39:
507:
489:
227:
519:
1234:
Of the nasals, /m, n/ are phonemic; only occurs before retroflex plosives; /ŋ/ mostly occurs before other velars but can occur finally with deletion of previous /g/, there are cases where /ŋg/ and /ng/ contrast; /ɲ/ mostly occurs before post alveolars but /j/ can become /ɲ/ around nasal vowels as in
1430:
Kurukh has a number of alternative names such as Uraon, Kurux, Kunrukh, Kunna, Urang, Morva, and Birhor. Two dialects, Oraon and Kisan, have 73% intelligibility between them. Oraon but not Kisan is currently being standardised. Kisan is currently endangered, with a decline rate of 12.3% from 1991 to
570:
of Odisha the Kurukh Banna alphabet is taught and promoted by Kurukh Parha. Fonts have been developed and people are using it widely in books, magazines and other material. The alphabet is also used by Oraon people in the states of
Chhattisgarh, Bengal, Jharkhand and Assam.
689:. The governments of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have introduced the Kurukh language in schools with majority Kurukhar students. Jharkhand and West Bengal both list Kurukh as an official language of their respective states. Bangladesh also has some speakers.
1230:
Medially voiced aspirates and voiced plosives + /h/ contrast, there are some minimal pairs like /dʱandha:/ "astonishment" and /dʱandʱa:/ "exertion". Clusters of voiced aspirates and /h/ are possible too as in /madʒʱhi:/ "middle" and /madʒʱis/ "zamindar's
1422:
Hōrmā ālārin hak gahi bāre nū mallintā azādi arā aṅṭēm mannā gahi haq xakharki raī. Ārin lur arā jiyā gahi dav bausā xakhakī raī arā tumhē majhi nū mēl-prēm gahi bēvhār nannā nā cahi.
2521:
2386:
2373:
1412:होर्मा आलारिन् हक् गहि बारे नू मल्लिन्ता अजादि अरा आण्टें मन्ना गहि हक़् ख़खर्कि रै। आरिन् लुर् अरा जिया गहि दव् बौसा ख़खकि रै अरा तम्है मझि नू मेल्-प्रें गहि बेव्हार् नन्ना चहि।
685:, with 1,834,000 and 219,000 speakers respectively. The literacy rate is 23% in Oraon and 17% in Kisan. Despite the large number of speakers, the language is considered to be
1402:
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
2693:
3546:
1789:
2726:
2094:
2045:
1149:
3556:
2062:
2008:
1728:
2688:
1200:
1207:
1606:
2719:
2000:
1765:
3521:
2038:
1113:
936:
3536:
759:
586:
in 2007. The Kurukh
Literary Society of India has been instrumental in spreading the Tolong Siki script for Kurukh literature.
1861:
1828:
1034:
481:
family languages, and is closely related to Sauria
Paharia and Kumarbhag Paharia, which are often together referred to as
3541:
3526:
2712:
2678:
1915:
1103:
768:
300:
147:
3531:
2673:
2031:
1128:
929:
736:
1575:
3435:
3314:
1216:
922:
915:
784:
3410:
2885:
2786:
2743:
1533:
1121:
462:
3551:
2683:
1027:
745:
3440:
3115:
1598:
1538:
1020:
1013:
943:
38:
3329:
3078:
2806:
2801:
2239:
869:
3485:
3182:
3154:
3061:
2946:
2936:
2839:
2117:
2099:
1156:
861:
854:
702:
Kurukh has five cardinal vowels. Each vowel has long, short nasalized and long nasalized counterparts.
