811:
667:, and in the case of some of the Dniepr rapids. The theory that the Kylfings were Votes has been opposed by Max Vasmer and Stender-Petersen, whereas Holm finds it likely. Holm considers it apparent that the Varangians and the Finnic tribes were able to cooperate well, and he points to the relative ease and stability with which Finland was later integrated as a part of the Swedish kingdom. Jorma Koivulehto, a Finnish linguist, disagrees with the Vote theory and maintains that the Votic name or any other Finnic ethnonym is not etymologically connected with the name Kylfingar.
679:
1037:
2406:
532:
20:
969:
or "Kolbiagi") in addition to
Varangians ("Varyagi"). For instance, Varangians and Kylfings were entitled to press charges with an oath without relying on any witnesses. In addition, in order to swear innocence, they needed only two witnesses, whereas a native Slav needed as many as seven. Moreover,
1149:
as the part of the force opposing Harald that came from Agder and
Telemark. These districts lie further east than the other kingdoms opposing Harald's rule. After their defeat by Harald and his army, the Kylfings' property was plundered and their womenfolk, described as "eastern maidens", were
559:. According to Holm such separations are indicative of clear ethnic differences between the two groups. Additionally, both East Slavic and Byzantine sources explicitly associate the Varangians with Baltic region, which they called
228:
to mean "club-wielders". As Foote points out, it can also mean a smaller stick, such as a tally-stick or wooden token used by merchants, and, according to Jesch, it can also mean the "highest and narrowest part" of a
720:
to be a "conquering
Germanic people", or the Swedish king's tax collectors. Holm (1992) considers such suggestions to be anachronistic because the Swedish kings lacked any interest in northern
739:
Pritsak identified the
Kylfings as a "professional trading and mercenary organization" that organized expeditions northward, into the Saami lands, as distinct from other
882:. In previous edicts issued in 1060 and 1068 the Koulpingoi had not been separately delineated. Similar edicts were issued in 1082, 1086, and 1088. The edict issued by
2249:
1991:
575:
the "Varangian Sea". There are no comparable connections when they mention the
Kylfings. Another difference is the fact that the Byzantine sources connect the word
524:
were not to be interrupted in their traditional activities. A large part of the
Karelians were under Novgorod which was included in what Icelandic sources called
970:
the
Varangians and the Kylfings were entitled to give shelter to a fugitive for as many as three days, whereas Slavs and others had to hand him over directly.
122:
all put forward as candidates. Whether the name
Kylfing denotes a particular tribal, socio-political, or economic grouping is also a matter of much debate.
2603:
458:
scouts to monitor the
Kylfings' movements and report back to him. Countering their raids, he is reported to have killed over a hundred Kylfing marauders.
747:
groups whose expeditions focussed on lands to the west and east of
Scandinavia. This interpretation is supported by such historians as Stender-Petersen.
1081:
to mean "eastern logs", while Vigfusson believed that the phrase properly meant simply "men of the east". Another interpretation of the term used in
810:
551:
consistently made a clear distinction between Varangians and Kylfings, and Byzantines distinguished between them in the same manner as they separated
283:, but the sources are unclear as to whether Kylfingaland is named for the Kylfings or vice versa, or whether, indeed, there is any connection at all.
2418:
1113:, the Austrkylfur were described as being opponents of Harald Fairhair at the Battle of Hafrsfjord. As such they formed part of the force, led by
2113:
2016:
983:
2608:
2306:
2075:
2593:
497:, on the other hand, hypothesize that Kolbiag denoted a junior participant in a Varangian trade guild, rather than a separate group.
2177:
2142:
1982:
1092:
of Hornklofi's poem with the Kylfings mentioned elsewhere in Scandinavian and Eastern European sources, and interpreted the phrase
1787:
Chrysobull of Alexios I for the Monastery of St. Christodoulos on the island of Patmos, MM 6:47.3–7, as translated at Khazdan 257.
