463:Damascus
451:Irhuleni
279:Ambar Su
163:Assyrian
161:are two
85:Material
2615:Keepers
2610:Friends
2109:Hadrian
1034:, p. 75
749:3268575
639:Cilicia
310:Tushhan
275:Giuk Su
113:Created
103:Writing
2601:Staff
2468:I Modi
1754:Greece
1196:p. 276
1192:
1126:
1011:
849:
812:
747:
631:Gu-a-a
623:Gu-a-a
606:Levant
516:Arantu
508:Ruhubi
471:Israel
455:Hamath
447:Qarqar
295:Bismil
271:Tigris
230:, the
224:Israel
197:Bismil
166:stelae
133:, 1861
2560:Other
2513:Other
2119:Venus
1009:JSTOR
901:P.275
745:JSTOR
695:Bible
674:Ammon
672:and "
670:Syria
658:Egypt
654:Musri
646:musri
504:Ba'sa
427:Syria
240:Arabs
2114:Vase
1609:Asia
1215:here
1211:here
1207:here
1190:ISBN
1124:ISBN
986:help
933:and
885:P.11
847:ISBN
810:ISBN
589:and
512:lit.
487:Airu
467:Ahab
457:and
433:and
425:and
220:Ahab
210:The
157:The
95:Size
2014:103
2009:102
737:doi
733:121
627:Que
469:of
461:of
453:of
289:in
168:of
2675::
2004:85
1999:84
1257:^
1248:,
1232:,
1222:^
1134:^
1048:^
1015:.
1005:92
1003:.
977::
975:}}
971:{{
963:.
907:^
831:,
762:,
743:,
731:,
680:.
641:.
593:.
535:.
473:.
242:.
170:c.
117:c.
2665:.
1384:e
1377:t
1370:v
1355:.
1217:.
1060:.
988:)
984:(
855:.
784:)
780:(
739::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