3319:
3159:
3098:
2796:
2596:
2491:
1041:
877:
552:
3231:
3226:
3056:
3041:
2981:
2735:
2541:
992:
985:
978:
971:
964:
826:
686:
654:
639:
635:
567:
478:
466:
142:
3292:
3073:
3051:
3046:
3014:
2926:
2496:
2456:
2349:
2054:
1893:
1783:
884:
821:
643:
619:
1904:
3391:
3192:
3110:
3067:
3036:
3026:
2971:
2956:
2651:
2446:
2431:
2426:
2334:
2234:
2152:
2142:
2127:
2107:
1996:
1836:
1771:
1761:
1602:
841:
831:
1691:
1546:
1477:
3298:
3271:
3221:
3213:
3187:
3144:
3104:
3088:
2966:
2961:
2941:
2931:
2919:
2791:
2768:
2606:
2476:
2461:
2441:
2421:
2401:
2319:
2284:
2274:
2193:
2183:
2168:
2147:
2112:
1936:
1136:
816:
811:
627:
623:
603:
599:
595:
578:
Tolong Siki script specifically for Kurukh. Many books and magazines have been published in
544:
345:
319:
506:
3478:
3455:
3396:
3386:
3365:
3281:
3258:
3241:
3236:
3166:
3149:
3093:
3083:
3009:
2999:
2951:
2906:
2880:
2854:
2819:
2781:
2656:
2621:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2551:
2546:
2536:
2511:
2486:
2481:
2396:
2359:
2354:
2344:
2304:
2294:
2264:
2249:
2208:
2198:
2173:
2162:
1194:
848:
836:
615:
548:
458:
454:
394:
134:
2013:
3501:
3469:
3430:
3370:
3334:
3286:
3266:
3031:
3021:
2914:
2875:
2859:
2636:
2626:
2616:
2611:
2586:
2561:
2556:
2471:
2451:
2436:
2416:
2406:
2339:
2324:
2309:
2299:
2269:
2203:
2122:
2084:
1253:
611:
482:
450:
192:
153:
1953:
292:
3515:
3324:
3276:
3139:
3004:
2834:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2601:
2591:
2566:
2501:
2329:
2314:
2244:
2178:
1560:
1249:
1180:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1057:
718:
398:
107:
1478:"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011"
43:'Kuṛux' or 'Kuṅṛux' in Kurukh Banna alphabet (top) and Tolong Siki alphabet (bottom)
2531:
950:
678:
607:
414:
402:
203:
112:
82:
1930:
1665:
1527:
1990:
1971:
2254:
1261:
713:
682:
658:
422:
305:
243:
207:
78:
1646:
2259:
1862:"Census of India: Growth of Non-Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001"
1775:
1627:
730:
723:
532:
438:
406:
369:
199:
56:
2018:
1840:
2989:
2157:
1245:
1095:
899:
776:
753:
631:
583:
410:
285:
259:
237:
74:
488:
1502:
1453:
275:
268:
2279:
2188:
575:
536:
377:
1905:
Review of
Viewing Proto-Dravidian from the Northeast, by Martin Pfeiffer
1897:
2776:
2466:
2411:
2137:
894:
666:
518:
434:
94:
2704:
2994:
2229:
2023:
1257:
647:
559:
446:
418:
70:
465:. It is marked as being in a "vulnerable" state in UNESCO's list of
409:. It is spoken by about two million people in the Indian states of
2506:
2132:
2079:
1692:"Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Tolong Siki Script in the UCS"
1484:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
1265:
662:
540:
487:
442:
430:
426:
232:
90:
86:
60:
52:
2213:
1622:
800:
The table below illustrates the articulation of the consonants.
354:
328:
2708:
2027:
1888:
Andronov, M. S. “Elements of Kurux
Historical Phonology”. In:
524:
Tolong Siki script (bold), next to
Devanagari and Latin script
2009:
334:
1244:
Kurukh languages is taught as a subject in the schools of
357:
331:
1716:
Vanishing Voices: The
Extinction of the World's Languages
582:
script, and it saw official recognition by the state of
3504:(no surviving native speakers and no spoken descendant)
1918:, New Delhi: Office of Registrar General, pp: 497-515.