512:. In the 14th century, when the Swedish kings began to direct their attention northwards and encourage Swedish colonization in
2405:
200:
is disputed and many different theories have been put forward as to its ultimate origin. The general trend has been to trace
252:
These varied derivations have led to a number of interpretations. Holm offers two meanings: "archer" and "man armed with a
705:
during the fifth and sixth centuries. According to Guðmundsson, many of these Kylfings may ultimately have emigrated to
2588:
2613:
774:
725:
2207:
2490:
655:
2299:
2184:
489:
element to refer to a "club" in the sense of organization. Arbman argues that the Kolbiagi were a separate
678:
2231:
2193:
2086:
1632:
923:
890:
The whole of the above-mentioned island , as well as the monastery with all its properties, is granted
2380:
1253:
1212:
1187:
1041:
1007:
185:
173:
1036:
86:, roughly from the late ninth century to the early twelfth century. They could be found in areas of
2496:
1052:
607:
347:
A very different derivation was put forward by the Russian scholar B. Briems. He hypothesised that
261:
216:, but scholars disagree as to the meaning of these words as well. Cleasby notes that in Old Norse,
147:
531:
2292:
1232:
1191:
999:
883:
470:
169:
53:
1061:
615:
152:
454:
around the year 900. Thorolf Kveldulfsson, King Harald's tax agent in northern Norway, engaged
2598:
2342:
2273:
2173:
2163:
2138:
2121:
2109:
2012:
1978:
176:. After Harald's victory in that battle, they are described in the sagas as having raided in
2221:
2105:
Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse
1335:
1224:
1104:
1003:
986:
during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Hungarian scholars have proposed that the
895:
867:
825:
548:
506:
420:
396:
287:
157:
143:
103:
95:
87:
46:
2394:
2374:
2152:
1359:
1195:
1114:
814:
646:
536:
404:
400:
384:
341:
181:
133:
102:
traders, raiders and mercenaries. Scholars differ on whether the Kylfings were ethnically
68:
60:
2315:
2095:
Holm, Gösta. "Kylvingar och Väringar: Etymologiska Problem Kring två Folkgruppsnamn", in
1665:
733:
663:, the Norse learned of the meaning of other names and translated them, which they did at
618:
have proposed Kylfings to have been the Norse name for the Votes. The reason is that the
273:
2555:
2540:
2480:
2474:
2368:
2357:
2211:
2203:
2159:
1304:
995:
962:
953:
848:, but appear to distinguish between them and the Varangians. For instance, an imperial
845:
818:
794:
352:
336:
to describe traders and pirates of the Baltic sea. In Byzantine Greek, they were named
333:
280:
161:
138:
2582:
2414:
2338:
2067:
2032:
Bugge, Sophus. "The Norse Lay of Wayland and its Relation to the English Tradition."
907:
755:
721:
710:
611:
539:, proposed by proponents of a Finnic origin for the Kylfings as that group's homeland
521:
253:
246:
221:
119:
324:
were a group of foreign merchant-venturers and mercenaries mentioned in a number of
1661:
1122:
1109:
1077:, interpret the phrase as "eastern ships". Others, such as F. Jonsson, interpreted
899:
862:
697:
during the late ninth century. Guðmundsson connects the Kylfings with the Germanic
462:
944:
782:
461:
Some scholars see them as Scandinavians while others consider them to have been a
2168:
2133:
2104:
2007:
1966:
1215:
defeated a large force of Kylfing marauders in northern Norway around this time.
2439:
2035:
1427:
Cleasby 366. Another, still less likely Norse definition offered by Cleasby is "
1353:
1070:
853:
482:
455:
325:
230:
99:
2198:
The Old Norse Poetic Translations of Thomas Percy: A New Edition and Commentary
485:
and tax-agents by Scandinavian rulers; in this context Ravndal interpreted the
264:
in the social or Anglo-American sense", a "brotherhood" or a member of a Norse
2545:
2525:
2467:
2461:
1756:
1657:
1428:
849:
564:
544:
528:, and thus the Kylfings could have been Baltic Finnish tribes under Novgorod.
513:
329:
83:
19:
164:
law-codes. According to the sagas, the Kylfings opposed the consolidation of
2329:
1759:
1126:
994:
as being of Scandinavian origin. They were hired by the early rulers of the
786:
770:
740:
689:
Barði Guðmundsson identified the Kylfings as an East Scandinavian, possibly
509:
490:
205:
129:
126:
39:
24:
1766:; this view has been largely rejected by historians. Blöndal 82–83 at n. 3.
