133:. The main difference between both systems is that Igla requires the space station to collaborate in the docking maneuver by reorienting itself to point the docking port to the spacecraft, while Kurs allows docking with a fully stationary space station. The main reason for this change was that Mir was to be a much bigger space station than the older Salyut, so the propellant consumption would have been excessive for each docking. Kurs provided the automated docking system for all Russian spacecraft that docked with the
33:
526:
The production association Kiev Radio
Factory aimed its further development toward the production of equipment for space exploration. In 1966 it started the production of a unique onboard complex named Igla for search, mutual orientation, approach and "docking" of "space" vehicles. In 1985 the Igla
492:
The first automated docking of "Mir" orbital station with "Soyuz TM1" spacecraft was implemented on May 23, 1986 by means of the "Kurs" equipment. "Kurs-ММ" docking system for short-range spacecraft has been designed for the upgraded spacecraft under the ISS program "Kurs-M" radio-electronic system
139:
space station. When used for docking, the Soyuz or
Progress vehicle broadcasts radar pulses from multiple antennas. The variation in strength between the antennas allows the system to compute relative position, attitude, and approach rate. The system is designed for automatic rendezvous and docking,
606:
IGLA system was replaced with the current KURS system. Both systems are radar-based. the docking process can be controlled either from the ground or from the active (docking) spacecraft's onboard computer. Soyuz TM and
Progress M Series spacecraft incorporated the KURS. The MIR Complex has both
262:. The failure was due to a software glitch that prevented the ship's computer system from smoothly switching from guidance data transmitted by antennas on the Zvezda module to signals transmitted from Zarya. A later redocking had to be done manually, also by
273:
on 26 November 2008, a Kurs antenna failed to deploy. The antenna was successfully deployed about three hours later after flight controllers resent the deployment command, however the spacecraft was docked to the
571:
155:(RKA). Due to hard-currency problems, Kiev also raised the price of the Kurs system. Consequently, RKA sought to phase out its use in its vehicles. A test using the Russian
701:
557:
Since 1985 all
Russian spacecraft had used the Kurs computers to dock automatically with the Mir station All the Russian commanders had to do was sit by and watch.
212:'New Active') docking system, requiring only one rendezvous antenna and using less power, replaces Kurs-A, which required five antennas. It was tested by
986:
177:
to be abandoned. After the collision and recovery, the next
Progress ship had a failure of Kurs, and was docked successfully using the same TORU system.
327:
system to manually control the rendezvous and docking, setting a record for the furthest distance a
Progress spacecraft was flown under manual control.
540:
568:
635:
237:
The now
Russian-built antenna part of the Kurs system also served as an independent and redundant docking monitoring system for the European
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for "Kurs-ATV", for monitoring of rendezvous and docking ATV- spacecraft (European Space Agency) with the ISS on range and radial velocity
981:
909:
550:
122:
698:
338:
the Kurs system mis-aligned the spacecraft and failed to dock, requiring a manual docking approach piloted by Soyuz
Commander
471:
455:
152:
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was succeeded by the Kurs, a more advanced and reliable system, which is working now on the Mir Soyuz
Progress complex.
505:
767:
410:
383:
350:
335:
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141:
241:. It served as an additional monitoring system and could not be used to control the approach or docking of the ATV.
238:
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195:
83:
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67:
932:
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Hinman, Elaine M; Bushman, David M. (1991). "Soviet automated rendezvous and docking system overview".
266:, as an antenna required for the final approach was irreversibly retracted during the initial approach.
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system was not installed on the vehicle, the docking attempt was aborted. It was decided that
650:
811:
512:. The History of Development of Computer Science and Technologies in Ukraine. Archived from
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339:
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126:
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44:
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but in an emergency cosmonauts may take command of the vehicle, either locally or from the
894:
849:
744:
705:
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459:
301:
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After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kurs system became the property of
601:
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system and today provides navigation beaconing for
Russian space vehicles including the
619:
569:
National Space Agency of Ukraine / Kurs Research and Production Complex, Public Company
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32:
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backup system to reduce reliance on Kurs, was responsible for the collision between
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aft port for Soyuz MS-14 to dock there successfully three days later on 27 August.