1729:"Kurukh given official language status in West Bengal"
477:
Kurukh belongs to the
Northern Dravidian group of the
1829:"Kurukh gets official language status in West Bengal"
469:. The Kisan dialect has 206,100 speakers as of 2011.
360:
351:
325:
1758:
The Kurux language : grammar, texts and lexicon
1597:. Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory.
669:
states by Kurukh who are mostly Tea-garden workers.
3468:
3418:
3409:
3379:
3358:
3351:
3307:
3257:
3250:
3212:
3205:
3175:
3132:
2980:
2905:
2896:
2868:
2847:
2828:
2767:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2520:
2385:
2372:
2222:
2093:
2072:
2061:
348:
322:
299:
283:
257:
252:
218:
213:
189:
171:
131:
121:
100:
66:
48:
21:
1526:
512:Kurukh Banna script chart for the Kurukh language
449:. The most closely related language to Kurukh is
1718:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Page 9.
574:In 1999, Narayan Oraon, a doctor, invented the
1992:The Kurux Language: Grammar, Texts and Lexicon
1666:"Tolong Siki alphabet and the Kurukh language"
2720:
2039:
8:
1410:
3415:
3355:
3254:
3209:
2902:
2764:
2755:
2748:
2727:
2713:
2705:
2382:
2069:
2046:
2032:
2024:
1788:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1631:assigns Nepali Kurux a separate iso code,
677:It is spoken by 2,053,000 people from the
37:
18:
1976:. The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. 1905
1916:Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa volume
1814:
1802:
1909:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1275:
802:
704:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1781:
441:, 28,600 of a dialect called Uranw in
376:
1935:. Bengal Secretariat Press. pp.
1751:
1749:
1576:"Endangered Languages: The Full List"
1135:
170:
7:
1914:Perumalsamy, P. (2002) “ Kisan ” in
1547:participating institution membership
3000:Arabi Malayalam (Mappila Malayalam)
1973:Kuruk̲h̲ folk-lore: in the original
1714:Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine.
437:, as well as by 65,000 in northern
16:Dravidian language of eastern India
1932:Kuruḵh̲ (Orā̃ō)-English dictionary
558:In 1991, Basudev Ram Khalkho from
14:
1690:Pandey, Anshuman (8 April 2010).
1215:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1155:
1148:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1102:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
949:
942:
935:
928:
921:
914:
883:
876:
868:
860:
853:
783:
767:
758:
744:
735:
594:Kurukh language spoken mostly in
1827:Singh, Shiv Sahay (2017-03-02).
1756:Kobayashi, Masato (2017-09-21).
517:
505:
344:
318:
225:
3557:Languages written in Devanagari
457:, all three languages form the
2019:Omniglot's page on Tolong Siki
2014:Proposal to encode Tolong Siki
1621:PS Subrahmanyam, "Kurukh", in
1561:"Glottolog 4.5 - Nepali Kurux"
1426:Alternative names and dialects
535:, a script also used to write
1:
3547:Subject–object–verb languages
2694:Scheduled languages in states
1574:Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011).
127:2.28 million (2002–2011)
1892:69, no. 1/2 (1974): 250–53.
1322:Where are you going? (Girl)
1330:Where are you going? (Boy)
3573:
1989:Kobayashi, Masato (2017),
1958:. Bengal Secretariat Press
1911:140, no. 2 (2020): 467–81.
1411:
32:कुँड़ुख़, কুড়ুখ্, କୁଡ଼ୁଖ୍
3495:
3451:
2669:
1534:Oxford English Dictionary
1193:
1094:
1001:
903:
893:
847:
808:
590:Geographical distribution
463:Dravidian language family
220:Official language in
36:
31:
26:
1595:Intransitive Predication
1327:Neen ekshan kalalagday?
1319:Neen ekshan kalalagdin?
3522:Agglutinative languages
1952:Ferdinand Hahn (1900).
1929:Ferdinand Hahn (1903).
1599:Oxford University Press
1539:Oxford University Press
1235:/paɲɲa:/ (or /pãjja:/).