1040:
Norway ca. 872 CE (with Harald's kingdom shown in red) before the defining
729:
268:. In a number of minor Icelandic manuscripts on mathematics and geography,
633:) which means "stake", "wedge" or "staff", which corresponds to Old Norse
2565:
2507:
2502:
2432:
2387:
1763:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1019:
1011:
958:
935:
The Kylfings were also active in the eastern Baltic and northern Russia.
833:
619:
517:
474:
451:
302:
265:
177:
107:
82:) were a people of uncertain origin active in Northern Europe during the
2046:
Cambridge Univ. Press, 1922. Originally published under her maiden name.
990:
were identical with the Kylfings/Kolbiagi. Hungarian sources regard the
241:
which means "meeting" or "guild"; according to Holm, the second element
2560:
2550:
2426:
2362:
2351:
1708:
1145:
and the anti-Harald coalition is unknown. Nora Chadwick identifies the
940:
919:
911:
903:
871:
790:
706:
664:
603:
556:
466:
372:
290:
224:. Thus the national Icelandic antiquarian Barði Guðmundsson translated
111:
2512:
1267:
Swedish runestones are erected bearing the personal name "Kylfingr".
948:
875:
857:
751:
744:
709:
during the ninth and tenth centuries. Other scholars have assigned a
698:
694:
690:
552:
435:
380:
376:
340:
and they served as a unit of the Byzantine army listed alongside the
165:
115:
91:
76:
1198:; their women are divided as spoils of war among Harald's warriors.
27:, bearing runic inscription U 419, which mentions the personal name
2169:
The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World
1065:. In some manuscripts the name was, probably erroneously, rendered
2485:
2185:
Classica et mediaevalia: revue danoise de philologie et d'histoire
1547:
1545:
1118:
1048:
1035:
915:
809:
702:
677:
530:
505:
Holm (1992) considers Egil's saga to equate the Kylfings with the
478:
18:
2134:
Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
1002:
in the 950s, to serve as frontier guards. They fought with their
852:, an edict bearing a golden seal, issued in 1073 exempts certain
2535:
2445:
761:, which may or may not be connected to the Kylfings as a group.
465:
tribe, and assert a connection between the word Kylfing and the
2288:
1365:
Mention is made of a berserkr from the "Land of the Kylfings."
249:
traditionally used as a device to summon people for a meeting.
943:; on some runestones it has been interpreted as a synonym for
1252:
Kölpények mercenaries serve in the Magyar army in support of
898:
and foreign allies, that is the Rus, Varangians, Koulpingoi,
724:
during the ninth and tenth centuries, and not even the later
2284:
769:
A few historians have hypothesized that the Kylfings were a
1816:
1814:
1303:
are mentioned among other nations with contingents in the
844:) as being among the foreigners serving as mercenaries in
1137:, that came to Hafrsfjord to fight Harald's encroaching
641:
would consequently be translated into Old East Norse as
1150:
distributed by the victorious king among his warriors.
184:
and having fought against Harald's lieutenants such as
817:, an illumination from the 11th century chronicle of
595:, but do not establish the same associations for the
1285:, which grants special rights and privileges to the
1179:, composed c. 900 (as preserved in the 13th-century
1022:
origin, as there was a Pecheneg tribal group called
328:
sources. They are often mentioned together with the
2454:
2413:
2337:
653:. Whereas some native names were Scandinavized, as
645:, which in Old West Norse (Old Icelandic) would be
172:and participated in the pivotal late ninth century
1762:tribe, who were settled around the Kulpa River in
781:may share common origins with such place-names as
701:who were active throughout northern Europe and in
2056:Foote, Peter Godfrey and David Mackenzie Wilson.
670:Estonians have also been identified as Kylfings.
430:("sea-king"); under this interpretation the word
110:. Also disputed is their geographic origin, with
2228:Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991.
2099:. - 0349-4543. ; 1992(18), pp. 85–101.
1912:
1910:
602:The Kylfings have also been identified with the
888:
682:Runestone Sö 318, containing the personal name
473:. Elsewhere they are described as a mixture of
16:People of Northern Europe during the Viking Age
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1194:, King of Norway, and a coalition led by King
716:Some scholars have considered the Kylfings of
450:, the Kylfings were trading and plundering in
2300:
1014:and the Byzantine Empire. Alternatively, the
894:from the billetting of all commanders, both
777:. Under this interpretation, the Slavic term
256:". A number of historians have asserted that
8:
2025:Brutzkus, Julius. "Warjager und Kolbjager."