955:"Soyuz MS-19 docked with ISS manually due to malfunction in auto-docking system"
933:"Progress MS-16 resupply ship manually docked following 2 day flight to Station"
479:
394:
368:
346:
36:
The Progress vehicle docking to the Pirs module using the Kurs-A docking system
382:
suffered a communication issue 20m from the station. Kurs was deactivated and
320:
258:
the Kurs system failed requiring a manual docking approach by Soyuz commander
93:), Moscow, Legostaew, before 1985 and manufactured by the Kiev Radio Factory (
452:
151:; its manufacturer became a competitor in the space launch business with the
687:
513:
300:
in an incorrect orientation. The Kurs system was deactivated, and Cosmonaut
283:
626:
Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station Mir
789:
73:"Kurs" was developed by the Research Institute of Precision Instruments (
667:"Progress M-15M re-docks to ISS following resolution of Kurs-NA failure"
371:
would be manually relocated onto the faulty Poisk port, freeing up the
148:
478:. Research Institute of Precision Instruments (NII TP). Archived from
688:Космический грузовик «Прогресс М-21М» испытал систему сближения с МКС
426:
170:
954:
59:
31:
910:"Station crew to clear new port for second Soyuz docking attempt"
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the crew members cannot manually pilot the ATV by remote control
387:
364:
324:
305:
279:
156:
873:"Russian Cargo Ship Docks at Space Station Despite Malfunction"
590:
NASA Automated Rendezvous and Capture Review Executive Summary
434:
413:
performed by Kurs with Soyuz & Progress vehicles, and the
409:
As of May 2022, there have been 83 successful dockings to the
161:
135:
835:"Station gets new cargo ship; shuttle inspections underway"
357:
port due to a failure in a Kurs signal amplifier on the
745:"Redocking of station cargo ship will be tricky affair"
108:
895:"Tim Peake begins stay on international space station"
812:"Unmanned Russian resupply spacecraft docks with ISS"
345:
On 24 August 2019 during the docking of the uncrewed
200:
88:
931:
Lee Kanayama & Joseph Navin (16 February 2021).
850:"Cosmonaut takes control of resupply ship's docking"
708:
Figure 2-3: External Equipment on the EPM Front Cone
429:, a relative navigation vision system used on three
623:
417:station module, giving Kurs a 90.4% success rate.
397:there was a malfunction of the Kurs system on the
62:control system (type tomahook, etc.) used by the
768:"Russian Cargo Ship on Course for Space Station"
401:port, requiring the Soyuz spacecraft commander
660:
658:
506:"The First Serially Produced Onboard Computer"
833:William Harwood for CBS news (29 July 2009).
8:
669:. NASASpaceFlight (not associated with NASA)
363:module and failed to dock. Since the backup
378:On 17 February 2021 during final approach
330:On 15 December 2015 during the docking of
250:On 18 November 2000 during the docking of
719:"Safety and autonomy make the ATV unique"
651:NASA-5 Mike Foale: Collision and Recovery
542:Dragonfly: NASA and the Crisis Aboard Mir
342:. This delayed the docking by 10 minutes.
721:. European Space Agency. 12 October 2005
393:On 5 October 2021 during the docking of
353:the spacecraft failed to lock on to the
445:
743:Harwood, William (21 December 2000).
304:performed a manual docking using the
7:
596:(Technical report). pp. 34–35.
510:The European Virtual Computer Museum
315:was about 1 kilometer away from the
220:in November 2013. It is used on the
405:to take control and dock manually.
25:
987:Space program of the Soviet Union
908:Clark, Stephen (24 August 2019).
766:Malik, Tariq (26 November 2008).
472:"Space Measuring Docking Systems"
390:system and docked successfully.
814:. SpaceDaily. 30 November 2008
665:Harding, Pete (28 July 2012).
630:. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.
121:Kurs was the successor to the
1:
545:. Fourth Estate. p. 65.
386:took manual control with the
319:when its Kurs system failed.
269:Immediately after launch of
153:Russian Federal Space Agency
27:System of automated tracking
453:NII TP history (in Russian)
411:International Space Station
351:International Space Station
336:International Space Station
317:International Space Station
298:International Space Station
276:International Space Station
256:International Space Station
201:
142:International Space Station
109:
89:
1003:
982:Spacecraft docking systems
871:Tariq Malik (1 May 2010).
848:Ray, Justin (1 May 2010).