492:Dravidian language tree
397:language spoken by the
3537:Languages of Jharkhand
1866:www.censusindia.gov.in
1593:Stassen, Leon (1997).
1482:www.censusindia.gov.in
493:
3486:Proto-South Dravidian
2100:Constitution of India
706:Kurukh simple vowels
653:It is also spoken in
531:Kurukh is written in
491:
374:Kurukh pronunciation:
1903:Kobayashi, Masato. "
1298:How are you? (Girl)
1282:English Translation
553:Indo-Aryan languages
467:endangered languages
3542:Languages of Odisha
3527:Dravidian languages
2736:Dravidian languages
2522:100,000 – 1 million
1537:(Online ed.).
1306:How are you? (Boy)
1303:Neen ekase ra'dai?
1290:What is your name?
1287:Nighai endra naame?
805:
707:
655:Jalpaiguri district
568:Sundargarh district
445:and about 5,000 in
272: – Kurukh
27:Kurux, Oraon, Uraon
3532:Languages of India
3015:Suriyani Malayalam
2674:Linguistic history
2055:Languages of India
1645:Mandal, Biswajit.
1311:Een korem ra'dan.
1295:Neen ekase ra'din?
804:Kurukh consonants
803:
705:
644:Sambalpur district
494:
279: – Kisan
148:Northern Dravidian
3509:
3508:
3502:extinct languages
3464:
3463:
3436:Kumarbhag Paharia
3405:
3404:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3201:
3200:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
2815:
2814:
2702:
2701:
2665:
2664:
2368:
2367:
1545:(Subscription or
1406:Devanagari script
1390:
1389:
1386:They are eating.
1383:Aar mokha lagnar.
1359:Een Mokha Lagdan.
1227:
1226:
793:
792:
378:[/kũɽux/]
311:
310:
3564:
3416:
3356:
3255:
3210:
2903:
2886:Attapady Kurumba
2787:Maundadan Chetti
2765:
2756:
2749:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2706:
2383:
2223:State-level only
2070:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2005:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1824:
1818:
1815:Kobayashi (2017)
1812:
1806:
1803:Kobayashi (2017)
1800:
1794:
1793:
1787:
1779:
1753:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1642:
1636:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1414:
1413:
1276:
1219:
1210:
1203:
1183:
1172:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1131:
1124:
1116:
1106:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1004:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
932:
925:
918:
911:
906:
887:
880:
872:
864:
857:
806:
787:
771:
762:
748:
739:
708:
521:
509:
453:; together with
380:
375:
367:
366:
363:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
295:
278:
271:
262:
231:
229:
228:
195:
137:
41:
19:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3552:Brahmic scripts
3512:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3491:
3479:Proto-Dravidian
3470:Proto-languages
3460:
3447:
3401:
3375:
3339:
3303:
3246:
3197:
3171:
3120:
3010:Judeo-Malayalam
2976:
2898:
2892:
2864:
2843:
2824:
2811:
2760:
2738:
2733:
2703:
2698:
2684:Multilingualism
2661:
2523:
2516:
2388:
2377:
2375:
2364:
2218:
2098:
2089:
2064:
2057:
2052:
2003:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1928:
1925:
1885:
1883:Further reading
1880:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1780:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1601:. p. 220.
1592:
1591:
1587:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1503:"Kurux, Nepali"
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1420:
1408:
1400:
1395:
1338:What happened?