1992:Anglia: Zeitschrift für englische Philologie
1975:Reallexikon Der Germanischen Altertumskunde.
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1502:
1500:
2049:Cleasby, Richard and Guðbrandur Vigfusson.
1514:
1512:
2307:
2293:
2285:
2005:Blöndal, Sigfús and Benedikz, Benedict S.
1977:Walter de Gruyter, 2000. p. 520–522.
1774:
1772:
1157:
383:. A non-Norse origin was also proposed by
2241:Scudder, Bernard, transl. "Egil's Saga".
2216:The Cambridge Economic History of Europe.
1616:
1614:
1526:
1524:
1073:, using the nautical meaning of the word
965:, grants certain privileges to Kylfings (
728:mentions any Swedish settlement north of
426:, itself deriving from the Turkic phrase
2137:. University of California Press, 1985.
2131:Kazhdan, A. P. and Ann Wharton Epstein.
2070:, transl. Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967.
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1239:, probably identical with the Kylfings.
1088:Guðmundsson specifically identified the
2128:Copenhagen, S. L. Møllers bogtr., 1904.
1755:referred to members of the Germanic or
1376:
1059:, or "East-Kylfings", in his epic poem
828:sources refer to Kylfings (Κουλπίγγοι,
434:would be more or less synonymous with "
301:, following the pattern of development
2261:Linguistic Interrelations in Early Rus
2080:vol. 7. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908.
1264:Runestones Sö 318, U 320, U 419, U 445
926:, and all other Romans and foreigners.
351:was a direct Norse translation of the
1323:mercenaries still active in Hungary.
1141:. The exact relationship between the
1096:to mean "eastern club-wielding men".
7:
2250:Development of Estonian Criminal Law
1186:The "Austkylfur" participate in the
344:, which was of Scandinavian origin.
2268:Hungary and Sweden: Early Contacts.
2076:Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics
1707:See Sö 318, U 320, U 419, U 445 in
1357:, a poem based in part on the lost
1334:, a geographical text by Icelander
583:in order to make it clear that the
2604:Historical ethnic groups of Russia
2238:. Augsburg Publishing House, 1938.
1386:Ravndal 75; Arbman 90; Postan 481.
1085:is the derogatory "eastern oafs".
785:(formerly Kolberg), a town on the
693:, tribe that infiltrated northern
591:originate in Baltic just like the
516:, there were regulations that the
14:
2126:Hrólfs saga Kraka og Bjarkarímur.
419:was a Norse pronunciation of the
2404:
1026:during roughly the same period.
625:can be associated with the word
196:The exact etymology of the word
2087:Kaikamees -- ajalooline aunimi.
2051:An Icelandic-English Dictionary
1747:Waldemar Nissen theorized that
1656:Holm 86, citing to the work of
1633:Kaikamees -- ajalooline aunimi.
982:is reported to have existed in
978:A military organization called
939:may have been used to refer to
469:, Saami, and Karelian myths of
2256:, Vol. 1996-I. pp. 52–53.
2156:. Arcanum Adatbázis Kft, 1998.
2108:. Boydell & Brewer, 2008.
2011:. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007
375:, a Finnic people residing in
1:
2097:Svenska Akademiens Handlingar
2065:The Origin of the Icelanders.
1848:E.g., A Pallas Nagy Lexikona.
1278:, law code of the Kievan Rus'
931:Russia and the eastern Baltic
2218:Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987.
2073:Hastings, John. "Kalevala".
2044:Anglo-Saxon and Norse Poems.
2039:, Vol. II. David Nutt, 1898.
481:people who were employed as
237:in connection with the word
2280:Columbia Univ. Press, 1961.
2236:Stories of the East-Vikings
2008:The Varangians of Byzantium
886:1088, for instance, reads:
793:, a settlement near modern
260:referred to a member of a "
2630:
2609:Medieval history of Russia
2189:Librairie Gyldendal, 1938.
750:A number of runestones in
415:("to walk, travel") while
411:came from the Turkic root
233:. Holm discussed the term
2521:
2402:
2322:
1340:Russia is referred to as
1281:Start of codification of
1235:hires mercenaries called
1160:
947:, the Old Norse name for
535:The eastern shore of the
407:. Brutzkus asserted that
2172:. Dumbarton Oaks, 2000.
