122:. The main difference between both systems is that Igla requires the space station to collaborate in the docking maneuver by reorienting itself to point the docking port to the spacecraft, while Kurs allows docking with a fully stationary space station. The main reason for this change was that Mir was to be a much bigger space station than the older Salyut, so the propellant consumption would have been excessive for each docking. Kurs provided the automated docking system for all Russian spacecraft that docked with the
22:
515:
The production association Kiev Radio
Factory aimed its further development toward the production of equipment for space exploration. In 1966 it started the production of a unique onboard complex named Igla for search, mutual orientation, approach and "docking" of "space" vehicles. In 1985 the Igla
481:
The first automated docking of "Mir" orbital station with "Soyuz TM1" spacecraft was implemented on May 23, 1986 by means of the "Kurs" equipment. "Kurs-ММ" docking system for short-range spacecraft has been designed for the upgraded spacecraft under the ISS program "Kurs-M" radio-electronic system
128:
space station. When used for docking, the Soyuz or
Progress vehicle broadcasts radar pulses from multiple antennas. The variation in strength between the antennas allows the system to compute relative position, attitude, and approach rate. The system is designed for automatic rendezvous and docking,
595:
IGLA system was replaced with the current KURS system. Both systems are radar-based. the docking process can be controlled either from the ground or from the active (docking) spacecraft's onboard computer. Soyuz TM and
Progress M Series spacecraft incorporated the KURS. The MIR Complex has both
251:. The failure was due to a software glitch that prevented the ship's computer system from smoothly switching from guidance data transmitted by antennas on the Zvezda module to signals transmitted from Zarya. A later redocking had to be done manually, also by
262:
on 26 November 2008, a Kurs antenna failed to deploy. The antenna was successfully deployed about three hours later after flight controllers resent the deployment command, however the spacecraft was docked to the
560:
144:(RKA). Due to hard-currency problems, Kiev also raised the price of the Kurs system. Consequently, RKA sought to phase out its use in its vehicles. A test using the Russian
690:
546:
Since 1985 all
Russian spacecraft had used the Kurs computers to dock automatically with the Mir station All the Russian commanders had to do was sit by and watch.
201:'New Active') docking system, requiring only one rendezvous antenna and using less power, replaces Kurs-A, which required five antennas. It was tested by
975:
166:
to be abandoned. After the collision and recovery, the next
Progress ship had a failure of Kurs, and was docked successfully using the same TORU system.
316:
system to manually control the rendezvous and docking, setting a record for the furthest distance a
Progress spacecraft was flown under manual control.
529:
557:
624:
226:
The now
Russian-built antenna part of the Kurs system also served as an independent and redundant docking monitoring system for the European
482:
for "Kurs-ATV", for monitoring of rendezvous and docking ATV- spacecraft (European Space Agency) with the ISS on range and radial velocity
970:
898:
539:
111:
687:
327:
the Kurs system mis-aligned the spacecraft and failed to dock, requiring a manual docking approach piloted by Soyuz
Commander
460:
444:
141:
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was succeeded by the Kurs, a more advanced and reliable system, which is working now on the Mir Soyuz
Progress complex.
494:
756:
399:
372:
339:
324:
305:
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264:
244:
130:
230:. It served as an additional monitoring system and could not be used to control the approach or docking of the ATV.
227:
861:
92:
655:
577:
184:
72:
210:
56:
921:
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Hinman, Elaine M; Bushman, David M. (1991). "Soviet automated rendezvous and docking system overview".
255:, as an antenna required for the final approach was irreversibly retracted during the initial approach.
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52:
361:
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119:
42:
823:
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83:
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system was not installed on the vehicle, the docking attempt was aborted. It was decided that
639:
800:
501:. The History of Development of Computer Science and Technologies in Ukraine. Archived from
391:
328:
175:
115:
63:
33:
129:
but in an emergency cosmonauts may take command of the vehicle, either locally or from the
883:
838:
733:
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136:
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kurs system became the property of
590:
114:
system and today provides navigation beaconing for
Russian space vehicles including the
608:
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National Space Agency of Ukraine / Kurs Research and Production Complex, Public Company
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21:
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backup system to reduce reliance on Kurs, was responsible for the collision between
707:
364:
aft port for Soyuz MS-14 to dock there successfully three days later on 27 August.