1274:
1242:
1170:
1141:
1051:
1007:
1002:
958:
909:
904:
898:
820:
798:
700:
695:
675:
592:
529:
528:
527:
526:
525:
522:
514:
513:
510:
499:
497:Writing systems
475:
459:North Dravidian
395:North Dravidian
373:
347:
343:
321:
317:
291:
274:
273:
267:
266:
258:
226:
224:
221:
214:Official status
206:
202:
196:
191:
167:
138:
135:Language family
133:
124:
123:Native speakers
117:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3441:Sauria Paharia
3438:
3428:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3362:
3360:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3116:Wayanad Chetti
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:Over 1 million
2380:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1986:
1968:
1955:Kuruḵẖ grammar
1949:
1924:
1923:External links
1921:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1901:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1852:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1766:
1745:
1733:Jagranjosh.com
1720:
1707:
1682:
1656:
1647:"Kurukh Banna"
1637:
1614:
1608:978-0199258932
1607:
1585:
1566:
1552:
1518:
1494:
1469:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1272:Sample phrases
1270:
1254:Madhya Pradesh
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1100:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1005:
999:
998:
996:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
955:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
907:
902:
891:
890:
888:
881:
874:
865:
858:
851:
845:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
814:
809:
797:
794:
791:
790:
788:
781:
779:
773:
772:
765:
763:
756:
750:
749:
742:
740:
733:
727:
726:
721:
716:
711:
699:
696:
694:
691:
674:
671:
591:
588:
523:
516:
515:
511:
504:
503:
502:
501:
500:
498:
495:
474:
473:Classification
471:
461:branch of the
309:
308:
303:
297:
296:
289:
281:
280:
263:
255:
254:
253:Language codes
250:
249:
248:
247:
241:
222:
219:
216:
215:
211:
210:
197:
193:Writing system
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
181:
178:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
141:
139:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
110:
104:
102:
98:
97:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:Native to
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3569:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3206:South-Central
3204:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Mullu Kurumba
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2807:Jennu Kurumba
2805:
2803:
2802:Betta Kurumba
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2752:Tamil–Kannada
2750:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Chhattisgarhi
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2002:9789004347663
1998:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1817:, p. 36.
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:, p. 35.
1804:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1767:9789004347663
1763:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1671:
1667:
1664:Ager, Simon.
1660:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1519:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:I am eating.
1361:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Chhattishgarh
1247:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
957:
956:
952:
948:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
908:
901:
896:
892:
889:
886:
882:
879:
875:
871:
866:
863:
859:
856:
852:
850:
846:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
818:
815:
813:
810:
807:
801:
795:
789:
786:
782:
780:
778:
775:
774:
770:
766:
764:
761:
757:
755:
752:
751:
747:
743:
741:
738:
734:
732:
729:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
709:
703:
697:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
672:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
589:
587:
585:
581:
577:
572:
569:
565:
562:released the
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
520:
508:
496:
490:
486:
484:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
371:
365:
339:
315:
307:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
287:
282:
277:
270:
264:
261:
256:
251:
245:
242:
239:
236:
235:
234:
223:
217:
212:
209:
205:
201:
198:
194:
188:
182:
179:
176:
175:
174:
160:
157:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
146:
145:
144:
140:
136:
130:
126:
120:
114:
111:
109:
106:
105:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
3497:
3484:
3477:
3425:
3419:Kurukh-Malto
3380:Parji–Gadaba
3359:Kolami-Naiki
3291:
3183:Cholanaikkan
3155:Korra Koraga
3103:
3066:
3062:Malankuravan
2982:Malayalamoid
2947:Malapandaram
2937:Mala Malasar
2289:
2095:8th schedule
1991:
1978:. Retrieved
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1954:
1941:. Retrieved
1931:
1908:
1889:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1855:
1844:. Retrieved
1832:
1822:
1810:
1798:
1757:
1737:. Retrieved
1735:. 2017-03-06
1732:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1659:
1650:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1594:
1588:
1580:The Guardian
1579:
1569:
1555:
1532:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1506:
1497:
1486:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1461:. Retrieved
1457:
1429:
1421:
1418:Latin script
1409:
1401:
1335:Endra manja?