2053:. Clarendon Press, 1874.
2042:Chadwick, Nora Kershaw.
1969:." in Hoops, Johannes,
832:; often attested in the
98:that were frequented by
1949:verse 43 (Jónsson 117).
1821:A Pallas Nagy Lexikona.
1398:Bugge 309; Guðmundsson
951:. The eleventh-century
387:, who argued that both
2594:History of Kievan Rus'
2332:names are not recorded
2328:are settlements whose
2270:Akadémiai Kiadó, 1975.
2254:Juridica International
2153:A Pallas Nagy Lexikona
2058:The Viking Achievement
2027:Acta Seminari Kondakov
1175:Thorbjorn Hornklofi's
1044:
928:
821:
773:people related to the
713:origin to this tribe.
686:
540:
125:They are mentioned in
31:
2278:Medieval Russian Law.
2194:Margaret Clunies Ross
2034:The Saga Book of the
1297:Byzantine chrysobulls
1039:
860:soldiers of specific
856:from being forced to
813:
681:
563:, and in Arabic, the
534:
22:
2259:Struminski, Bohdan.
2232:Ravndal, Gabriel Bie
2063:Guðmundsson, Barði.
1256:'s Bulgar campaign.
1254:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
1213:Thorolf Kveldulfsson
1188:Battle of Hafrsfjord
1069:or "rich men". Some
1042:Battle of Hafrsfjord
1008:Sviatoslav I of Kiev
1006:employers alongside
186:Thorolf Kveldulfsson
174:Battle of Hafrsfjord
2497:Rurikovo Gorodische
2419:Dnieper trade route
2263:. CIUS Press, 1996.
2243:Sagas of Icelanders
2226:The Origin of Rus'.
1228:, written 1100-1200
1053:Thorbjorn Hornklofi
815:Varangian Guardsmen
608:Carl Christian Rafn
399:, particularly the
148:Thorbjorn Hornklofi
2589:History of Karelia
2192:Percy, Thomas and
2160:Laiou, Angeliki E.
1904:Guðmundsson 67–68.
1554:§ 10 (Scudder 20).
1233:Taksony of Hungary
1121:and the kings and
1045:
1000:Taksony of Hungary
884:Alexios I Komnenos
822:
789:Baltic coast, and
726:law of Hälsingland
687:
541:
32:
2614:Novgorod Republic
2574:
2573:
2343:Volga trade route
2274:Vernadsky, George
2266:Székely, György.
2182:Norvin, William.
2164:Roy P. Mottahedeh
2114:978-0-85115-826-6
2017:978-0-521-21745-3
1995:. Niemeyer, 1924.
1369:
1368:
1018:may have been of
824:Eleventh-century
765:Other suggestions
629:(modern Estonian
395:derived from the
355:self-designation
332:, a term used in
272:is identified as
245:could refer to a
180:and elsewhere in
136:(most notably in
2621:
2408:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2286:
2245:. Penguin, 2001.
2222:Pritsak, Omeljan
2200:. Brepols, 2001.
2149:
2120:
2094:
2085:
2060:. Praeger, 1970.
2024:
1998:Arbman, Holger.
1989:
1964:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1823:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1767:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1539:Brutzkus 81–102.
1537:
1531:
1528:
1519:
1516:
1507:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1439:
1425:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1336:Nikolas Bergsson
1316:Gesta Hungarorum
1248:Gesta Hungarorum
1225:Gesta Hungarorum
1158:
1105:Snorri Sturluson
984:Medieval Hungary
806:Byzantine Empire
405:Khazar languages
397:Turkic languages
118:and the Eastern
96:Byzantine Empire
2629:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2517:
2455:Other locations
2450:
2409:
2400:
2333:
2318:
2313:
2283:
2248:Sootak, Jaan. "
2147:
2122:Jónsson, Finnur
2118:
2102:Jesch, Judith.
2092:
2083:
2022:
1987:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:Struminski 234.
1915:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:Guðmundsson 82.
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1655:
1651:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1418:; Hastings 640.