944:"Soyuz MS-19 docked with ISS manually due to malfunction in auto-docking system"
922:"Progress MS-16 resupply ship manually docked following 2 day flight to Station"
468:
383:
357:
335:
25:
The Progress vehicle docking to the Pirs module using the Kurs-A docking system
371:
suffered a communication issue 20m from the station. Kurs was deactivated and
309:
247:
the Kurs system failed requiring a manual docking approach by Soyuz commander
82:), Moscow, Legostaew, before 1985 and manufactured by the Kiev Radio Factory (
441:
140:; its manufacturer became a competitor in the space launch business with the
676:
502:
289:
in an incorrect orientation. The Kurs system was deactivated, and Cosmonaut
272:
615:
Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir
778:
62:"Kurs" was developed by the Research Institute of Precision Instruments (
656:"Progress M-15M re-docks to ISS following resolution of Kurs-NA failure"
360:
would be manually relocated onto the faulty Poisk port, freeing up the
137:
467:. Research Institute of Precision Instruments (NII TP). Archived from
677:Космический грузовик «Прогресс М-21М» испытал систему сближения с МКС
415:
159:
943:
48:
20:
899:"Station crew to clear new port for second Soyuz docking attempt"
720:
the crew members cannot manually pilot the ATV by remote control
376:
353:
313:
294:
268:
145:
862:"Russian Cargo Ship Docks at Space Station Despite Malfunction"
579:
NASA Automated Rendezvous and Capture Review Executive Summary
423:
402:
performed by Kurs with Soyuz & Progress vehicles, and the
398:
As of May 2022, there have been 83 successful dockings to the
150:
124:
824:"Station gets new cargo ship; shuttle inspections underway"
346:
port due to a failure in a Kurs signal amplifier on the
734:"Redocking of station cargo ship will be tricky affair"
97:
884:"Tim Peake begins stay on international space station"
801:"Unmanned Russian resupply spacecraft docks with ISS"
334:
On 24 August 2019 during the docking of the uncrewed
189:
77:
920:
Lee Kanayama & Joseph Navin (16 February 2021).
839:"Cosmonaut takes control of resupply ship's docking"
697:
Figure 2-3: External Equipment on the EPM Front Cone
418:, a relative navigation vision system used on three
612:
406:station module, giving Kurs a 90.4% success rate.
386:there was a malfunction of the Kurs system on the
51:control system (type tomahook, etc.) used by the
757:"Russian Cargo Ship on Course for Space Station"
390:port, requiring the Soyuz spacecraft commander
649:
647:
495:"The First Serially Produced Onboard Computer"
822:William Harwood for CBS news (29 July 2009).
8:
658:. NASASpaceFlight (not associated with NASA)
352:module and failed to dock. Since the backup
367:On 17 February 2021 during final approach
319:On 15 December 2015 during the docking of
239:On 18 November 2000 during the docking of
708:"Safety and autonomy make the ATV unique"
640:NASA-5 Mike Foale: Collision and Recovery
531:Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir
331:. This delayed the docking by 10 minutes.
710:. European Space Agency. 12 October 2005
382:On 5 October 2021 during the docking of
342:the spacecraft failed to lock on to the
434:
732:Harwood, William (21 December 2000).
293:performed a manual docking using the
7:
585:(Technical report). pp. 34–35.
499:The European Virtual Computer Museum
304:was about 1 kilometer away from the
209:in November 2013. It is used on the
394:to take control and dock manually.
14:
976:Space program of the Soviet Union
897:Clark, Stephen (24 August 2019).
755:Malik, Tariq (26 November 2008).
461:"Space Measuring Docking Systems"
379:system and docked successfully.
803:. SpaceDaily. 30 November 2008
654:Harding, Pete (28 July 2012).
619:. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.
110:Kurs was the successor to the
1:
534:. Fourth Estate. p. 65.
375:took manual control with the
308:when its Kurs system failed.
258:Immediately after launch of
142:Russian Federal Space Agency
16:System of automated tracking
442:NII TP history (in Russian)
400:International Space Station
340:International Space Station
325:International Space Station
306:International Space Station
287:International Space Station
265:International Space Station
245:International Space Station
190:
131:International Space Station
98:
78:
992:
971:Spacecraft docking systems
860:Tariq Malik (1 May 2010).
837:Ray, Justin (1 May 2010).