1243:
799:
701:
683:Kisan tribes
676:
652:
608:Chhattisgarh
593:
579:
573:
564:Kurukh Banna
563:
557:
530:
476:
415:Chhattisgarh
401:(Oraon) and
390:
386:
382:
372:: कुँड़ुख़,
313:
312:
306:Nepali Kurux
284:
246:(additional)
240:(additional)
204:Kurukh Banna
158:
83:Chhattisgarh
3160:Mudu Koraga
3133:Tulu-Koraga
3099:Thachanadan
2797:Alu Kurumba
2073:Union-level
1700:19 December
1675:19 December
1393:Sample text
1367:Neen mokha.
1314:I am fine.
1262:West Bengal
659:West Bengal
580:Tolong Siki
566:script. In
423:West Bengal
244:West Bengal
208:Tolong Siki
79:West Bengal
3516:Categories
3232:Mukha-Dora
3227:Manna-Dora
3057:Malamuthan
3042:Kanikkaran
2689:Endangered
2492:Rajasthani
2376:unofficial
2335:Rajbangshi
2260:Kamatapuri
2165:(Manipuri)
1871:2017-10-15
1846:2022-05-02
1776:1000447436
1760:. Leiden.
1739:2019-05-12
1628:Ethnologue
1549:required.)
1512:2018-07-11
1507:Ethnologue
1488:2018-07-07
1463:2018-07-11
1458:Ethnologue
1435:References
1378:You drink
796:Consonants
687:endangered
640:Sundargarh
636:Jharsuguda
576:alphabetic
551:and other
533:Devanagari
439:Bangladesh
407:East India
405:people of
370:Devanagari
200:Devanagari
57:Bangladesh
3500:indicate
3308:Konda-Kui
3293:Nagarchal
3251:Gondi-Kui
3074:Malavedan
3052:Kurichiya
3047:Kunduvadi
2990:Malayalam
2927:Eravallan
2899:Malayalam
2829:Toda-Kota
2769:Kannadoid
2679:Classical
2497:Surjapuri
2457:Khandeshi
2427:Dhundhari
2378:languages
2350:Sikkimese
2158:Malayalam
2065:languages
1995:, BRILL,
1980:25 August
1962:26 August
1943:25 August
1890:Anthropos
1841:0971-751X
1833:The Hindu
1784:cite book
1375:Neen ona.
1370:You eat.
1246:Jharkhand
1240:Education
1171:aspirated
1096:Fricative
1052:aspirated
959:aspirated
905:voiceless
900:Affricate
827:Retroflex
693:Phonology
632:Jharkhand
620:Lohardaga
584:Jharkhand
479:Dravidian
411:Jharkhand
286:Glottolog
260:ISO 639-3
238:Jharkhand
143:Dravidian
101:Ethnicity
75:Jharkhand
3392:Kondekor
3214:Teluguic
3193:Kumbaran
3111:Vishavan
3068:Malaryan
3037:Kalanadi
3027:Eranadan
2972:Yerukala
2957:Muthuvan
2920:Sankethi
2907:Tamiloid
2897:Tamil -
2761:- Badaga
2759:Kannada
2652:Tangkhul
2524:speakers
2447:Haryanvi
2432:Garhwali
2389:speakers
2280:Kokborok
2235:Bhojpuri
2189:Sanskrit
2153:Maithili
2143:Kashmiri
2128:Gujarati
2108:Assamese
2063:Official
1898:40458519
1670:Omniglot
1651:Omniglot
1528:"Kurukh"
822:Alveolar
673:Speakers
537:Sanskrit
381:), also
293:kuru1301
172:Dialects
3498:Italics
3352:Central
3299:Pardhan
3272:Khirwar
3222:Chenchu
3188:Kakkala
3145:Bellari
3105:Ullatan
3089:Pathiya
2967:Pattapu
2962:Paliyan
2942:Malasar
2932:Kaikadi
2792:Sholaga
2777:Kannada
2607:Ladakhi
2512:Varhadi
2477:Marwari
2467:Lambadi
2462:Kumaoni
2442:Harauti
2422:Bundeli
2412:Bajjika
2402:Bagheli
2320:Mundari
2285:Kurmali
2275:Khortha
2194:Santali
2184:Punjabi
2169:Marathi
2148:Konkani
2138:Kannada
2113:Bengali
2085:English
1907:". In:
1454:"Kurux"
1398:English
1279:Phrases
1231:agent".