1410:
1406:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1360:Skjoldunga Saga
1283:Russkaya Pravda
1276:Russkaya Pravda
1196:Kjotve of Agder
1192:Harald Fairhair
1156:
1115:Kjotve the Rich
1103:as recorded by
1034:
998:, particularly
976:
933:
808:
803:
767:
676:
616:Sigurður Nordal
614:, B. Briem and
537:Gulf of Bothnia
503:
444:
385:Julius Brutzkus
342:Varangian Guard
194:
182:northern Norway
170:Harald Fairhair
69:Byzantine Greek
61:Old East Slavic
17:
12:
11:
5:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2345:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2246:
2239:
2229:
2219:
2212:H. J. Habakkuk
2201:
2190:
2180:
2157:
2148:(in Hungarian)
2145:
2129:
2116:
2100:
2090:
2081:
2071:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2003:
2002:Praeger, 1961.
1996:
1985:
1965:Anderson, T. "
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1939:
1927:
1918:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1867:
1851:
1840:
1824:
1810:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1768:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1713:
1700:
1688:
1679:
1670:
1649:
1636:
1622:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1541:
1532:
1520:
1508:
1496:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1440:
1420:
1414:, Guðmundsson
1404:
1388:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1305:Byzantine army
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:(13th century)
1204:
1200:
1199:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:Work mentioned
1162:
1155:
1152:
1033:
1028:
996:House of Arpad
975:
972:
954:Ruskaya Pravda
932:
929:
866:: Varangians,
846:Constantinople
819:John Skylitzes
807:
804:
802:
799:
795:St. Petersburg
766:
763:
675:
672:
502:
501:Finnic peoples
499:
493:guild. Postan
443:
440:
371:) used by the
334:Eastern Europe
247:symbolic arrow
222:club or cudgel
193:
190:
156:), as well as
132:inscriptions,
23:The Norslunda
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:Edward Miller
2205:
2204:Postan, M. M.
2202:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2178:0-88402-277-3
2175:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2146:
2144:
2143:0-520-05129-7
2140:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2091:
2088:
2084:(in Estonian)
2082:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2068:Lee Hollander
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1983:3-11-016907-X
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:Vernadsky 28.
1922:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1865:Chadwick 186.
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1808:Vernadsky 28.
1807:
1802:
1799:
1796:Anderson 521.
1793:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:(in Estonian)
1626:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1563:Hastings 640.
1560:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
973:
971:
968:
964:
960:
956:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
930:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
816:
812:
805:
800:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
757:
756:personal name
753:
748:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
722:Fenno-Scandia
719:
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
685:
680:
674:Scandinavians
673:
671:
668:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
623:Vadja(laiset)
621:
617:
613:
612:Edgar V. Saks
609:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
585:rhōs-varangoi
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
538:
533:
529:
527:
523:
522:Saami peoples
519:
515:
511:
508:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
446:According to
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
289:
284:
282:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
30:
26:
21:
2576:
2530:
2495:
2475:White Shores
2473:
2466:
2438:
2431:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2367:
2350:
2325:
2277:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2242:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2197:
2183:
2167:
2151:
2132:
2125:
2103:
2096:
2093:(in Swedish)
2074:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2033:
2026:
2006:
2000:The Vikings.
1999:
1990:
1974:
1970:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1847:
1843:
1820:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1757:South Slavic
1752:
1748:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1720:Pritsak 384.
1716:
1703:
1698:, Blöndal 6.
1695:
1691:
1686:Pritsak 383.
1682:
1673:
1666:Elias Wessén
1664:in 1889 and
1662:Gustav Storm
1652:
1647:; Bugge 309.
1644:
1643:Guðmundsson
1639:
1625:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1551:
1535:
1472:
1463:
1455:
1454:Guðmundsson
1436:
1432:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1358:
1352:
1342:Kylfingaland
1341:
1331:
1320:
1315:
1300:
1286:
1282:
1275:
1247:
1236:
1223:
1206:
1181:Heimskringla
1180:
1177:Haraldskvæði
1176:
1146:
1142:
1110:Heimskringla
1108:
1101:Haraldskvæði
1100:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1083:Haraldskvæði
1082:
1078:
1074:
1071:philologists
1066:
1062:Haraldskvæði
1060:
1056:
1055:wrote about
1046:
1030:
1023:
1015:
991:
987:
979:
977:
966:
952:
937:Kylfingaland
936:
934:
914:, Saracens,
891:
889:
879:
861:
841:
837:
829:
823:
778:
768:
758:
754:contain the
749:
738:
734:Västerbotten
732:in southern
717:
715:
688:
683:
669:
660:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
604:Votic people
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
560:
542:
526:Kylfingaland
525:
504:
494:
486:
460:
447:
445:
431:
427:
423:
416:
412:
408:
392:
388:
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
346:
337:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
298:
294:
285:
277:
270:Kylfingaland
269:
257:
251:
242:
238:
234:
225:
217:
213:
209:
201:
197:
195:
160:records and
153:Haraldskvæði
151:
137:
124:
100:Scandinavian
80:al-Kilabiyya
79:
72:
71:Κουλπίγγοι,
64:
56:
49:
42:
35:
33:
28:
2119:(in Danish)
2036:Viking Club
2023:(in German)
1988:(in German)
1963:(in German)
1947:Bjarkarimur
1937:, Laiou 91.