790:"Progress launched to ISS"
239:Automated Transfer Vehicle
222:Progress MS (2015-present)
574:27 September 2007 at the
190:
98:
78:
48:
897:. BBC. 15 December 2015.
699:Integrated cargo carrier
539:Burrough, Bryan (1998).
704:29 October 2007 at the
296:was on approach to the
173:module, nearly causing
58:'Course') is a
957:. TASS. 5 October 2021
282:system, controlled by
169:and the damage to the
37:
458:21 April 2008 at the
90:NII Tochnikh Priborov
68:Russian space program
35:
18:Kurs (docking system)
216:in July 2012 and by
110:Kyyivskyy Radiozavod
99:Київський Радіозавод
602:1991arcr.nasa...34H
131:Progress spacecraft
79:НИИ Точных Приборов
837:. Spaceflight Now.
622:(1 January 2001).
607:systems installed.
289:, as a precaution.
38:
935:. NASASpaceFlight
912:. Spaceflight Now
852:. Spaceflight Now
747:. Spaceflight Now
637:978-0-07-137230-5
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16:(Redirected from
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482:on 24 April 2008
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403:Anton Shkaplerov
340:Yuri Malenchenko
323:used the backup
292:On 29 July 2009
206:
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202:Novaya Aktivnaya
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127:Soyuz spacecraft
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516:on 15 June 2008
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460:Wayback Machine
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433:flights to the
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384:Sergey Ryzhikov
302:Gennady Padalka
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43:(Ukrainian and
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380:Progress MS-16
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313:Progress M-05M
311:On 1 May 2010
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287:Yury Lonchakov
271:Progress M-01M
267:
246:
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218:Progress M-21M
214:Progress M-15M
191:Новая Активная
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332:Soyuz TMA-19M
329:
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294:Progress M-67
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261:
260:Yuri Gidzenko
257:
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252:Progress M1-4
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185:The Kurs-NA (
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167:Progress M-34
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959:. Retrieved
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937:. Retrieved
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914:. Retrieved
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877:. Retrieved
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854:. Retrieved
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816:. Retrieved
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794:. Retrieved
792:. SpaceToday
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772:. Retrieved
761:
749:. Retrieved
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723:. Retrieved
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671:. Retrieved
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541:
534:
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518:. Retrieved
514:the original
509:
500:
491:
484:. Retrieved
480:the original
475:
466:
448:
408:
359:
355:Poisk Module
236:
184:
174:
160:
146:
134:
120:
72:
40:
39:
29:
875:. SPACE.com
770:. Space.com
725:1 September
673:1 September
395:Soyuz MS-19
369:Soyuz MS-13
347:Soyuz MS-14
976:Categories
520:12 October
486:12 October
441:References
321:Oleg Kotov
278:using the
66:and later
349:with the
334:with the
284:Cosmonaut
254:with the
196:romanized
104:romanized
95:Ukrainian
84:romanized
702:Archived
572:Archived
456:Archived
421:See also
264:Gidzenko
245:Failures
818:7 April
796:7 April
774:7 April
598:Bibcode
476:History
399:Rassvet
308:system.
210:
198::
187:Russian
181:Kurs-NA
149:Ukraine
117:History
106::
86::
75:Russian
56:
45:Russian
634:
549:
427:TriDAR
373:Zvezda
171:Spektr
64:Soviet
961:8 May
939:8 May
916:8 May
879:1 May
856:1 May
751:8 May
594:(PDF)
415:Nauka
360:Poisk
60:radio
963:2022
941:2022
918:2022
881:2010
858:2010
820:2009
798:2009
776:2009
753:2022
727:2012
675:2012
632:ISBN
547:ISBN
522:2008
488:2008
388:TORU
365:TORU
325:TORU
306:TORU
280:TORU
208:lit.
165:and
157:TORU
129:and
123:Igla
54:lit.
49:Курс
41:Kurs
435:ISS
233:ATV
228:ISS
175:Mir
162:Mir
136:Mir
113:).
978::
729:.
657:^
604:.
555:.
524:.
508:.
490:.
474:.
224:.
205:,
193:,
189::
144:.
101:,
97::
81:,
77::
70:.
51:,
47::
965:.
943:.
920:.
883:.
860:.
822:.
800:.
778:.
755:.
677:.
640:.
600::
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