895:Plosive
842:Glottal
832:Palatal
719:Central
667:Tripura
628:simdega
624:Latehar
604:Jashpur
600:Surguja
596:Raigarh
545:Marathi
435:Tripura
393:, is a
265:Either:
183:Dhangar
152:Kurukh–
95:Tripura
3456:Brahui
3426:Kurukh
3397:Ollari
3387:Duruwa
3366:Kolami
3282:Madiya
3242:Waddar
3237:Telugu
3176:Others
3167:Kudiya
3150:Koraga
3094:Ravula
3084:Paniya
2995:Jeseri
2952:Mannan
2881:Muduga
2855:Kodava
2848:Kodagu
2820:Badaga
2782:Holiya
2657:Thadou
2622:Mising
2582:Konyak
2577:Kolami
2572:Kodava
2567:Khotta
2552:Dimasa
2547:Badaga
2537:Angami
2487:Nimadi
2482:Mewari
2452:Kangri
2397:Awadhi
2360:Tamang
2355:Sunwar
2345:Sherpa
2325:Newari
2305:Magahi
2295:Lepcha
2290:Kurukh
2265:Kharia
2250:Gurung
2230:Angika
2209:Telugu
2199:Sindhi
2174:Nepali
2163:Meitei
2097:to the
1999:
1896:
1860:ORGI.
1839:
1774:
1764:
1605:
1431:2001.
1258:Odisha
1137:Rhotic
1003:voiced
817:Dental
812:Labial
698:Vowels
648:Odisha
616:Ranchi
560:Odisha
549:Nepali
455:Brahui
447:Bhutan
419:Odisha
399:Kurukh
314:Kurukh
230:
159:Kurukh
108:Kurukh
71:Odisha
67:Region
59:, and
22:Kurukh
3431:Malto
3411:North
3371:Naiki
3335:Pengo
3330:Manda
3315:Konda
3287:Muria
3267:Gondi
3259:Gondi
3032:Kadar
3022:Allar
3005:Byari
2915:Tamil
2876:Irula
2869:Irula
2860:Urali
2744:South
2637:Rabha
2627:Nishi
2617:Malto
2612:Lotha
2587:Korku
2562:Karbi
2557:Halbi
2507:Wagdi
2472:Malvi
2437:Gondi
2417:Bhili
2407:Bagri
2374:Major
2340:Sadri
2310:Magar
2300:Limbu
2270:Khasi
2204:Tamil
2133:Hindi
2123:Dogri
2080:Hindi
1894:JSTOR
1695:(PDF)
1543:
1351:Malla
1343:Ha'an
1266:Assam
1195:Glide
1142:plain
1008:plain
910:plain
849:Nasal
837:Velar
714:Front
679:Oraon
663:Assam
612:Gumla
541:Hindi
483:Malto
451:Malto
443:Nepal
431:Bihar
427:Assam
403:Kisan
391:Uranw
387:Oraon
383:Kurux
233:India
180:Kisan
177:Oraon
154:Malto
113:Kisan
91:Bihar
87:Assam
61:Nepal
53:India
3325:Kuvi
3277:Koya
3140:Tulu
2840:Kota
2835:Toda
2647:Sora
2642:Sema
2632:Phom
2602:Kuvi
2592:Koya
2502:Tulu
2315:Mizo
2245:Garo
2214:Urdu
2179:Odia
2118:Bodo
1997:ISBN
1982:2012
1964:2012
1945:2012
1837:ISSN
1790:link
1772:OCLC
1762:ISBN
1702:2019
1677:2019
1623:ELL2
1603:ISBN
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1264:and
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1937:126
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777:Low
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