1838:Székely 11.
1572:Postan 481.
1552:Egil's Saga
1506:Ravndal 75.
1476:Jesch 150.
1354:Bjarkarimur
1294:1070s–1080s
1207:Egil's Saga
963:Kievan Rus'
854:monasteries
775:Pomeranians
771:West Slavic
718:Egil's Saga
639:Vadjalaiset
569:Bahr Varank
567:was called
491:fur-trading
483:mercenaries
448:Egil's Saga
365:Vadjalaiset
357:Vatjalaiset
326:Old Russian
281:Kievan Rus'
231:ship's stem
220:can mean a
139:Egil's Saga
2583:Categories
2526:Varangians
2481:Miklagarðr
2462:Bjarmaland
2427:Pallteskja
2150:"Kölpön."
2124:, transl.
1956:References
1886:Percy 245.
1753:Koulpingoi
1749:Koulpiggon
1738:Norvin 12.
1729:Sootak 52.
1677:Holm 86ff.
1658:Max Vasmer
1518:Arbman 90.
1396:See, e.g.,
1384:See, e.g.,
1301:Koulpingoi
1147:Austkylfur
1143:Austkylfur
1094:Austkylfur
1090:Austkylfur
1079:Austkylfur
1057:Austkylfur
1031:Austkylfur
912:Bulgarians
892:exkousseia
880:Koulpingoi
850:chrysobull
842:Koulpingon
838:Κουλπίγγων
830:Koulpingoi
787:Pomeranian
597:koulpingoi
565:Baltic Sea
549:Byzantines
545:East Slavs
514:Norrbotten
338:koulpingoi
330:Varangians
94:, and the
84:Viking Age
73:Koulpingoi
2508:Smaleskja
2468:Khortitsa
2446:Kænugarðr
2440:Chernigov
2375:Hólmgarðr
2324:Names in
2316:Garðaríki
1967:Kylfingar
1778:Laiou 91.
1760:Guduscani
1660:in 1931,
1467:Foote 97.
1332:Landfræði
1321:Kölpények
1237:Kölpények
1127:Hordaland
1067:auðkylfur
1016:Kölpények
992:Kölpények
988:Kölpények
980:Kölpények
945:Garðariki
924:Immortals
826:Byzantine
783:Kołobrzeg
741:Varangian
651:kylfingar
643:kolfingar
510:Karelians
409:Varangian
389:Varangian
274:Garðaríki
206:Old Norse
192:Etymology
158:Byzantine
146:(such as
130:runestone
127:Old Norse
63:Колбяги,
57:Kölpények
54:Hungarian
43:Kylfingar
40:Old Norse
25:Runestone
2599:Norsemen
2566:Blakumen
2531:Kylfings
2513:Súrdalar
2503:Særkland
2433:Gnezdovo
2388:Timerevo
2369:Duboviki
2358:Aldeigja
1764:Dalmatia
1668:in 1936.
1620:Holm 95.
1608:Holm 91.
1599:Holm 89.
1590:Holm 87.
1581:Holm 86.
1530:Holm 88.