779:"Progress launched to ISS"
228:Automated Transfer Vehicle
211:Progress MS (2015-present)
563:27 September 2007 at the
179:
87:
67:
37:
886:. BBC. 15 December 2015.
688:Integrated cargo carrier
528:Burrough, Bryan (1998).
693:29 October 2007 at the
285:was on approach to the
162:module, nearly causing
47:'Course') is a
946:. TASS. 5 October 2021
271:system, controlled by
158:and the damage to the
26:
447:21 April 2008 at the
79:NII Tochnikh Priborov
57:Russian space program
24:
205:in July 2012 and by
99:Kyyivskyy Radiozavod
88:Київський Радіозавод
591:1991arcr.nasa...34H
120:Progress spacecraft
68:НИИ Точных Приборов
826:. Spaceflight Now.
611:(1 January 2001).
596:systems installed.
278:, as a precaution.
27:
924:. NASASpaceFlight
901:. Spaceflight Now
841:. Spaceflight Now
736:. Spaceflight Now
626:978-0-07-137230-5
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471:on 24 April 2008
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392:Anton Shkaplerov
329:Yuri Malenchenko
312:used the backup
281:On 29 July 2009
195:
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191:Novaya Aktivnaya
183:
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116:Soyuz spacecraft
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695:Wayback Machine
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609:Linenger, Jerry
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565:Wayback Machine
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505:on 15 June 2008
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449:Wayback Machine
440:
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422:flights to the
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373:Sergey Ryzhikov
291:Gennady Padalka
236:
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32:(Ukrainian and
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369:Progress MS-16
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302:Progress M-05M
300:On 1 May 2010
298:
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276:Yury Lonchakov
260:Progress M-01M
256:
235:
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207:Progress M-21M
203:Progress M-15M
180:Новая Активная
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321:Soyuz TMA-19M
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283:Progress M-67
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250:
249:Yuri Gidzenko
246:
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241:Progress M1-4
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174:The Kurs-NA (
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156:Progress M-34
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948:. Retrieved
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926:. Retrieved
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903:. Retrieved
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866:. Retrieved
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843:. Retrieved
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805:. Retrieved
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783:. Retrieved
781:. SpaceToday
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761:. Retrieved
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738:. Retrieved
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719:
712:. Retrieved
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660:. Retrieved
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507:. Retrieved
503:the original
498:
489:
480:
473:. Retrieved
469:the original
464:
455:
437:
397:
348:
344:Poisk Module
225:
173:
163:
149:
135:
123:
109:
61:
29:
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18:
864:. SPACE.com
759:. Space.com
714:1 September
662:1 September
384:Soyuz MS-19
358:Soyuz MS-13
336:Soyuz MS-14
965:Categories
509:12 October
475:12 October
430:References
310:Oleg Kotov
267:using the
55:and later
338:with the
323:with the
273:Cosmonaut
243:with the
185:romanized
93:romanized
84:Ukrainian
73:romanized
691:Archived
561:Archived
445:Archived
410:See also
253:Gidzenko
234:Failures
807:7 April
785:7 April
763:7 April
587:Bibcode
465:History
388:Rassvet
297:system.
199:
187::
176:Russian
170:Kurs-NA
138:Ukraine
106:History
95::
75::
64:Russian
45:
34:Russian
623:
538:
416:TriDAR
362:Zvezda
160:Spektr
53:Soviet
950:8 May
928:8 May
905:8 May
868:1 May
845:1 May
740:8 May
583:(PDF)
404:Nauka
349:Poisk
49:radio
952:2022
930:2022
907:2022
870:2010
847:2010
809:2009
787:2009
765:2009
742:2022
716:2012
664:2012
621:ISBN
536:ISBN
511:2008
477:2008
377:TORU
354:TORU
314:TORU
295:TORU
269:TORU
197:lit.
154:and
146:TORU
118:and
112:Igla
43:lit.
38:Курс
30:Kurs
424:ISS
222:ATV
217:ISS
164:Mir
151:Mir
125:Mir
102:).
967::
718:.
646:^
593:.
544:.
513:.
497:.
479:.
463:.
213:.
194:,
182:,
178::
133:.
90:,
86::
70:,
66::
59:.
40:,
36::
954:.
932:.
909:.
872:.
849:.
811:.
789:.
767:.
744:.
666:.
629:.
589::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