1287:Kolbiagi
1190:between
1167:Details
1154:Timeline
1139:hegemony
1135:Telemark
1131:Rogaland
1020:Pecheneg
1012:Bulgaria
1010:against
959:law code
908:Nemitsoi
900:Inglinoi
896:Rhomaioi
872:Saracens
834:genitive
759:Kylfingr
684:Kylfingr
661:Ráðstofa
647:umlauted
620:ethnonym
589:varangoi
587:and the
577:varangoi
561:Varangia
557:Saracens
520:and the
518:Birkarls
452:Finnmark
442:Identity
424:kolbiagi
349:Kylfingr
322:Kolbiagi
312:) > *
239:hjúkolfr
178:Finnmark
150:'s poem
65:Kolbiagi
47:Estonian
36:Kylfings
29:Kylfingr
2561:Khazars
2556:Bulgars
2491:Rostofa
2486:Móramar
2395:Balymer
2381:Sarskoe
2363:Álaborg
2352:Lyubsha
2339:Volkhov
2326:italics
2029:. 1935.
1709:Rundata
1494:Holm 85
1429:stammer
1261:c. 1000
1244:970–972
1231:Prince
1172:c. 880s
1107:in the
1049:skaldic
974:Hungary
967:Колбяги
961:of the
941:Karelia
920:Abasgoi
904:Frangoi
836:plural
791:Kolpino
779:Kolbiag
707:Iceland
691:Swedish
665:Volkhov
479:Finnish
467:Finnish
432:Kylfing
428:köl-beg
417:Kylfing
393:Kylfing
318:kolbjag
310:kulƀing
306:kolƀing
299:Kolbjag
295:Kylfing
291:cognate
288:Russian
258:Kylfing
226:Kylfing
204:to the
202:kylfing
198:kylfing
142:), and
112:Denmark
88:Lapland
50:Kalevid
2536:Chudes
2210:, and
2176:
2141:
2112:
2015:
1981:
1971:et al.
1875:Anglia
1645:passim
1456:passim
1416:passim
1400:passim
1349:c.1400
1328:c.1150
1312:c.1100
1220:c. 950
1203:c. 900
1133:, and
1024:Külbej
1004:Magyar
957:, the
949:Russia
922:, the
876:Franks
858:billet
801:Status
752:Sweden
745:viking
730:Bygdeå
711:Danish
699:Heruli
695:Norway
656:Rostov
553:Franks
507:Finnic
495:et al.
471:Kaleva
463:Finnic
436:Viking
421:Slavic
413:varmak
401:Bulgar
381:Russia
377:Ingria
320:. The
314:kolƀęg
254:cudgel
208:words
168:under
166:Norway
144:poetry
120:Baltic
116:Sweden
104:Finnic
92:Russia
77:Arabic
2551:Merya
2546:Slavs
2415:Dvina
2330:Norse
1806:E.g.,
1437:Ibid.
1433:kylfa
1372:Notes
1272:1010s
1123:jarls
1119:Agder
1075:kylfa
1051:poet
916:Alans
863:ethne
703:Italy
659:into
635:kolfr
627:vadja
579:with
555:from
543:Both
487:kylfa
475:Norse
456:Saami
373:Votes
369:Vadja
361:Vatja
353:Votic
316:>
266:félag
243:kolfr
235:kylfa
218:kylfa
214:kolfr
210:kylfa
134:sagas
108:Norse
2541:Rus'
2174:ISBN
2162:and
2139:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2089:1931
2013:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1935:E.g.
1877:137.
1751:and
1696:E.g.
1412:E.g.
1161:Date
1047:The
878:and
868:Rus'
743:and
631:vai'
593:rhōs
581:rhōs
573:i.e.
547:and
477:and
403:and
391:and
367:and
363:(or
359:and
286:The
278:i.e.
262:club
212:and
162:Rus'
34:The
2252:."
1435:).
1431:" (
1125:of
1117:of
1099:In
649:as
438:".
297:is
293:of
106:or
2585::
2276:.
2234:.
2224:.
2214:.
2206:,
2196:.
2166:.
1973:,
1909:^
1854:^
1827:^
1813:^
1771:^
1613:^
1544:^
1523:^
1511:^
1499:^
1481:^
1443:^
1344:.
1307:.
1289:.
1129:,
918:,
910:,
906:,
902:,
874:,
870:,
840:,
797:.
736:.
637:.
610:,
606:.
599:.
571:,
379:,
308:(*
276:,
188:.
114:,
90:,
75:;
67:;
59:;
52:;
45:;
2417:-
2341:-
2308:e
2301:t
2294:v
2187:.
2078:.
2019:.
1711:.
1458:.
1402:.
1183:)
303:*
38:(
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